Skip to main content

Neuromodulators

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Office-Based Maxillofacial Surgical Procedures

Abstract

One of the most common facial cosmetic procedures performed is the treatment of wrinkled skin using neuromodulators. This chapter describes the pharmacology of the most commonly used neuromodulators. Also covered are the basic techniques for dealing with the aging skin, and the potential complications of these procedures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Plastic Surgery Statistics Report https://www.plasticsurgery.org/documents/News/Statistics/2018/plastic-surgery-statistics-full-report-2018.pdf

  2. Scott A, Rosenbaum A, Collins C. Pharmacologic weakening of extraocular muscles. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1973;12(12):924–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Scott A. Botulinum toxin injection into extraocular muscles as an alternative to strabismus surgery. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1980;17(10):21–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Scott A, Kennedy R, Stubbs H. Botulinum A toxin inection as a treatment for blepharospasm. Arch Ophyhlamol. 1985;103(3):347–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Carruthers J, Fagien S, Mattarasso SL, et al. Consensus recommendations on the use of botulinum toxin type A in facial aesthetics. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;114:1s–22s.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Carruthers J, Carruthers J. Treatment of glabellar frown lineswith Clostridium botulinum A exotoxin. Dermatol Surg. 1992;18:17–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Botox® (onabotulinumtoxin A) for injection. Prescribing Information. Irvine, CA: Allergan, Inc., 2017

    Google Scholar 

  8. Dysport (abotulinumtoxinA) for injection. Prescribing Information. Ipsen Pharmaceuticals and Galderma Laboratories, 2016

    Google Scholar 

  9. Xeomin (incobotulinumtoxinA) for injection. Prescribing Information, Franksville, WI: Merz Pharmaceuticals, LLC., 2010

    Google Scholar 

  10. David Crow, https://www.ft.com/content/49570b38-221f-11e8-9a70-08f715791301-,8 Mar 2018 (Financial Times Limited 2018)

  11. Huang W, Foster J, Rogachefsky A. Pharmacology of botulinum toxin. J AmAcad Dermatol. 2000;43(2. Pt 1):249–59.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Kane MAC. Chapter 3 Botulinum toxin. In: Neligan PC, Warren RJ, editors. Vol 2 Aesthetic surgery of plastic surgery. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Health Scineces; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Prescribing Information. Solstice Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA May, 2010

    Google Scholar 

  14. Kim A, Jung J, Pak A, Cutis 2013;(Suppl):12–18

    Google Scholar 

  15. Seeley BM, et al. Effects of homeopathic arnica montana on bruising in face-lifts. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2006;8:54–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Rowe DJ, Baker AC. Perioperative risks and benefits of herbal supplements in aesthetic surgery. Aesth Surg. 2009;29(2):150–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Smith HS, Audette J, Royal MA. Botulinum toxin in pain management of soft tissue syndromes. Clin J Pain. 2002;18:S147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Guyer BM. Mechanism of botulinum toxin in the relief of pain. Curr Rev Pain. 1999;3:427.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Ney J, Joseph K. Neurologic uses of botulinum neurotoxin type A. Neuropshychiatr Did Treat. 2007;3(6):785–98.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Truong D, Duaane D, Jankovic J, et al. The efficacy and safety of botulinum type A toxin (Dysport) in cervical dystonia: results of the first US randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study. Mov Disord. 2005;20(7):783–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Qaqish C. Botulinum toxin use in the upper face. Atlas Oral Maxillofacial Surg Clin N AM. 2016;24:95–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Matthew J. Goldschmidt .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Goldschmidt, M.J., Clemow, J. (2019). Neuromodulators. In: Ferneini, E., Goupil, M. (eds) Office-Based Maxillofacial Surgical Procedures. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22371-7_20

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22371-7_20

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-22370-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-22371-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics