Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Cytokine Storm Syndrome pp 235–252Cite as

Infectious Triggers of Cytokine Storm Syndromes: Herpes Virus Family (Non-EBV)

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

The herpesviruses are the most common infectious agents associated with both primary and secondary cytokine storm syndromes (CSS). While Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) is most frequently reported in association with CSS, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and many other herpesviruses (e.g., herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, and human herpesviruses 6 and 8) are clearly associated with CSS in children and adults. Immunocompromised hosts, whether due to primary immunodeficiency or secondary immune compromise (e.g., solid organ or stem cell transplantation), appear to be at particularly increased risk of herpesvirus-associated CSS. In this chapter, the association of the non-EBV herpesviruses with CSS will be discussed, including predisposing factors and treatment considerations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Risdall, R. J., McKenna, R. W., Nesbit, M. E., Krivit, W., Balfour Jr., H. H., Simmons, R. L., et al. (1979). Virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome: A benign histiocytic proliferation distinct from malignant histiocytosis. Cancer, 44, 993–1002.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Behrens, E. M., Canna, S. W., Slade, K., Rao, S., Kreiger, P. A., Paessler, M., et al. (2011). Repeated TLR9 stimulation results in macrophage activation syndrome-like disease in mice. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 121, 2264–2277.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Orange, J. S., Fassett, M. S., Koopman, L. A., Boyson, J. E., & Strominger, J. L. (2002). Viral evasion of natural killer cells. Nature Immunology, 3, 1006–1012.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Odom, C. I., Gaston, D. C., Markert, J. M., & Cassady, K. A. (2012). Human herpesviridae methods of natural killer cell evasion. Advances in Virology, 2012, 359869.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Brisse, E., Wouters, C. H., Andrei, G., & Matthys, P. (2017). How viruses contribute to the pathogenesis of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Frontiers in Immunology, 8, 1102.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Henter, J. I., Ehrnst, A., Andersson, J., & Elinder, G. (1993). Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and viral infections. Acta Paediatrica, 82, 369–372.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Henter, J. I., Elinder, G., Soder, O., & Ost, A. (1991). Incidence in Sweden and clinical features of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica, 80, 428–435.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Otrock, Z. K., & Eby, C. S. (2015). Clinical characteristics, prognostic factors, and outcomes of adult patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. American Journal of Hematology, 90, 220–224.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Ramos-Casals, M., Brito-Zeron, P., Lopez-Guillermo, A., Khamashta, M. A., & Bosch, X. (2014). Adult haemophagocytic syndrome. Lancet, 383, 1503–1516.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Fisman, D. N. (2000). Hemophagocytic syndromes and infection. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 6, 601–608.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Chen, R. L., Lin, K. H., Lin, D. T., Su, I. J., Huang, L. M., Lee, P. I., et al. (1995). Immunomodulation treatment for childhood virus-associated haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. British Journal of Haematology, 89, 282–290.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Gill, D. S., Spencer, A., & Cobcroft, R. G. (1994). High-dose gamma-globulin therapy in the reactive haemophagocytic syndrome. British Journal of Haematology, 88, 204–206.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Jordan, M. B., Allen, C. E., Weitzman, S., Filipovich, A. H., & McClain, K. L. (2011). How I treat hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Blood, 118, 4041–4052.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Staras, S. A., Dollard, S. C., Radford, K. W., Flanders, W. D., Pass, R. F., & Cannon, M. J. (2006). Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus infection in the United States, 1988-1994. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 43, 1143–1151.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Heininger, A., Jahn, G., Engel, C., Notheisen, T., Unertl, K., & Hamprecht, K. (2001). Human cytomegalovirus infections in nonimmunosuppressed critically ill patients. Critical Care Medicine, 29, 541–547.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Hummel, M., & Abecassis, M. M. (2002). A model for reactivation of CMV from latency. Journal of Clinical Virology, 25(Suppl 2), S123–S136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Amin, M. M., Bialek, S. R., Dollard, S. C., & Wang, C. (2018). Urinary cytomegalovirus shedding in the United States: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1999-2004. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 67(4), 587–592.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Cannon, M. J., Stowell, J. D., Clark, R., Dollard, P. R., Johnson, D., Mask, K., et al. (2014). Repeated measures study of weekly and daily cytomegalovirus shedding patterns in saliva and urine of healthy cytomegalovirus-seropositive children. BMC Infectious Diseases, 14, 569.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Kohara, M. M., & Blum, R. N. (2006). Cytomegalovirus ileitis and hemophagocytic syndrome associated with use of anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 42, 733–734.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Bea Granell, S., Beneyto Castello, I., Ramos Escorihuela, D., Sanchez Plumed, J., Sanchez Perez, P., Hernandez-Jaras, J., et al. (2011). Cytomegalovirus-associated haemophagocytic syndrome in a kidney transplant patient. Nefrología, 31, 236–238.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Hardikar, W., Pang, K., Al-Hebbi, H., Curtis, N., & Couper, R. (2006). Successful treatment of cytomegalovirus-associated haemophagocytic syndrome following paediatric orthotopic liver transplantation. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 42, 389–391.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Amenomori, M., Migita, K., Miyashita, T., Yoshida, S., Ito, M., Eguchi, K., et al. (2005). Cytomegalovirus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome in a patient with adult onset Still's disease. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology, 23, 100–102.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Imashuku, S., Ueda, I., Teramura, T., Mori, K., Morimoto, A., Sako, M., et al. (2005). Occurrence of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis at less than 1 year of age: Analysis of 96 patients. European Journal of Pediatrics, 164, 315–319.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Oloomi, Z., & Moayeri, H. (2006). Cytomegalovirus infection-associated hemophagocytic syndrome. Archives of Iranian Medicine, 9, 284–287.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Hot, A., Madoux, M. H., Viard, J. P., Coppere, B., & Ninet, J. (2008). Successful treatment of cytomegalovirus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome by intravenous immunoglobulins. American Journal of Hematology, 83, 159–162.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Knorr, B., Kessler, U., Poschl, J., Fickenscher, H., & Linderkamp, O. (2007). A haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)-like picture following breastmilk transmitted cytomegalovirus infection in a preterm infant. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 39, 173–176.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. van Langenberg, D. R., Morrison, G., Foley, A., Buttigieg, R. J., & Gibson, P. R. (2011). Cytomegalovirus disease, haemophagocytic syndrome, immunosuppression in patients with IBD: ‘A cocktail best avoided, not stirred’. Journal of Crohn's & Colitis, 5, 469–472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Grossman, W. J., Radhi, M., Schauer, D., Gerday, E., Grose, C., & Goldman, F. D. (2005). Development of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in triplets infected with HHV-8. Blood, 106, 1203–1206.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Li, C. F., Ye, H., Liu, H., Du, M. Q., & Chuang, S. S. (2006). Fatal HHV-8-associated hemophagocytic syndrome in an HIV-negative immunocompetent patient with plasmablastic variant of multicentric Castleman disease (plasmablastic microlymphoma). The American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 30, 123–127.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Bossini, N., Sandrini, S., Setti, G., Luppi, M., Maiorca, P., Maffei, C., et al. (2005). Successful treatment with liposomal doxorubicin and foscarnet in a patient with widespread Kaposi's sarcoma and human herpes virus 8-related, serious hemophagocytic syndrome, after renal transplantation. Giornale Italiano di Nefrologia, 22, 281–286.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Henter, J. I., Samuelsson-Horne, A., Arico, M., Egeler, R. M., Elinder, G., Filipovich, A. H., et al. (2002). Treatment of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with HLH-94 immunochemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation. Blood, 100, 2367–2373.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Cusini, A., Gunthard, H. F., Stussi, G., Schwarz, U., Fehr, T., Grueter, E., et al. (2010). Hemophagocytic syndrome caused by primary herpes simplex virus 1 infection: Report of a first case. Infection, 38, 423–426.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Ikumi, K., Ando, T., Katano, H., Katsuno, M., Sakai, Y., Yoshida, M., et al. (2016). HSV-2-related hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a fingolimod-treated patient with MS. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm, 3, e247.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Ramasamy, K., Lim, Z. Y., Savvas, M., Salisbury, J. R., Dokal, I., Mufti, G. J., et al. (2006). Disseminated herpes virus (HSV-2) infection with rhabdomyolysis and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a patient with bone marrow failure syndrome. Annals of Hematology, 85, 629–630.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Spinner, M. A., Ker, J. P., Stoudenmire, C. J., Fadare, O., Mace, E. M., Orange, J. S., et al. (2016). GATA2 deficiency underlying severe blastomycosis and fatal herpes simplex virus-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 137, 638–640.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Mihalcea-Danciu, M., Ellero, B., Gandoin, M., Harlay, M. L., Schneider, F., & Bilbault, P. (2014). Herpes simplex hepatitis with macrophage activation syndrome in an immunocompetent patient. La Revue de Médecine Interne, 35, 823–826.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Desideri-Vaillant, C., Exbrayat, S., Sapin-Lory, J., Lambrechts, D., Rouxel, M., & Nicolas, X. (2012). Hemophagocytic syndrome due to Herpes simplex virus after hysteroscopy. Journal de Gynécologie, Obstétrique et Biologie de la Reproduction, 41, 672–675.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Goulding, E. A., & Barnden, K. R. (2014). Disseminated herpes simplex virus manifesting as pyrexia and cervicitis and leading to reactive hemophagocytic syndrome in pregnancy. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, 180, 198–199.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Yamaguchi, K., Yamamoto, A., Hisano, M., Natori, M., & Murashima, A. (2005). Herpes simplex virus 2-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a pregnant patient. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 105, 1241–1244.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Allen, C. E., Yu, X., Kozinetz, C. A., & McClain, K. L. (2008). Highly elevated ferritin levels and the diagnosis of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatric Blood & Cancer, 50, 1227–1235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Gupta, A., Weitzman, S., & Abdelhaleem, M. (2008). The role of hemophagocytosis in bone marrow aspirates in the diagnosis of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatric Blood & Cancer, 50, 192–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Holter, W., Goldman, C. K., Casabo, L., Nelson, D. L., Greene, W. C., & Waldmann, T. A. (1987). Expression of functional IL 2 receptors by lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma stimulated human monocytes. Journal of Immunology, 138, 2917–2922.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Seidler, S., Zimmermann, H. W., Weiskirchen, R., Trautwein, C., & Tacke, F. (2012). Elevated circulating soluble interleukin-2 receptor in patients with chronic liver diseases is associated with non-classical monocytes. BMC Gastroenterology, 12, 38.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Suzuki, N., Morimoto, A., Ohga, S., Kudo, K., Ishida, Y., Ishii, E., et al. (2009). Characteristics of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in neonates: A nationwide survey in Japan. The Journal of Pediatrics, 155, 235–238 e231.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Vladescu, I. A., Browning, W. L., & Thomsen, I. P. (2015). Massive ferritin elevation in neonatal herpes simplex virus infection: hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis or herpes simplex virus alone? Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, 4, e48–e52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Purtilo, D. T., Cassel, C. K., Yang, J. P., & Harper, R. (1975). X-linked recessive progressive combined variable immunodeficiency (Duncan’s disease). Lancet, 1, 935–940.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Sayos, J., Wu, C., Morra, M., Wang, N., Zhang, X., Allen, D., et al. (1998). The X-linked lymphoproliferative-disease gene product SAP regulates signals induced through the co-receptor SLAM. Nature, 395, 462–469.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Pasic, S., Cupic, M., & Lazarevic, I. (2012). HHV-8-related hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a boy with XLP phenotype. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, 34, 467–471.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Snow, A. L., Marsh, R. A., Krummey, S. M., Roehrs, P., Young, L. R., Zhang, K., et al. (2009). Restimulation-induced apoptosis of T cells is impaired in patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease caused by SAP deficiency. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 119, 2976–2989.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Marsh, R. A., Bleesing, J. J., Chandrakasan, S., Jordan, M. B., Davies, S. M., & Filipovich, A. H. (2014). Reduced-intensity conditioning hematopoietic cell transplantation is an effective treatment for patients with SLAM-associated protein deficiency/X-linked lymphoproliferative disease type 1. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 20, 1641–1645.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Re, A., Facchetti, F., Borlenghi, E., Cattaneo, C., Capucci, M. A., Ungari, M., et al. (2007). Fatal hemophagocytic syndrome related to active human herpesvirus-8/Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection in human immunodeficiency virus-negative, non-transplant patients without related malignancies. European Journal of Haematology, 78, 361–364.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Lerolle, N., Laanani, M., Riviere, S., Galicier, L., Coppo, P., Meynard, J. L., et al. (2016). Diversity and combinations of infectious agents in 38 adults with an infection-triggered reactive haemophagocytic syndrome: A multicenter study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 22, 268.e261–268.e268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Cattaneo, C., Oberti, M., Skert, C., Passi, A., Farina, M., Re, A., et al. (2016). Adult onset hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis prognosis is affected by underlying disease and coexisting viral infection: Analysis of a single institution series of 35 patients. Hematological Oncology.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Devecioglu, O., Anak, S., Atay, D., Aktan, P., Devecioglu, E., Ozalp, B., et al. (2009). Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia complicated by secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatric Blood & Cancer, 53, 491–492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Marabelle, A., Bergeron, C., Billaud, G., Mekki, Y., & Girard, S. (2010). Hemophagocytic syndrome revealing primary HHV-6 infection. The Journal of Pediatrics, 157, 511.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Schaballie, H., Renard, M., Vermylen, C., Scheers, I., Revencu, N., Regal, L., et al. (2013). Misdiagnosis as asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy and CMV-associated haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in Shwachman-Diamond syndrome. European Journal of Pediatrics, 172, 613–622.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Zondag, T. C., Rokx, C., van Lom, K., van den Berg, A. R., Sonneveld, P., Dik, W. A., et al. (2016). Cytokine and viral load kinetics in human herpesvirus 8-associated multicentric Castleman’s disease complicated by hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. International Journal of Hematology, 103, 469–472.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. van der Werff ten Bosch, J. E., Kollen, W. J., Ball, L. M., Brinkman, D. M., Vossen, A. C., Lankester, A. C., et al. (2009). Atypical varicella zoster infection associated with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatric Blood & Cancer, 53, 226–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Waddell, B., Belcher, C., & Willey, E. (2017). Cytomegalovirus induced hemophagocytic lymphocytic histiocytosis in two pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. IDCases, 9, 116–118.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Abdelkefi, A., Ben Jamil, W., Torjman, L., Ladeb, S., Ksouri, H., Lakhal, A., et al. (2009). Hemophagocytic syndrome after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a prospective observational study. International Journal of Hematology, 89, 368–373.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Frederiksen, J. K., & Ross, C. W. (2014). Cytomegalovirus-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a patient with myasthenia gravis treated with azathioprine. Blood, 123, 2290.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Mustafa Ali, M., Ruano Mendez, A. L., & Carraway, H. E. (2017). Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a patient with Hodgkin lymphoma and concurrent EBV, CMV, and Candida infections. Journal of Investigative Medicine High Impact Case Reports, 5, 2324709616684514.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Garcia-Montoya, L., Saenz-Tenorio, C. N., Janta, I., Menarguez, J., Lopez-Longo, F. J., Monteagudo, I., et al. (2017). Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a patient with Sjogren’s syndrome: Case report and review. Rheumatology International, 37, 663–669.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Mun, J. I., Shin, S. J., Yu, B. H., Koo, J. H., Kim, D. H., Lee, K. M., et al. (2013). A case of hemophagocytic syndrome in a patient with fulminant ulcerative colitis superinfected by cytomegalovirus. The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine, 28, 352–355.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Gur, G., Cakar, N., Uncu, N., Ayar, G., Basaran, O., Taktak, A., et al. (2015). Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis secondary to Varicella zoster infection in a child with Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Pediatrics International, 57, e37–e38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Presti, M. A., Costantino, G., Della Torre, A., Belvedere, A., Cascio, A., & Fries, W. (2011). Severe CMV-related pneumonia complicated by the hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytic (HLH) syndrome in quiescent Crohn’s colitis: Harmful cure? Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 17, E145–E146.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Sakamoto, O., Ando, M., Yoshimatsu, S., Kohrogi, H., Suga, M., & Ando, M. (2002). Systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by cytomegalovirus-induced hemophagocytic syndrome and colitis. Internal Medicine, 41, 151–155.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Tanaka, Y., Seo, R., Nagai, Y., Mori, M., Togami, K., Fujita, H., et al. (2008). Systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by cytomegalovirus-induced hemophagocytic syndrome and pneumonia. Nihon Rinshō Men'eki Gakkai Kaishi, 31, 71–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Luppi, M., Barozzi, P., Rasini, V., Riva, G., Re, A., Rossi, G., et al. (2002). Severe pancytopenia and hemophagocytosis after HHV-8 primary infection in a renal transplant patient successfully treated with foscarnet. Transplantation, 74, 131–132.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Asci, G., Toz, H., Ozkahya, M., Cagirgan, S., Duman, S., Sezis, M., et al. (2006). High-dose immunoglobulin therapy in renal transplant recipients with hemophagocytic histiocytic syndrome. Journal of Nephrology, 19, 322–326.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Dharancy, S., Crombe, V., Copin, M. C., Boleslawski, E., Bocket, L., Declerck, N., et al. (2008). Fatal hemophagocytic syndrome related to human herpesvirus-6 reinfection following liver transplantation: A case report. Transplantation Proceedings, 40, 3791–3793.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Vijgen, S., Wyss, C., Meylan, P., Bisig, B., Letovanec, I., Manuel, O., et al. (2016). Fatal outcome of multiple clinical presentations of human herpesvirus 8-related disease after solid organ transplantation. Transplantation, 100, 134–140.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Mularoni, A., Gallo, A., Riva, G., Barozzi, P., Miele, M., Cardinale, G., et al. (2017). Successful treatment of kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus inflammatory cytokine syndrome after kidney-liver transplant: Correlations with the human herpesvirus 8 miRNome and specific T cell response. American Journal of Transplantation.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Low, P., Neipel, F., Rascu, A., Steininger, H., Manger, B., Fleckenstein, B., et al. (1998). Suppression of HHV-8 viremia by foscarnet in an HIV-infected patient with Kaposi's sarcoma and HHV-8 associated hemophagocytic syndrome. European Journal of Medical Research, 3, 461–464.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Pastore, R. D., Chadburn, A., Kripas, C., & Schattner, E. J. (2000). Novel association of haemophagocytic syndrome with Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-related primary effusion lymphoma. British Journal of Haematology, 111, 1112–1115.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Fardet, L., Blum, L., Kerob, D., Agbalika, F., Galicier, L., Dupuy, A., et al. (2003). Human herpesvirus 8-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 37, 285–291.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Yates, J. A., Zakai, N. A., Griffith, R. C., Wing, E. J., & Schiffman, F. J. (2007). Multicentric Castleman disease, Kaposi sarcoma, hemophagocytic syndrome, and a novel HHV8-lymphoproliferative disorder. The AIDS Reader, 17, 596–598, 601.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Uneda, S., Murata, S., Sonoki, T., Matsuoka, H., & Nakakuma, H. (2009). Successful treatment with liposomal doxorubicin for widespread Kaposi’s sarcoma and human herpesvirus-8 related severe hemophagocytic syndrome in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. International Journal of Hematology, 89, 195–200.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Uldrick, T. S., Wang, V., O’Mahony, D., Aleman, K., Wyvill, K. M., Marshall, V., et al. (2010). An interleukin-6-related systemic inflammatory syndrome in patients co-infected with Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and HIV but without Multicentric Castleman disease. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 51, 350–358.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Ohkuma, K., Saraya, T., Sada, M., & Kawai, S. (2013). Evidence for cytomegalovirus-induced haemophagocytic syndrome in a young patient with AIDS. BML Case Reports, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Polizzotto, M. N., Uldrick, T. S., Wyvill, K. M., Aleman, K., Marshall, V., Wang, V., et al. (2016). Clinical features and outcomes of patients with symptomatic Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus (KSHV)-associated inflammation: Prospective characterization of KSHV Inflammatory Cytokine Syndrome (KICS). Clinical Infectious Diseases, 62, 730–738.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA

    Daniel Dulek & Isaac Thomsen

Authors
  1. Daniel Dulek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Isaac Thomsen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Isaac Thomsen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. UAB School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA

    Randy Q. Cron

  2. Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Edward M. Behrens

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Dulek, D., Thomsen, I. (2019). Infectious Triggers of Cytokine Storm Syndromes: Herpes Virus Family (Non-EBV). In: Cron, R., Behrens, E. (eds) Cytokine Storm Syndrome. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22094-5_14

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation