Abstract
The first half of the 1970s was a time of soul-searching for the opposition, but by 1975 open political dissent reemerged, beginning a new chapter in the struggle with Communist authoritarianism. Three elements had to be in place before the transnational figure of the dissident in the form that we now know it could emerge. Firstly, the massive wave of emigration after 1968 created a network of “dissident interpreters” ready to publicize and explain to Western audiences the nuances of Central European politics. Secondly, the growing domestic unofficial publishing—samizdat—began to cross borders and create new channels for ideas’ circulation, together with exilic publishing, radio, and later TV. Finally, human rights began to take the role of a universal lingua franca of 1970s détente and gave the East European dissenters an idiom in which their struggles could be expressed in a way intelligible across the political spectrum.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Apor, Péter, Josip Mihaljević, and Cristina Petrescu. 2018. “Collections of Intellectual Dissent: Historians and Sociologists in Post-1968 Hungary, Romania and Yugoslavia.” In The Handbook of Courage: Cultural Opposition and Its Heritage in Eastern Europe, edited by Balázs Apor, Péter Apor, and Sándor Horváth, 369–90. Budapest: Institute of History, Research Centre for the Humanities.
Artykuł nadesłany z kraju. 1974. “Polityczna opozycja w Polsce.” Kultura 11 (326): 3–21.
Ascherson, Neal. 2008. “The Polish March: Students, Workers, and 1968.” Open Democracy, March 6. http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/globalisation/the_polish_march_students_workers_and_1968.
Békés, Csaba. 2018. “Hungary 1968: Reform and the Challenge of the Prague Spring.” In Responses to the Prague Spring and Warsaw Pact Invasion, 147–67. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bertram, Łukasz. 2016. “Historia kwartalnika „Aneks”.” https://aneks.kulturaliberalna.pl/historia/.
Boel, Bent. 2010. “French Support for Eastern European Dissidence, 1968–1989: Approaches and Controversies.” In Perforating the Iron Curtain: European détente, Transatlantic Relations, and the Cold War, 1965–1985, edited by Poul Villaume and Odd A. Westad, 215–41. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen.
Bolton, Jonathan. 2012. Worlds of Dissent: Charter 77, the Plastic People of the Universe, and Czech Culture Under Communism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Bozóki, András. 2009. “Preparing for the Revolution: Hungarian Dissident Intellectuals Before 1989.” Baltic Worlds II (1): 40–46. http://balticworlds.com/preparing-for-the-revolution-hungarian-dissident-intellectuals-before-1989/.
Brier, Robert. 2013a. “Broadening the Cultural History of the Cold War: The Emergence of the Polish Workers’ Defense Committee and the Rise of Human Rights.” Journal of Cold War Studies 15 (4): 104–27. https://doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00396.
———. 2013b. “Entangled Protest: Dissent and the Transnational History of the 1970s and 1980s.” In Entangled Protest: Transnational Approaches to the History of Dissent in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, 11–42. Osnabrück: Fibre.
———. 2016a. “Beyond the ‘Helsinki Effect’: East European Dissent and the Western Left in the ‘Long 1970s’.” In The “Long 1970s”: Human Rights, East-West détente and Transnational Relations, edited by Poul Villaume, Rasmus Mariager, and Helle Porsdam, 71–86. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate.
———. 2016b. “Beyond the Quest for a ‘Breakthrough’: Reflections on the Recent Historiography on Human Rights.” Jahrbuch für Europäische Geschichte/European History Yearbook 16: 155–74.
Burgoyne, Nicole, Friederike Kind-Kovács, Jessie Labov, Veronika Tuckerová, and Piotr Wciślik. 2018. “Unlicensed and Unbound: Researching Textual Traffic (Samizdat/Tamizdat) and Information Flow Across Borders.” In The Handbook of Courage: Cultural Opposition and Its Heritage in Eastern Europe, 415–43. Budapest: Institute of History, Research Centre for the Humanities.
Cellini, Amanda. 2017. “The Resettlement of Hungarian Refugees in 1956.” Forced Migration Review 54 (2): 6–8.
Combe, Sonia. 2018. “Who Is Afraid of Whom? The Case of the ‘Loyal Dissidents’ in the German Democratic Republic.” In Perceptions of Society in Communist Europe: Regime Archives and Popular Opinion, edited by Muriel Blaive, 141–55. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
Cysařová, Jarmila. 2004. “Římský atentát před pražským soudem.” Listy 34 (1), available at: http://www.listy.cz/archiv.php?cislo=041&clanek=010402. Accessed August 6, 2019.
Cywiński, Bohdan. 1996. Rodowody niepokornych. Warszawa: Świat Książki.
Falk, Barbara J. 2003. The Dilemmas of Dissidence in East-Central Europe: Citizen Intellectuals and Philosopher Kings. Budapest and New York: Central European University Press.
Feindt, Gregor. 2016. “Opposition und Samizdat in Ostmitteleuropa: Strukturen und Mechanismen unabhängiger Periodika in vergleichender Perspektive.” Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung 65 (1): 17–42.
Friszke, Andrzej. 2007. “Protesty przeciw poprawkom w Konstytucji w 1976.” In Przystosowanie i opór: Studia z Dziejów PRL, 231–55. Warszawa: Więź.
———. 2010. Anatomia buntu: Kuroń, Modzelewski i komandosi. Wyd. 1. Kraków: Społeczny Instytut Wydawniczy “Znak”.
———. 2011. Czas KOR-u: Jacek Kuroń a geneza Solidarności. Kraków: Znak.
Hajdasz, Jolanta. 2001. Szczekaczka czyli Rozgłośnia Polska Radia Wolna Europa. Poznań: Media Rodzina.
Havel, Václav. 1985. “The Power of the Powerless.” In The Power of the Powerless: Citizens Against the State in Central-Eastern Europe, edited by John Keane, 23–96. London: Hutchinson.
———. 1991a. “‘Dear Dr. Husák’.” In Open Letters: Selected Prose 1965–1990, edited by Paul Wilson, 50–83. London and Boston: Faber and Faber.
———. 1991b. “‘It Always Makes Sense to Tell the Truth’: An Interview with Jiří Lederer.” In Open Letters: Selected Prose 1965–1990, edited by Paul Wilson, 84–101. London and Boston: Faber and Faber.
Havlíček, Dušan, and Jiří Pelikán. 2013. Psáno z Ríma, psáno z Ženevy: Výběr ze vzájemné korespondence Jiřího Pelikána a Dušana Havlička v letech exilu 1969 až 1989. Knihovna listů 10 záznamy. Olomouc: Burian a Tichák.
Hoffmann, Stefan-Ludwig, ed. 2011. Human Rights in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Horvath, Robert. 2005. The Legacy of Soviet Dissent: Dissidents, Democratisation and Radical Nationalism in Russia. East European Studies 17. London: Routledge.
Jensen, Steven L. B. 2017. The Making of International Human Rights: The 1960s, Decolonization, and the Reconstruction of Global Values. Human Rights in History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jirous, Ivan Martin. 2008. Pravdivý příběh Plastic People. Vyd. 1. Edited by Jan Šulc. Praha: Torst.
Joppke, Christian. 1995. East German Dissidents and the Revolution of 1989. London: Macmillan.
Junes, Tom. 2015. Student Politics in Communist Poland: Generations of Consent and Dissent. Lanham: Lexington Books.
Keck, Margaret E., and Kathryn Sikkink. 1998. Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Kenney, Padraic. 2010. 1989: Democratic Revolutions at the Cold War’s End: A Brief History with Documents. Boston: Bedford and St. Martins.
Kind-Kovács, Friederike. 2014. Written Here, Published There: How Underground Literature Crossed the Iron Curtain. New York: Central European University Press.
Kind-Kovács, Friederike, and Jessie Labov, eds. 2013. Samizdat, tamizdat, and Beyond: Transnational Media During and After Socialism. Studies in Contemporary European History Volume 13. New York: Berghahn Books.
Kopeček, Michal. 2016. “Human Rights Between Political Identity and Historical Category: Czechoslovakia and East Central Europe in a Global Context.” Czech Journal of Contemporary History 4 (1): 5–18.
———. 2017. “Disidentslý legalismus: Socialistická zákonnost, lidská práva a zrod právního odporu v demokratické opozici v Československu a Polsku v 70. letech.” In Šest kapitol o disentu, edited by Jiří Suk, Kristina Andělová, Michal Kopeček, Tomáš Vilímek, Tomáš Hermann, and Tomáš Zahradníček. Vydání první, 10–48. Sešity Ústavu pro soudobé dějiny sv. 51. Praha: Ústav pro soudobé dějiny AV ČR, v.v.i.
Kozłowski, Krzysztof. 2018. “Interpelacja.” Tygodnik Powszechny, March 5.
Kuisz, Jarosław. 2008. “O pojmowaniu praworządności w Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej w latach 1980–1981.” Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne 60 (2): 331–36.
Kuroń, Jacek. 1984a. “Zasady ideowe.” In Zło, które czynię, 37–60. Warszawa: Niezależna Oficyna Wydawnicza “Nowa”.
———. 1984b. “Zło, które czynię.” In Zło, które czynię, 5–13. Warszawa: Niezależna Oficyna Wydawnicza “Nowa”.
———. 2009a. “Gwiezdny czas.” In Kuroń. Autobiografia, 399–652. Warszawa: Wydawn. Krytyki Politycznej.
———. 2009b. “Wiara i wina.” In Kuroń. Autobiografia, 10–398. Warszawa: Wydawn. Krytyki Politycznej.
———. 2010. “Polityczna opozycja w Polsce.” In Opozycja: Pisma polityczne 1969–1989, 40–57. Warszawa: Wydawn. Krytyki Politycznej.
Kusin, Vladimir V. 1978. From Dubček to Charter 77: A Study of “Normalization” in Czechoslovakia, 1968–1978. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Lee, Benjamin, and Edward LiPuma. 2002. “Cultures of Circulation: The Imaginations of Modernity.” Public Culture 14 (1): 191–213.
Lénárt, András, and Thomas Cooper. 2012. “Emigration from Hungary in 1956 and the Emigrants as Tourists to Hungary.” The Hungarian Historical Review 1 (3/4): 368–96.
Lovejoy, Alice. 2013. “‘Video Knows No Borders’: Samizdat Television and the Unofficial Public Sphere in ‘Normalized’ Czechoslovakia.” In Samizdat, tamizdat, and Beyond: Transnational Media During and After Socialism, edited by Friederike Kind-Kovács and Jessie Labov, 206–17. Studies in Contemporary European History Volume 13. New York: Berghahn Books.
Lukes, Igor. 1999. “The Rudolf Slansky Affair: New Evidence.” Slavic Review 58 (1): 160–87. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2672994.
Machcewicz, Paweł. 2007. “Monachijska Menażeria”: Walka Z Radiem Wolna Europa 1950–1989. Warszawa: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej.
McDermott, Kevin, and Vítězslav Sommer. 2018. “The ‘Anti-Prague Spring’: Neo-Stalinist and Ultra-Leftist-Extremism in Czechoslovakia, 1968–70.” In Eastern Europe in 1968: Responses to the Prague Spring and Warsaw Pact invasion, edited by Kevin McDermott and Matthew Stibbe, 45–69. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Michnik, Adam. 2003. Wyznania nawróconego dysydenta: Spotkania z ludźmi: szkice 1991–2000. Warszawa: Zeszyty Literackie.
———. 2009. “Nowy Ewolucjonizm: 1978.” In Szanse polskiej demokracji: Artykuły i eseje. Wyd. 2., rozsz., 103–15. Warszawa: Agora SA.
Moyn, Samuel. 2010. The Last Utopia: Human Rights in History. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
———. 2011. “Personalism, Community and the Origins of Human Rights.” In Human Rights in the Twentieth Century, edited by Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann, 85–106. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
———. 2015. Christian Human Rights: Intellectual History of the Modern Age. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Müller, Jan-Werner. 2011. Contesting Democracy: Political Ideas in Twentieth-Century Europe. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Otáhal, Milan. 1994. Opozice, moc, společnost 1969–1989: Příspěvek k dějinám „normalizace“. Praha: Maxdorf.
Paczkowski, Andrzej. 2005. Pół wieku dziejów Polski. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Parisi, Valentina, ed. 2015. Samizdat: Between Practices and Representations. Budapest: Central European University Press. Lecture series at Open Society Archives, Budapest, February–June 2013.
Přibáň, Jiří. 2002. Dissidents of Law: On the 1989 Velvet Revolutions, Legitimations, Fictions of Legality, and Contemporary Version of the Social Contract. Aldershot, Hampshire and Burlington, VT: Ashgate and Dartmouth.
Risse, Thomas, Steve C. Ropp, and Kathryn Sikkink, eds. 1999. The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Smolar, Eugeniusz. 2006. “Samizdat, Tamizdat and… Radio. The Circle of Hope.” In Conference—From Samizdat to Tamizdat. Dissident Media Crossing Borders Before and After 1989, Vienna.
Smolar, Nina. 2016. “Interview by Ł. Bertram.” https://aneks.kulturaliberalna.pl/wywiad/nina-smolar-aneksie-nie-bylo-zapisu-nazwiska/.
Snyder, Sarah B. 2011. Human Rights Activism and the End of the Cold War: A Transnational History of the Helsinki Network. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Szczygieł, Mariusz. 2006. Gottland. Wołowiec: Wydawnictwo Czarne.
Szulecki, Kacper. 2011a. “Hijacked Ideas: Human Rights, Peace and Environmentalism in Czechoslovak and Polish Dissident Discourses.” East European Politics and Societies 25 (2): 272–95.
———. 2011b. “Neophyten, Häretiker, Dissidenten: Polnische Linksintellektuelle und (Anti-)Kommunismus.” Jahrbuch für Historische Kommunismusforschung 19: 61–88.
———. 2012. “The Figure of the Dissident: The Emergence of Central European Dissidentism and Its Impact on the Transnational Debates in Late-Cold War Era.” PhD Dissertation, University of Konstanz.
———. 2015a. “Heretical Geopolitics of Central Europe. Dissidents Intellectuals and an Alternative European Order.” Geoforum 65: 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.07.008.
———. 2015b. “Order of the Orderless: Dissident Identity Between De-stabilization and Re-stabilization.” In Rethinking Order: Idioms of Stability and Destabilization, edited by Nicole Falkenhayner, Andreas Langenohl, Johannes Scheu, Doris Schweitzer, and Kacper Szulecki, 105–24. Culture & Theory. Bielefeld: Transcript. https://doi.org/10.14361/9783839424728-006.
Thomas, Daniel C. 1999. “The Helsinki Accords and Political Change in Eastern Europe.” In The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change, edited by Thomas Risse, Steve C. Ropp, and Kathryn Sikkink, 205–33. New York: Cambridge University Press.
———. 2001. The Helsinki Effect: International Norms, Human Rights, and the Demise of Communism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Vaněk, Miroslav, and Pavel Mücke. 2016. Velvet Revolutions: An Oral History of Czech Society. Oxford Oral History Series. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Vaughan, David, and Rob Cameron. 2003. “Jaroslava Moserova—Remembering Jan Palach.” http://www.radio.cz/en/section/witness/jaroslava-moserova-remembering-jan-palach.
Vilímek, Tomáš. 2013. “Oppositionists in the CSSR and the GDR: Mutual Awareness, Exchanges of Ideas and Cooperation, 1968–1989.” In Entangled Protest: Transnational Perspectives on the History of Dissent in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, 55–85. Osnabrück: Fibre.
Villaume, Poul, and Odd Arne Westad, eds. 2010. Perforating the Iron Curtain: European Détente, Transatlantic Relations, and the Cold War, 1965–1985. Copenhagen, Denmark: Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen.
Williams, Kieran, and James Krapfl. 2018. “For a Civic Socialism and the Rule of Law: The Interplay of Jurisprudence, Public Opinion and Dissent in Czechoslovakia, 1960s–1980s.” In Eastern Europe in 1968: Responses to the Prague Spring and Warsaw Pact Invasion, 23–43. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Szulecki, K. (2019). Between Prague and Helsinki: Setting the Transnational Stage for Dissidence. In: Dissidents in Communist Central Europe. Palgrave Studies in the History of Social Movements. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22613-8_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22613-8_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-22612-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-22613-8
eBook Packages: HistoryHistory (R0)