Abstract
This chapter explores the struggle that occurred in Interregnum England over the commemoration of that most difficult of anniversaries: the date of Charles I’s execution. While existing studies of the memory of the regicide have focused on the period after 1660, and particularly the annual day of fasting and humiliation, this chapter shows that debates over the appropriate commemoration of this occasion had a lengthy pedigree prior to the Restoration. It explores the ways in which the republican governments attempted to control the memory of Charles I’s death, the extent to which these representations were accepted, subverted, and resisted, and, in so doing, illuminates some of the challenges that the memory of regicide and Britain’s recent revolutions posed for the fledgling state more broadly.
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- 1.
Anon, King Charles his speech made upon the scaffold at Whitehall-Gate, immediately before his execution, on Tuesday the 30th of January 1648 (London, 1649), 13.
- 2.
[Thomas May], The changeable Covenant. Shewing in a brief series of relation, how the Scots from time to time have imposed upon England, by their false glosses, and perverse interpretations of the Covenant (London, 1650), 1.
- 3.
David Cressy, “The Protestant Calendar and the Voice of Celebration in Early Modern England,” Journal of British Studies, 29.1 (1990), 31–52.
- 4.
Jason Peacey, “Introduction,” in The Regicides and the Execution of Charles I, ed. by Jason Peacey (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001), 1–13, 1.
- 5.
For debates over the motivations of the regicides, and particularly the significance of the Remonstrance, see Clive Holmes, “The Trial and Execution of Charles I,” The Historical Journal, 53.2 (2002), 289–316; Sean Kelsey, “The Death of Charles I,” The Historical Journal, 45.4 (2002), 727–754; Philip Baker, “The Regicide”, in The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution, ed. by Michael Braddick (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 154–169; Mark Kishlansky, “Mission Impossible: Charles I, Oliver Cromwell and the Regicide,” English Historical Review, 125.515 (2010), 844–874. For discussions of staging, European reactions, and print, respectively, see Sean Kelsey, “Staging the Trial of Charles I,” in The Regicides, ed. by Peacey, 71–93; Richard Bonney, “The European Reaction to the Trial and Execution of Charles I,” in The Regicides, ed. by Peacey, 247–279; Amos Tubb, “Printing the Regicide of Charles I,” History, 89.296 (2004), 500–524.
- 6.
Helen W. Randall, “The Rise and Fall of a Martyrology: Sermons on Charles I,” Huntington Library Quarterly, 10.2 (1947), 135–167; Byron Stewart, “The Cult of the Royal Martyr,” Church History, 38 (1969), 175–187; Lois Potter, “The Royal Martyr in the Restoration,” in The Royal Image: Representations of Charles I, ed. by Thomas Corns (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 240–262; Kevin Sharpe, “‘So Hard a Text?’ Images of Charles I, 1612–1700”, The Historical Journal, 43.2 (2000), 383–405; Andrew Lacey, The Cult of King Charles the Martyr (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2012), esp. 129–171.
- 7.
Ruth Spalding (ed.), The Diary of Bulstrode Whitelocke, 1605–1675 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), 229.
- 8.
George D’Oyly, The Life of William Sancroft (London, 1821), vol. i, 43.
- 9.
Alan Macfarlane, The Diary of Ralph Josselin, 1616–1683 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976), 155.
- 10.
Anon, The charge of the Commons of England, against Charls Stuart, King of England, of high treason, and other high crimes (London, 1649), 3–4.
- 11.
Anon, The charge of the Commons, 7.
- 12.
See, for example, Anon, A Declaration of the Parliament of England, expressing the grounds of their late proceedings, and of settling the present government in a way of a free state (London, 1649); Anon, The none-such Charles his character extracted (London, 1651); Anon, The life and reigne of King Charles or, the pseudo-martyr discovered (London, 1651; Thomason); John Vicars, A brief review of the most material Parliamentary proceedings of this present Parliament, and their armies (London, 1652).
- 13.
Jason Peacey, “Reporting a Revolution: a Failed Propaganda Campaign?,” in The Regicides, ed. by Peacey, 161–181, 170–173.
- 14.
Henry Leslie, The martyrdome of King Charles, or His conformity with Christ in his sufferings (The Hague, 1649), 12.
- 15.
Leslie, The martyrdome, 14.
- 16.
Leslie, The martyrdome, 12; Nathaniel Hardy, A loud call to great mourning in a sermon preached on the 30th of January 1661 (London, 1662), sig. A2r.
- 17.
Thomas Fuller, The just mans funeral (London, 1649), 23.
- 18.
“September 1649: An Act Against Unlicensed and Scandalous Books and Pamphlets,” in Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, ed. by C.H. Firth and R.S. Rait (London, 1911), vol. ii, 245–254. This act aimed to suppress the printed material produced “by the Malignant party at home and abroad.” Its provisions included severe fines or jail terms for the authors, printers, and vendors of offending material and orders that all books and pamphlets be licensed by the Stationers’ Company.
- 19.
[John Birkenhead], Loyalties tears flowing after the bloud of the royall sufferer Charles I (Unknown, 1650), 1.
- 20.
The Man in the Moon, 30 January–6 February 1650 (London, 1650), 323, 327; The Man in the Moon, 6–14 February 1650 (London, 1650), 330.
- 21.
The Man in the Moon, 6–14 February, 330.
- 22.
Anon, The rebells warning-piece; being certaine rules and instructions left by Alderman Hoyle (London, 1650), 3.
- 23.
Anon, The rebells warning-piece, 3–6; The Man in the Moon, 30 January–6 February 1650, 323.
- 24.
Claire Cross, “A Man of Conscience in Seventeenth Century Urban Politics: Alderman Hoyle of York,” in Public Duty and Private Conscience in Seventeenth-Century England, ed. by John Morrill, Paul Slack, and Daniel Woolf (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), 205–224.
- 25.
Charles Jackson (ed.), The Autobiography of Mrs Alice Thornton, of East Newton, co. York (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1873), 212.
- 26.
House of Commons Journals, 1648–1651, vol. vi, 516–517.
- 27.
Anon, An act for setting apart Thursday the thirtieth day of January, 1650. for a day of publique thanksgiving (London, 1651), 1272–1273.
- 28.
Anon, An act for setting [...] apart Thursday the thirtieth day, 1273.
- 29.
For further discussion of thanksgiving days during this period see Christopher Durston “‘For the Better Humiliation of the People’: Public Days of Fasting and Thanksgiving During the English Revolution,” The Seventeenth Century, 7.2 (1992), 129–149.
- 30.
This figure has been calculated using data from Lucy-Ann Bates, “Nationwide Fast and Thanksgiving Days in England, 1640–1660” (Unpublished doctoral thesis, Durham University, 2012).
- 31.
George Wither, Three grains of spirituall frankincense infused into three hymnes of praise, and humbly offered toward the publike thanksgiving, commanded by authority of Parliament to be celebrated throughout the Commonwealth of England, the 30 of this present January (London, 1651), sig. A2r.
- 32.
George Wither, The British appeals, with Gods mercifull replies on behalf of the Commonwealth of England contained in a brief commemorative poem (London, 1651), sig. A3r.
- 33.
George Wither, The British appeals, 20, 27.
- 34.
George Wither, The British appeals, 38, 49.
- 35.
“May 1649: An Act Declaring and Constituting the People of England to be a Commonwealth and Free-State,” in Acts and Ordinances, ed. Firth and Rait, vol. ii, 122.
- 36.
John Twigg, The University of Cambridge and the English Revolution (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 1990), 163.
- 37.
London, Guildhall Library, CLC/L/CC/D/002/MS4326/10, f. 81v; CLC/L/MB/D/001/MS05303/001, f. 190v; CLC/L/CK/D/001/MS14346/002, unfoliated.
- 38.
London, Guildhall Library, CLC/L/CJ/D/001/MS07351/002, f. 164v; CLC/L/VA/D/002/MS15333/004, unfoliated.
- 39.
London, Guildhall, CLC/L/FG/D/001/MS06330/002, f. 263r. Other companies that recorded expenditure on this date included the blacksmiths and the plumbers. See London, Guildhall Library, CLC/L/BD/D/001/MS02883/005, f. 80v; CLC/L/PH/D/002/MS02210/001, f. 245v.
- 40.
David Cressy, Bonfires and Bells: National Memory and the Protestant Calendar in Elizabethan and Stuart England (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1989), 83–84.
- 41.
London, The National Archives ASSI 45/4/1/96; ASSI 45/4/1/94; ASSI 45/4/1/97.
- 42.
2 Samuel 1, v. 1–27.
- 43.
London, The National Archives ASSI 45/4/1/92.
- 44.
London, The National Archives ASSI 45/4/1/92.
- 45.
House of Commons Journals, 1651–1660, vol. vii, 13.
- 46.
John Morrill, “The Church in England,” in Reactions to the English Civil War, 1642–1649, ed. by John Morrill (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1982), 89–114, 113–114; Kevin Sharpe, Remapping Early Modern England: The Culture of Seventeenth Century Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 234; Kevin Sharpe, Image Wars: Kings and Commonwealths in England, 1603–1660 (Yale: Yale University Press, 2010), 417. For a more upbeat account of the Commonwealth’s efforts to enshrine a distinct political culture see Sean Kelsey, Inventing a Republic: The Political Culture of the English Commonwealth, 1649–1653 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997).
- 47.
“February 1652: An Act of General Pardon and Oblivion,” in Acts and Ordinances, ed. by Firth and Rait, vol. ii, 565–577, 565.
- 48.
An Order by the Protector appointing 3 Sept as a Day of Public Thanksgiving for the victories at Dunbar and Worcester (London, 1657).
- 49.
Schardanus Rider, Merlinus, Cambro-Britannus. Or the Brittish Merlin (London, 1654), sig. B1r; Francis Pigot, The countrey-mans kalendar, or, an almanack for the year of our Lord God, 1655 (London, 1655), sig. A2r.
- 50.
George Wharton, Hemeroscopeion; the loyall almanack, for the year of Christ, 1650 (London, 1650), sig. B1v; Richard Fitzsmith, Syzygiasticon instauratum: or, An almanack & ephemeris for the year of our Lord God, 1654 (London, 1654), sig. C4r; Lamentations 4, v. 20.
- 51.
Anon, Bibliotheca Parliamenti, libri theologici, politici, historici, qui prostant voenales in vico vulgò vocato Little-Britain (London, 1653), 6.
- 52.
William Lloyd, A sermon preach’d before the House of Lords at the Abbey-Church of St. Peter’s-Westminster, on Saturday the 30th of January, 1696/7 being the anniversary of the death of King Charles I of Glorious Memory (London, 1697), 23.
- 53.
Edward Ward, The Secret History of the Calves-Head Club: or, the Republican Unmask’d (London, 1709), 17.
- 54.
Hardy, A loud call to great mourning, sig. A2v.
- 55.
Hewitt had been executed the previous year on suspicion of fomenting a plot against the state; like the King before him, he steadfastly refused to enter a plea.
- 56.
Jo[hn] Huit [i.e. Hewitt], Prayers of intercession for their use who mourn in secret for the publick calamities of this nation, (London, 1659), 3, 51.
- 57.
Huit [i.e. Hewitt], Prayers, 51.
- 58.
Huit [i.e. Hewitt], Prayers, 52.
- 59.
Austin Dobson, (ed.), The Diary of John Evelyn (London: Macmillan, 1906), vol. ii, 8.
- 60.
James Raine (ed.), Depositions from the Castle of York, Relating to Offences Committed in the Northern Counties in the Seventeenth Century, vol. xl (Durham: Surtees Society, 1861), 37.
- 61.
London, Victoria and Albert Museum, Mourning Ring, c. 1649, engraved and enamelled gold, ref. M 274–1962.
- 62.
Kingdomes Intelligencer, 4 February–11 February 1661 (London, 1661), n. p.
- 63.
Anon, A proclamation for observation of the thirtieth day of January as a day of Fast and Humiliation according to the late Act for that purpose (London, 1661).
- 64.
Intelligencer Published for the Satisfaction and Information of the People, 1 February 1664 (London, 1664), n. p.
- 65.
London, The National Archives, SP 29/111, f. 163.
- 66.
London, The National Archives, SP 29/111, f. 163.
- 67.
Taunton, Somerset Record Office, Q/SR/105/35.
- 68.
Stewart, “The Cult of the Royal Martyr,” 175–187; Lacey, The Cult of King Charles the Martyr, 129–171, 179–211; Tony Claydon, “The Sermon Culture of the Glorious Revolution: Williamite Preaching and Jacobite Anti-Preaching, 1685–1702,” in The Oxford Handbook of the Early Modern Sermon, ed. by Peter McCullough, Hugh Adlinton, and Emma Rhatigan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 480–496, 483–486. For a similar discussion of the changing use and meaning of sermons delivered on the 29th of May, the anniversary of Charles II’sRestoration, see Matthew Neufeld, The Civil Wars After 1660: Public Remembering in Late Stuart England (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2013), 203–241.
- 69.
Samuel Crossman, Two sermons preached in the cathedral-church of Bristol, January the 30th 1679/80 and January the 31th 1680/81 being the days of publick humiliation for the execrable murder of King Charles the first (London, 1681), 39.
- 70.
Gilbert Burnet, A sermon preached before the Aldermen of the city of London, at St. Lawrence-church, Jan 30. 1680 (London, 1681), 15. For further discussion of both Crossman and Burnet’s sermons see Sharpe, “So Hard a Text?”, 396–397.
- 71.
Matthew Henry Lee (ed.), Diaries and Letters of Philip Henry of Broad Oak, Flintshire, 1631–1696 (London, 1882), 284.
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Wither, George. The British appeals, with Gods mercifull replies on behalf of the Commonwealth of England contained in a brief commemorative poem. London, 1651.
———. Three grains of spirituall frankincense infused into three hymnes of praise, and humbly offered toward the publike thanksgiving, commanded by authority of Parliament to be celebrated throughout the Commonwealth of England, the 30 of this present January. London, 1651.
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D’Oyly, George. The Life of William Sancroft, 2 vols. London, 1821.
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———. Bonfires and Bells: National Memory and the Protestant Calendar in Elizabethan and Stuart England. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1989.
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———. “The Death of Charles I.” The Historical Journal, 45.4 (2002): 727–754.
———. Inventing a Republic: The Political Culture of the English Commonwealth, 1649–1653. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997.
Kishlansky, Mark. “Mission Impossible: Charles I, Oliver Cromwell and the Regicide.” English Historical Review, 125.515 (2010): 844–874.
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———. “Reporting a Revolution: a Failed Propaganda Campaign?” in The Regicides and the Execution of Charles I, ed. by Jason Peacey, 161–181. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001.
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———. Rebranding Rule: The Restoration and Revolution Monarchy, 1660–1714. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013.
———. Remapping Early Modern England: The Culture of Seventeenth Century Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
———. “‘So Hard a Text?’ Images of Charles I, 1612–1700.” The Historical Journal, 43.2 (2000): 383–405.
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Unpublished
Bates, Lucy-Ann. Nationwide Fast and Thanksgiving Days in England, 1640–1660. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Durham University, 2012.
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Peck, I. (2019). Remembering—and Forgetting—Regicide: The Commemoration of the 30th of January, 1649–1660. In: Paranque, E. (eds) Remembering Queens and Kings of Early Modern England and France. Queenship and Power. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22344-1_8
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