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The Ambivalence of European Integration: Between Proto-Citizenship and a Shared Nationality

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Challenging European Citizenship

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics ((PSEUP))

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Abstract

In this chapter, we reconstruct the evolution of the European personal status. The founding treaties and the early practice of the communities (including the leading rulings in Van Gend en Loos and Costa) were deeply ambivalent. The impulse given to European integration in general, and to community legislation in particular, in the 1960s and 1970s, shaped the European personal status into an embryo of a supranational citizenship (a proto-citizenship) complementary of national democratic and social citizenship. As the political centre of gravity of the communities shifted in the late 1970s and early 1990s, the European personal status was reshaped into a very different mould. Economic freedoms (understood as operationalisations of private property and entrepreneurial freedom) came to play a key role in defining the rights and duties of Europeans. This transformation was contemporary to the decision to hold direct elections of the European Parliament, a move that was regarded as a push for politicisation and democratisation of European integration. Thus, by the late 1970s and early 1980s, the European personal status was torn between two of its possible articulations: proto-citizenship and supra-nationality.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    There is a tradition in European law thinking which emphasises the extent to which private law should be regarded as the deep constitution of a state, so to say the expression of the will of civil society in action (references). It could even be said that some of the key actors involved in the rendering of Van Gend were far from unsympathetic to such an understanding (Trabucchi 2008).

  2. 2.

    Howard’s (2009) empirical analysis of naturalisation policies in Europe has, however, shown that the belief in harmonisation of citizenship policies as a result of Europeanisation (among other factors) has proven to be unfounded. There continues to be considerable intra-European differences in the practices of naturalisation in different European states.

  3. 3.

    If we discount the growth generated through private debt in the late 1990s and early 2000s, the rate of growth has constantly declined since the late sixties. For data and tables, see Menéndez (2013).

  4. 4.

    The process was far from a straightforward one. Barely two years after Cassis de Dijon was decided, the Court still emphasised the different status of free movement of capital in Casati (European Court of Justice 1981).

  5. 5.

    French law (Article 706.3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure) establishes that victims of an assault which are unable to obtain effective and adequate compensation from any other source are entitled to such compensation from the state if the assault results in injuries of a certain intensity and degree.

  6. 6.

    Additionally, the Commission suggested that it would highly advisable that procedures should be established to ensure that citizens would be consulted regarding all transfrontier issues (i.e. that Member States would be obliged to extend consultation across borders when the effects of their policies would be felt beyond them).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Facultad de Derecho, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

    Agustín José Menéndez

  2. ARENA, Centre for European Studies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

    Agustín José Menéndez & Espen D. H. Olsen

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  1. Agustín José Menéndez
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  2. Espen D. H. Olsen
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Correspondence to Agustín José Menéndez .

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Menéndez, A.J., Olsen, E.D.H. (2020). The Ambivalence of European Integration: Between Proto-Citizenship and a Shared Nationality. In: Challenging European Citizenship. Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22281-9_3

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