Political, Economic, and Social Developments 2007–18

Lundahl, Mats; Sjöholm, Fredrik

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22052-5_3

Mats Lundahl⁴ &
Fredrik Sjöholm⁵

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Economic History ((PEHS))

141 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter examines the development from 2007 until the present day. It includes detailed analyses of politics, fiscal policy, and social progress. After 2006, an aggressive spending policy began, on the one hand, via the transfer programs for veterans and internally displaced people, and, on the other hand, through investments in infrastructure as part of the strategic development plan. From 2007 until 2016, public expenditures expanded ten times, with the result that the size of the petroleum fund began to shrink from 2015. The new spending policy boosted economic growth substantially during a couple of years, but, thereafter, the rate declined. As it seems, income per capita has increased and the incidence of poverty has decreased. Also, ownership of consumer durables, education, and health care have developed favorably. However, malnutrition is much worse in East Timor than in comparable countries. Periodic food shortages continue to be a problem.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

eBook: USD 16.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Softcover Book: USD 16.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Hardcover Book: USD 54.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

1.
Kingsbury (2009), pp. 207–208.
2.
Ibid., p. 191.
3.
Vieira (2012), p. 10.
4.
United Nations Security Council (2007), p. 16.
5.
United Nations Security Council (2008), p. 16, van der Auweraet (2012), p. 6.
6.
United Nations Security Council (2008), p. 1, International Crisis Group (2008), p. i.
7.
Van der Auweraet (2012), p. 8.
8.
Kingsbury (2009), p. 207. It was, however, far from always the case that the money received was used for housing purposes (Tusinski 2019).
9.
Van der Auweraet (2012), p. 8.
10.
International Crisis Group (2008), p. 3.
11.
United Nations Security Council (2009a), p. 13.
12.
United Nations Security Council (2009b), p. 14.
13.
Durand (2006), p. 74.
14.
Taylor (1999), p. 135.
15.
Smith (2004), p. 287.
16.
IPAC (2014), p. 12.
17.
World Bank (2013a), p. 8.
18.
International Crisis Group (2011), pp. 1–2.
19.
Ibid., p. 1.
20.
Ibid., p. 6. The number—‘unrealistically high given that Timor-Leste has a population of around one million and more than half of them are too young to have participated in the resistance struggle’—has remained about the same in recent years (Kent 2019, p.185).
21.
Kent and Kinsella (2015), p. 214.
22.
Ibid., p. 220.
23.
Ibid., pp. 216–217.
24.
World Bank (2013a), p. 47.
25.
Ibid., p. 3.
26.
Kent and Kinsella (2015), p. 217.
27.
International Crisis Group (2011), pp. 14–15, IRIN (2014).
28.
International Crisis Group (2013), p. 5.
29.
Ibid.
30.
Ibid., p. 6.
31.
Shoesmith (2013), p. 131.
32.
Público (2008), Shoesmith (2013), p. 132. For the evolution of Gusmão’s ruling strategy, see Kammen (2019).
33.
Leach and Kingsbury (2013), p. 8.
34.
Shoesmith (2013), p. 132.
35.
Ibid.
36.
Ibid., pp. 133–134.
37.
Ibid., p. 132.
38.
Ibid., p. 126.
39.
Ibid., pp. 128–129.
40.
International Crisis Group (2013), p. 9.
41.
Ibid., p. 10.
42.
Ibid., pp. 9–10.
43.
Leach and Kingsbury (2013), pp. 13–14.
44.
Ibid., p. 22.
45.
Ibid.
46.
Ibid., p. 23.
47.
The Economist Intelligence Unit (2017), pp. 8, 34, (2018), pp. 6, 26. For a brief summary of the struggle to build democracy in the country, see Feijó (2019).
48.
Cummins and Leach (2013), p. 176.
49.
Ibid., p. 173.
50.
Ibid., p. 170.
51.
Horta (2014).
52.
International Crisis Group (2013), p. 13.
53.
Ibid., p. 15.
54.
Leach (2015).
55.
Pereira (2014).
56.
Kingsbury (2015), Panda (2015).
57.
Government of Timor-Leste (2015a).
58.
UNDP (2014).
59.
Leach (2015). For a discussion of intergenerational issues in East Timorese politics, see Nygaard-Christensen and Bexley (2019).
60.
Beuman (2015a).
61.
Beuman (2015b).
62.
Beuman (2014a).
63.
The law proposal is found in Human Rights Watch (2014a). For criticism, see, for example, Robie (2014a, b), Gosford (2014), Gillies (2014), Human Rights Watch (2014b), Kine (2014), Betteridge (2014), and La’o Hamutuk (2016a).
64.
International Federation of Journalists (2014).
65.
Beuman (2014b).
66.
La’o Hamutuk (2016a).
67.
Beuman (2016a).
68.
SAPO 24 (2016).
69.
Murdoch (2016).
70.
Beuman (2016b).
71.
Life at Aitarak Laran (2016).
72.
Diário de Notícias (2016).
73.
The political system of East Timor is usually labeled ‘semi-presidential’, that is, the country has a popularly elected fixed-term president and a prime minister and a cabinet that is responsible to a parliament (Elgie 1999). Other definitions add one more requirement: that the president should have ‘considerable powers’ (Duverger 1980, p. 166). For the debate of the case of East Timor, see Kingsbury (2013), Feijó (2014, 2016a, b), Strating (2016), and Beuman (2016c, d).
74.
The Economist Intelligence Unit (2015a), Guide Post (2017).
75.
Gomes (2017), Kingsbury and Maley (2017).
76.
Feijó (2017).
77.
Election Guide (n.d.).
78.
Davidson (2017a), Black (2017).
79.
Downer (2017).
80.
European Union Election Observation Mission (2017).
81.
Asia Foundation (2017), p. 13.
82.
Center for Insights in Survey Results (2017).
83.
Asia Foundation (2017), p. 35.
84.
Kingsbury (2017).
85.
Leach (2017a), p. 2.
86.
Leach (2017b), p. 2.
87.
Feijó (2017), p.1.
88.
Feijó (2018a), p. 2.
89.
Ibid., p. 3.
90.
Ibid.
91.
European Union (EU) (2018).
92.
The reason that a large share of the votes did not materialize in more seats is that fewer votes went to political parties that failed to meet the 4 percent threshold (Feijó 2018b).
93.
The AMP kept its acronym but changed its name to Aliança de Mudança para o Progresso (Alliance for Change for Progress).
94.
Feijó (2018c).
95.
Ibid.
96.
World Bank (2013a), p. 47. In 2011, the figure was a mere 1 percent.
97.
Ibid., p. 52.
98.
Ibid., pp. 50–51. Cf. also World Bank (2018d), for more statistics.
99.
World Bank (2018b), pp. 33–34.
100.
Ibid.
101.
World Bank (2013a), pp. 1, 35.
102.
Ibid., p. 40.
103.
Wallis (2019), p. 43.
104.
Kammen (2019), p. 43.
105.
Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (2011a).
106.
International Monetary Fund (2007), p. 42.
107.
World Bank (2018d), p. 50.
108.
Ministry of Finance and the World Bank (2015), p. ix.
109.
Ibid, p. x.
110.
Ibid.
111.
International Monetary Fund (2017), p. 2.
112.
See Chapter 6.
113.
International Crisis Group (2013), p. 28.
114.
Ibid.
115.
International Monetary Fund (2013), p. 30.
116.
International Monetary Fund (2016), p. 5.
117.
Doraisami (2018), p.255.
118.
International Monetary Fund (2013), p. 5.
119.
See Chapter 5.
120.
See Chapter 4.
121.
International Monetary Fund (2013), p. 22.
122.
For a more detailed discussion of the private sector, see Chapter 4.
123.
International Crisis Group (2013), p. 28.
124.
Curtain (2018a), p. 1.
125.
Ibid., p.2.
126.
Curtain (2018b), p.1. For a summary of the remittance issue, see McWilliam and Monteiro (2019).
127.
Wigglesworth (2018).
128.
Ibid., p. 4.
129.
Curtain (2018a), p. 4.
130.
McWilliam and Monteiro (2019), p. 144. The figure is likely to be on the low side, since it does not capture undeclared funds carried back home in person.
131.
Curtain (2018b), p.1. For a summary of the remittance issue, see McWilliam and Monteiro (2019).
132.
McWilliam and Monteiro (2019), p. 142.
133.
World Bank (2018d), p. 7.
134.
World Bank (2007a), p. ii.
135.
International Finance Corporation and Asian Development Bank (2007), p. 16.
136.
International Monetary Fund (2016), p. 8.
137.
Ministry of Finance and the World Bank (2015), p. 16.
138.
Viñuela (2014), p. 356.
139.
International Crisis Group (2013), p. 12.
140.
World Bank (2013a), p. 29.
141.
Ministry of Finance of Timor-Leste, General Directorate of Statistics (2016), p. 5.
142.
Planning Commission (2002b).
143.
Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste et al. (2003), World Bank (2003).
144.
Direcção Nacional de Estatística (2008).
145.
World Bank (2016c).
146.
Ibid., p. 21.
147.
World Bank (2012).
148.
Inder et al. (2014), p. 7.
149.
World Bank (2013a), p. 18.
150.
See also International Monetary Fund (2013).
151.
As reported in IRIN (2011a). See also e.g. International Finance Corporation and Asian Development Bank (2007), p. 15.
152.
IFPRI (2011).
153.
World Bank (2018d), p. 20.
154.
Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Seeds of Life (2013), pp. 40–42.
155.
General Directorate of Statistics et al. (2018), pp. 188–189.
156.
National Statistics Directorate et al. (2010), p. 151.
157.
IRIN (2011b).
158.
World Bank (2016c), p. 36, Provo et al. (2017), p. 15. The underweight indicator does not distinguish between children who are thin and children who are short but have adequate weight. It has hence been replaced by stunting as the main anthropometric indicator for children (Provo et al. 2017, p. 18).
159.
Provo et al. (2017), pp. 20–21.
160.
Ibid., p. 22. The body mass index (BMI) is defined as the weight in kgs divided by the square of the height (m²).
161.
National Statistics Directorate et al. (2010), Table 12.1.
162.
Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (2015).
163.
Provo et al. (2017), p. 41.
164.
For an overview of the main policy issues, see ibid., Chapters 4–7.
165.
IRIN (2008).
166.
Provo et al. (2017), pp. 98–99.
167.
For more information, see National Statistics Directorate et al. (2010), p. 27.
168.
Anderson (2014), pp. 305–306.
169.
Ibid., pp. 307–309.
170.
General Directorate of Statistics et al. (2018), p. 118.
171.
Methods to improve maternal, child and neo-natal health in East Timor are discussed in Fabricant (2013).
172.
Direcção Nacional de Estatística (2008), Tables 6.16, 6.19, 6.22, 6.25, 6.28.
173.
National Statistics Directorate et al. (2010), p. 173.
174.
Direcção Geral de Estatística (2013a), p. 52.
175.
General Directorate of Statistics et al. (2018), p. 211.
176.
Ibid.
177.
National Statistics Directorate et al. (2010), p. 23.
178.
Ministry of Health (2004), p. v.
179.
United Nations International Children’s Education Fund—UNICEF (2003), p. 45, National Statistics Directorate et al. (2010), p. 24.
180.
Quoted in IRIN (2013).
181.
Hou and Asante (2016), p. 4.
182.
General Directorate of Statistics et al. (2018), p. 261.
183.
Direcção Geral de Estatística (2013a), p. 48.
184.
General Directorate of Statistics et al. (2018), p. 130.
185.
Direcção Nacional de Estatística, Ministerio das Finanças (2008), Table 6.7.
186.
Ministry of Health (2004), p. 2. Issues of mental health in East Timor are discussed in Barnes et al. (2019).
187.
For a discussion of to what extent different types of health services favor the rich and the poor, respectively, see World Bank (2014a).
188.
World Bank (2018d), p. 31.
189.
Hou and Asante (2016), p. 9.
190.
International Finance Corporation and Asian Development Bank (2007), p. 36.
191.
UNDP (2018), p. 109.
192.
Hou and Asante (2016), p. 12.
193.
Ibid., pp. 25–26.
194.
Ibid., p. 1.
195.
Ibid.
196.
Ibid., p. 28.
197.
Ibid., p. 29.
198.
Ibid., pp. 39, 36.
199.
Ibid., pp. 43–44, 52.
200.
Justino et al. (2011).
201.
General Directorate of Statistics et al. (2017), p. 51.
202.
Direcção Nacional de Estatística, Ministerio das Finanças (2008), Table 5.10.
203.
General Directorate of Statistics et al. (2017), pp. 48, 52.
204.
UNICEF (2003), p. viii.
205.
General Directorate of Statistics et al. (2017), p. 59.
206.
World Bank (2018d), p. 29.
207.
World Bank (2004a), p. 5.
208.
Direcção Nacional de Estatística (2008), Table 5.13.
209.
General Directorate of Statistics et al. (2018), p. 27.
210.
Ibid., p. 32.
211.
World Bank (2018d), p. 30.
212.
Ibid.
213.
UNICEF (2003), p. xii.
214.
SEPFOPE and DGE (2013), p. 33.
215.
World Bank (2004b), p. xix.
216.
UNICEF (2003), p. A I-30. The net enrolment rate is ‘the number of students of relevant ages enrolled in a particular level of schooling over the number of people of the relevant ages’ (ibid., p. A I-28).
217.
UNDP (2018), p. 47.
218.
World Bank (2004b), pp. 28–31, (2007a), p. 41, International Finance Corporation, and Asian Development Bank, (2007), p. 19, World Bank (2008), p. 2.
219.
World Bank (2004b), p. 35–37.
220.
International Finance Corporation and Asian Development Bank (2007), p. 22.
221.
Ibid.
222.
Direcção Nacional de Estatística (2008), p. 22. As noted in Chapter 5 in Volume 1, a voter survey carried out by the Asian Foundation obtained a much higher figure for Portuguese: 17 percent.
223.
Note that the 2010 and 2015 figures include not only ability to speak.
224.
General Directorate of Statistics et al. (2017), p. 48.
225.
Note that a comparison of the index over time could be biased by changes in the methodology. Comparisons across countries should be less problematic.
226.
La’o Hamutuk (2013a).
227.
Direcção Nacional de Estatística (2008), Tables 9.1–9.9 provide such subjective measures on well-being for 2001 and 2007.

References

Anderson, Catherine. 2014. Timor Leste Case Study: Ministry of Health. In Institutions Taking Root. Building State Capacity in Challenging Contexts, ed. Naazneen H. Barma, Elisabeth Huybens, and Lorena Viñuela. Washington DC: The World Bank.
Google Scholar
Asia Foundation. 2017. Timor Leste 2016 Tatoli! Dili: Asia Foundation. http://asiafoundation.org/publication/2016-tatoli-public-opinion-poll/. Downloaded 6 September 2017.
Barnes, Susana, Lisa Palmer, Ritsuko Kakuma, and Benjamin Larke. 2019. Towards an Integrated and Accessible Healthcare System in Timor-Leste. In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Timor-Leste, ed. Andrew McWilliam and Michael Leach. London and New York: Routledge.
Google Scholar
Betteridge, Ashlee. 2014. Why Is Timor-Leste Trying to Restrict the Media? Devpolicy Blog from the Development Policy Center. 21 August. http://devpolicy.org/why-is-timor-leste-trying-to-restrict-the-media-20140821/. Downloaded 12 October 2016.
Beuman, Lydia. 2014a. Timor-Leste – Veto Behaviour of Nonpartisan Presidents. Presidential Power. 18 September. http://presidential-power.com/?p=687. Downloaded 18 April 2017.
Beuman, Lydia. 2014b. Timor-Leste – President Taur Matan Ruak Sends ‘Repressive’ Bill to the Court of Appeal. Presidential Power. 18 September. http://presidential-power.com/?p=1892. Downloaded 18 April 2017.
Beuman, Lydia. 2015a. Timor-Leste – The New Unity Government. Presidential Power. 23 February. http://presidential-power.com/?p=2814. Downloaded 18 April 2017.
Beuman, Lydia. 2015b. Timor-Leste – GNU Requires Close Presidential Oversight. Presidential Power. 10 November. http://presidential-power.com/?p=4090. Downloaded 18 April 2017.
Beuman, Lydia. 2016a. Timor-Leste – Presidential Veto Causes Political Tension. Presidential Power. 28 January. http://presidential-power.com/?p=4388. Downloaded 18 April 2017
Beuman, Lydia. 2016b. Timor-Leste – Mr. President, How Does Democracy Work in Timor If There Is No Opposition? Presidential Power. 13 April. http://presidential-power.com/?p=4754. Downloaded 18 April 2017.
Beuman, Lydia M. 2016c. Political Institutions in East Timor: Semi-Presidentialism and Democratisation. London and New York: Routledge.
Google Scholar
Beuman, Lydia. 2016d. Timor-Leste – Debate about the System of Government. Presidential Power. 6 September. http://presidential-power.com/?p=4883. Downloaded 20 April 2017.
Black, Euan. 2017. Timor-Leste s New President Francisco Guterres Is Unlikely to Rock the Boat. Southeast Asia Globe. 19 May. http://sea-globe.com/francisco-lu-olo-guterres/. Downloaded 23 May 2017.
Center for Insights in Survey Results. 2017. National Public Opinion Survey of Timor-Leste. http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/2017-6-15_timor-leste_poll-pdf.pdf. Downloaded 3 August 2017.
Cummins, Deborah, and Michael Leach. 2013. Democracy Old and New: The Interaction of Modern and Traditional Authority in Local Government. In The Politics of Timor-Leste: Democratic Consolidation after Intervention, ed. Michael Leach and Damien Kingsbury. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.
Google Scholar
Curtain, Richard. 2018a. Remittances Biggest Export Earner for Timor-Leste after Oil. DEVPOLICYBLOG. 22 March. http://www.devpolicy.org/remittances-biggest-export-earner-for-timor-leste-after-oil-20180322/. Downloaded 20 March 2019.
Curtain, Richard. 2018b. Timor-Leste Remittances Update. DEVPOLICYBLOG. 27 March. http://www.devpolicy.org/timor-leste-remittances-update-20180327/. Downloaded 20 March 2019.
Davidson, Helen. 2017a. ‘Much to Be Done’: New President Brings Timor-Leste Hope for a Better Future. The Guardian. 20 May. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/20/much-to-be-done-new-president-brings-timor-leste-hope-for-a-better-future. Downloaded 23 May 2017.
Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste. 2011a. Timor-Leste Strategic Development Plan 2011–2030, Dili: Direcçao Geral de Estatística. http://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Strategic-Development-Plan_EN.pdf. Downloaded 21 May 2018.
Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste. 2011b. Timor-Leste’s Fourth National Report to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity. October. Dili. https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/tl/tl-nr-04-en.pdf. Downloaded 1 December 2017.
Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, Ministry of Health. 2015. Timor-Leste Food and Nutrition Survey 2013. Final Report 2015. Dili: Ministry of Health. file:///C:/Users/gml/Downloads/16788.archival.pdf. Downloaded 28 April 2017
Google Scholar
Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, Ministry of Planning and Finance, Planning and External Assistance Management Division, Asian Development Bank, Japan International Cooperation Agency, United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Children’s Fund, United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor, and the World Bank. 2003. Timor-Leste. Poverty in a New Nation: Analysis for Action. November. Washington DC: The World Bank.
Google Scholar
Diário de Notícias. 2016. Matan Ruak acusa Xanana e Alkatirti de esquema de favorecimento à ‘Suharto’. 26 February. http://www.dn.pt/mundo/interior/matan-ruak-acusa-xanana-e-alkatiri-de-esquema-de-favorecimento-a-suharto-5048389.html. Downloaded 20 July 2017.
Direcção Geral de Estatística. 2013. Business Activity Survey of Timor-Leste 2011. Dili: Direcção Geral de Estatística, Ministeriu Finansas. http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/BAS-2011.pdf. Downloaded 13 May 2016.
Direcção Geral de Estatística, Ministério das Finanças. 2013a. Timor-Leste em números/Timor-Leste in Figures 2013. Dili: Direcção Geral de Estatística. http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Timor_Leste_in_Figures_2013.pdf. Downloaded 21 November 2018.
Direcção Nacional de Estatística, Ministério de Finanças. 2008. Final Statistical Abstract: Timor-Leste Survey of Living Standards 2007. Dili: Direcção Nacional de Estatística, Ministério de Finanças. http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Timor-Leste-Survey-of-Living-Standards-2007.pdf. Downloaded 11 April 2017.
Downer, Georgina. 2017. Timor-Leste Elections a Significant Milestone. The Interpreter. Lowy Institute. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/timor-leste-elections-significant-milestone. Downloaded 3 August 2017.
Durand, Frédéric. 2006. East Timor: A Country at the Crossroads of Asia and the Pacific. A Geo-Historical Atlas. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
Google Scholar
Doraisami, Anita. 2018. The Timor-Leste Petroleum Fund, Veterans and White Elephants: Fostering Intergenerational Equity? Resources Policy 58: 250–256.
Google Scholar
Duverger, Maurice. 1980. A New Political System Model: Semi-Presidential Government. European Journal of Political Research 8: 165–187.
Google Scholar
Election Guide. n.d. Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, Election for President, March 20, 2017. http://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/2552/. Downloaded 9 April 2019.
Elgie, Robert. 1999. The Politics of Semi-Presidentialism. In Semi-Presidentialism in Europe, ed. Robert Elgie. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
European Union. 2018. Election Experts Mission to Timor-Leste, https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/final_report_eem_timor_2018_-_english.pdf. Downloaded 19 September 2018.
European Union Election Observation Mission. 2017. Timor-Leste, Presidential and Legislative Elections, 2017. https://eeas.europa.eu/election-observation-missions/eom-timor-leste-2017/30327/timor-leste-organises-transparent-and-well-managed-elections-reflect-voters%E2%80%99-aspirations_en. Downloaded 2 August 2017.
Fabricant, Steve. 2013. Economic Inputs to the Timor Leste Health Design. Final draft. 29 November. Canberra: Health Resource Facility for Australia’s Aid Program. http://dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/Documents/economic-inputs-timor-leste-health-design.pdf. Downloaded 18 May 2017.
Feijó, Rui Graça. 2014. Semi-Presidentialism, Moderating Power and Inclusive Governance. The Experience of Timor-Leste in Consolidating Democracy. Democratization 21: 268–288.
Google Scholar
Feijó, Rui Graça. 2017. Timor-Leste: Is Dili on (Political) Fire Again? Presidential Power. 11 December. https://presidential-power.com/?p=7368. Downloaded 2 May 2018.
Feijó, Rui Graça. 2018a. Timor-Leste: The President Dissolves the Assembly. Presidential Power. 30 January. https://presidential-power.com/?p=7562. Downloaded 2 May 2018.
Feijó, Rui Graça. 2018b. Timor-Leste after the Parliamentary Elections: Cohabitation in Sight. Presidential Power. 25 July. http://presidential-power.com/?p=8491. Downloaded 7 August 2018.
Feijó, Rui Graça. 2018c. Timor-Leste – Cohabitation: the Tug-of-War Continues. Presidential Power, 17 September. http://presidential-power.com/?p=8613. Downloaded 7 August 2018.
Feijó, Rui Graça. 2019. An Unfinished Journey: Timor-Leste’s Path to Democracy. In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Timor-Leste, ed. Andrew McWilliam and Michael Leach. London and New York: Routledge.
Google Scholar
General Directorate of Statistics, Ministry of Planning and Finance, Ministry of Health, and the DHS Program, ICF. 2018. Timor-Leste Demographic and Health Survey 2016. April. Dili and Rockville, MD: General Directorate of Statistics and ICF. https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR329/FR329.pdf. Downloaded 25 May 2018.
General Directorate of Statistics, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). 2017. Timor-Leste Population and Housing Census 2015: Analytical Report on Education. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Education%20Monograph%20250418_0.pdf. Downloaded 29 October 2018.
Gillies, Shannon. 2014. Confusion Reigns over Timor-Leste’s Controversial New Media Law. Pacific.Scoop. 15 June. http://pacific.scoop.co.nz/2014/06/confusion-reigns-over-timor-lestes-controversial-new-media-law/. Downloaded 12 October 2016.
Gomes, Ana. 2017. Statement by Ana Gomes Head of the EP Election Observation Delegation to the Presidential Elections in Timor Leste. 20 March 2017. 22 March. Parliament Article Archives News. https://www.anagomes.eu/en-GB/news.aspx?newsid=d8b484f6-bc4d-495c-b2fa-e2c2143f7364. Downloaded 24 April 2017.
Gosford, Robert. 2014. Timor-Leste s New Media Law – Is Press Freedom under Threat? Crikey. 1 June. https://blogs.crikey.com.au/northern/2014/06/01/is-media-freedom-in-timor-leste-under-threat-by-a-return-to-dictatorship/. Downloaded 12 October 2016.
Government of Timor-Leste. 2015a. Structure of the VI Constitutional Government. http://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=13&lang=en. Downloaded 22 October 2015.
Government of Timor-Leste. 2015b. Heineken Asia Pacific Signs a Formal Investment Agreement with the Government of Timor-Leste. 10 January. http://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=11057&lang=en. Downloaded 20 April 2016.
Guide Post. 2017. Taur Matan Ruak Elects as PLP’s President. 22 May. https://www.guideposttimor.com/daily_news.pdf. Downloaded 23 May 2017.
Horta, Loro. 2014. Timor-Leste: Lessons of a Failing State? Yale Global Online Magazine. 22 May. http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/timor-leste-lessons-failing-state. Downloaded 22 October 2015.
Hou, Xiaohui, and Augustine Asante. 2016. Turning Challenges into Opportunities: The Medium Term Health Expenditure Pressure Study in Timor-Leste. Washington, DC: The World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/593891480572877831/pdf/110652-WP-P151108-PUBLIC-TLMTEPFinalversioncleanNovForPRINT.pdf. Downloaded 18 May 2017.
Human Rights Watch. 2014a. Timor Leste Press Law (2). 15 July. https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/07/15/timor-leste-press-law-2. Downloaded 12 October 2016.
Human Rights Watch. 2014b. East Timor: Revise Repressive Media Law. 16 July. https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/07/16/east-timor-revise-repressive-media-law. Downloaded 12 October 2016.
IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute). 2011. Global Hunger Index, The Challenge of Hunger: Taming Price Spikes and Excessive Food Price Volatility. October. Bonn, Washington D.C. and Dublin: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://server15738.contentdm.oclc.og/cgi-bin/showfile.exe?CISOROOT=/p15738coll2&CISOPTR=124871&filename=124872.pdf. Downloaded 11 April 2017.
Inder, Brett, Anna Brown, and Gaurav Datt. 2014. Poverty and the Agricultural Household in Timor-Leste: Some Patterns and Puzzles. Mimeo. Clayton: Monash University: Centre for Development Economics.
Google Scholar
International Crisis Group. 2008. Timor-Leste s Displacement Crisis. Asia Report No. 148. 31 March. http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-east-asia/timor-leste/148_timor_leste_displacement_crisis.pdf. Downloaded 29 September 2015.
International Crisis Group. 2011. Timor-Leste s Veterans: An Unfinished Struggle? Asia Briefing No. 129. 11 November. https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/b129-timor-leste-s-veterans-an-unfinished-struggle.pdf. Downloaded 11 September 2017.
International Crisis Group. 2013. Timor-Leste: Stability at What Cost? Asia Report No. 246. 8 May. http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-east-asia/timor-leste/246-timor-leste-stability-at-what-cost.pdf. Downloaded 13 October 2015.
International Federation of Journalists. 2014. Unconstitutional Media Law a Death Sentence for Free Media in East Timor. http://www.ifj.org/nc/news-single-view/backpid/33/article/unconstitutional-media-law-a-death-sentence-for-free-media-in-east-timor-1/. Downloaded 20 June 2015.
International Finance Corporation and Asian Development Bank. 2007. Economic and Social Development Brief. August. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/29752/esdb-timor-leste.pdf. Downloaded 14 November 2018.
International Monetary Fund. 2011. Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste: 2010 Article IV Consultation-Staff Report; Joint World Bank/IMF Debt Sustainability Analysis; Staff Statement; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Executive Director for Timor-Leste. 8 March. Washington DC: International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2016/12/31/Democratic-Republic-of-Timor-Leste-2010-Article-IV-Consultation-Staff-Report-Joint-World-24696. Downloaded 11 November 2018.
International Monetary Fund. 2013. Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste: 2013 Article IV Consultation. 2 December. Washington DC: International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2016/12/31/Democratic-Republic-of-Timor-Leste-2013-Article-IV-Consultation-41079. Downloaded 14 November 2018.
International Monetary Fund. 2016. Republic of Timor-Leste 2016 Article IV Consultation – Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Timor-Leste. IMF Country Report No. 16/183. June. file:///C:/Users/gml/Downloads/_cr16183%20(2).pdf. Downloaded 5 June 2017.
Google Scholar
International Monetary Fund. 2017. Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste. 2017 Article IV Consultation – Press Release and Staff Report. 7 December. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2017/12/07/Democratic-Republic-of-Timor-Leste-2017-Article-IV-Consultation-Press-Release-and-Staff-45447.
IPAC (Institute for Policy Analysis of Conflict). 2014. Timor-Leste After Xanana Gusmão. http://file.understandingconflict.org/file/2014/07/IPAC_12_TL_After_Xanana.pdf. Downloaded 13 February 2017.
IRIN (Integrated Regional Information Networks). 2011a. Timor-Leste: Coping with Seasonal Food Shortages. http://www.irinnews.org/report/88648/timor-leste-coping-seasonal-food-shortages. Downloaded 12 November 2018.
IRIN (Integrated Regional Information Networks). 2011b. Timor-Leste: Chronic Malnutrition Among World’s Highest. http://www.irinnews.org/report/92039/timor-leste-chronic-malnutrition-among-worlds-highest. Downloaded 12 November 2018.
IRIN (Integrated Regional Information Networks). 2013. Obstacles to Improved Maternal Health Care in Timor-Leste. http://www.irinnews.org/report/98374/obstacles-improved-maternal-health-care-timor-leste. Downloaded 12 November 2018.
IRIN (Integrated Regional Information Networks). 2014. Analysis: Why Timor-Leste s Stability Could Be Deceptive. http://www.irinnews.org/report/100363/analysis-why-timor-leste%E2%80%99s-stability-could-be-deceptive. Downloaded 12 November 2018.
Justino, Patricia, Marinella Leone, and Paola Salardi. 2011. Education and Conflict Recovery. The Case of Timor Leste. Policy Research Working Paper WPS5774. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Google Scholar
Kammen, Douglas. 2019. Gusmão s Ruling Strategy: From Peace Building to Purchase and Coercion. In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Timor-Leste, ed. Andrew McWilliam and Michael Leach. London and New York: Routledge.
Google Scholar
Kent, Lia. 2019. Veterans and the Politics of Citizenship. In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Timor-Leste, ed. Andrew McWilliam and Michael Leach. London and New York: Routledge.
Google Scholar
Kent, Lia, and Kinsella, Naomi. 2015. The Veterans’ Valorisation Scheme: Marginalising Women’s Contribution to the Resistance. In A New Era? Timor-Leste after the UN, ed. Sue Ingram, Lia Kent, and Andrew McWilliam. Acton: Australian National University Press.
Google Scholar
Kine, Phelim. 2014. Balibo s Ghosts and East Timor s Media Law. Human Rights Watch. 4 August. https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/08/04/balibos-ghosts-and-east-timors-media-law. Downloaded 12 October 2016.
Kingsbury, Damien. 2009. East Timor: The Price of Liberty. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Book Google Scholar
Kingsbury, Damien. 2013. The Constitution: Clarity without Convention. In The Politics of Timor-Leste: Democratic Consolidation after Intervention, ed. Michael Leach and Damien Kingsbury. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program Publications.
Google Scholar
Kingsbury, Damien. 2015. Charisma and Stability Were Gusmão’s Hallmarks. He Won’t Allow His Departure to Ruin That. The Guardian. 7 February.
Google Scholar
Kingsbury, Damien. 2017. Political Alliance Collapse in Timor-Leste, East Asia Forum, 5 August. http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2017/08/05/timor-leste-fortifies-democracy/. Downloaded 9 August 2017.
Kingsbury, Damien, and Michael Maley. 2017. Australia Timor-Leste Election Observer Mission 2017 Official Statement. 23 March. Deakin Speaking: A Deakin University Weblog, Deakin University. https://blogs.deakin.edu.au/deakin-speaking/2017/03/23/australia-timor-leste-election-observer-mission-2017-official-statement/. Downloaded 24 April 2017.
La’o Hamutuk. 2013. Timor Leste Human Development Index Improves Very Slightly. 6 April. Dili: La’o Hamutuk. http://www.laohamutuk.org/econ/HDI10/2013/13HDI.htm. Downloaded 3 November 2015.
La’o Hamutuk. 2016a. Proposed Law on Media. 15 June. Dili: La’o Hamutuk. http://www.laohamutuk.org/misc/MediaLaw/14MediaLaw.htm. Downloaded 12 October 2016.
La’o Hamutuk. 2016b. South Coast Petroleum Infrastructure Project. 19 June. Dili: La’o Hamutuk. https://www.laohamutuk.org/Oil/TasiMane/11TasiMane.htm. Downloaded 15 July 2018.
Leach, Michael. 2015. Generational Change in Timor-Leste. Inside Story. 18 February. http://insidestory.org.au/generational-change-in-timor-leste. Downloaded 22 October 2015.
Leach, Michael. 2017a. Timor-Leste Heads for Minority Government. The Interpreter. 15 September. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/timor-leste-minority-government. Downloaded 19 September 2017.
Leach, Michael. 2017b. Timor-Leste: A Return to Belligerent Democracy? The Interpreter. 23 October. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/timor-leste-return-belligerent-democracy. Downloaded 2 February 2018.
Leach, Michael, and Damien Kingsbury. 2013. Introduction: East Timorese Politics in Transition. In The Politics of Timor-Leste: Democratic Consolidation after Intervention, ed. Michael Leach and Damien Kingsbury. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.
Google Scholar
Life at Aitarak Laran. Semi-Official Blogging from the Office of the Presidemcy – RDTL. 2016. Speech by His Excellency The President of the Republic, Taur Matan Ruak, to National Parliament on the Dismissal of Major-General Lere Anan Timur. 26 February. https://aitaraklaranlive.wordpress.com/2016/02/26/speech-by-his-excellency-the-president-of-the-republic-taur-matan-ruak-to-national-parliament-on-the-dismissal-of-major-general-lere-anan-timur/. Downloaded 19 February 2017.
McWilliam, Andrew, and Carmeneza dos Santos Monteiro. 2019. On Brexit Worries: Migration and Remittance Landscapes in Timor-Leste. In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Timor-Leste, ed. Andrew McWilliam and Michael Leach. London and New York: Routledge.
Chapter Google Scholar
Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Seeds of Life. 2013. Seeds of Life 3: Mid-Term Survey. November. Dili: Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. http://seedsoflifetimor.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/SoL3-mid-term-survey-report.pdf. Downloaded 27 April 2017.
Ministry of Finance and the World Bank. 2015. Timor-Leste Public Expenditure Review: Infrastructure. Dili: Ministry of Finance. https://www.mof.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/A_Joint_Ministry_of_Finance_and_World_Bank_Report_on_Timor-Leste_Public_Expenditure_Review_Infrastructure.pdf. Downloaded 1 June 2017.
Ministry of Finance of Timor-Leste, General Directorate of Statistics. 2016. Timor-Leste National Accounts 2010-2015. December. Dili. Direcção Geral de Estatística. http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/TLNA-2010-2015_PUBLISH_FINAL.pdf.
Ministry of Finance of Timor-Leste, General Directorate of Statistics. 2017. Timor-Leste National Accounts 2000–2016. December. Dili: Direcção Geral de Estatística. http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/01_TL-NA-2000-2016_Publication_180215_1012.pdf. Downloaded 29 June 2018.
Ministry of Health. 2004. Health Care: Priorities and Proposed Sector Investment Program. Dili: Ministry of Health.
Google Scholar
Murdoch, Lindsay. 2016. Impeachment Calls Heating up in East Timor. The Age. 22 February. http://archive.fo/D8bFy. Downloaded 19 April 2017.
National Statistics Directorate, Ministry of Finance, Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, and ICF Macro. 2010. Timor-Leste Demographic and Health Survey 2009–10. December. Dili and Calverton, MD: National Statistics Directorate and ICF Macro. http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR235/FR235.pdf. Downloaded 25 May 2018.
Nygaard-Christensen, Maj, and Angie Bexley. 2019. Shifting Ground: Flexible Alliances and Generational Changes in Post-Independence Politics. In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Timor-Leste, ed. Andrew McWilliam and Michael Leach. London and New York: Routledge.
Google Scholar
Panda, Ankit. 2015. East Timor s Prime Minister Steps Down. The Diplomat, 7 February. https://thediplomat.com/2015/02/east-timors-prime-minister-steps-down/. Downloaded 12 November 2018.
Pereira, Agio. 2014. Timor-Leste Transforming Belligerant Democracy into Consensus Democracy. Tempo Semanal. 26 January. https://www.laohamutuk.org/econ/OGE14/AgioTS24Jan2014en.pdf. Downloaded 12 November 2018.
Planning Commission. 2002a. East Timor: State of the Nation Report. April. Dili: Planning Commission.
Google Scholar
Planning Commission. 2002b. National Development Plan. May. Dili: Planning Commission.
Google Scholar
Provo, Anne, Steve Atwood, Anne Brainne Sullivan, and Nkosinathi Mbuya. 2017. Malnutrition in Timor-Leste: A Review of the Burden, Drivers and Potential Response. 1 April. Washington, DC: The World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/666231491492248496/pdf/114087-WP-PUBLIC-EAPEC-176-p-MalnutritioninTimorLeste.pdf. Downloaded 27 April 2017.
Público. 2008. Timor-Leste: Associação Social Demócrata Timorense assina plataforma política com Fretilin. 5 May. http://www.publico.pt/mundo/noticia/timorleste-associacao-social-democrata-timorense-assina-plataforma-politica-com-fretilin-1327731. Downloaded 29 September 2015.
Robie, David. 2014a. Timor-Leste s Media Law ‘Secrecy’ Lifted, but Draconian Content Revealed. The Daily Blog. 8 February. https://thedailyblog.co.nz/2014/02/08/timor-lestes-media-law-secrecy-lifted-but-draconian-content-revealed/. Downloaded 11 October 2016.
Robie, David. 2014b. RSF ‘Information Hero’ Fights New Media Law in Timor-Leste. The Daily Blog. 16 May. http://www.pmc.aut.ac.nz/pacific-media-watch/timor-leste-rsf-information-hero-fights-new-media-law-8613. Downloaded 11 October 2016.
SAPO 24. 2016. PR timorense exonera chefe das Forças da Defesa, nomeia novo comandante. 9 February. http://24.sapo.pt/noticias/internacional/artigo/pr-timorense-exonera-chefe-das-forcas-de-defesa-nomeia-novo-comandante_20315266.html. Downloaded 19 April 2017.
SEPFOPE (Secretariat of State for Professional Training and Employment Policy), Directorate General, Labour Market Information Department. 2013. Enterprise and Skills Survey 2013. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/%2D%2D-asia/%2D%2D-ro-bangkok/%2D%2D-ilo-jakarta/documents/publication/wcms_329475.pdf. Downloaded 17 May 2016.
Shoesmith, Dennis. 2013. Political Parties. In The Politics of Timor-Leste: Democratic Consolidation after Intervention, ed. Michael Leach and Damien Kingsbury. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.
Google Scholar
Smith, Anthony L. 2004. Timor Leste: Strong Government, Weak State. Southeast Asian Affairs 2004. Singapore: Institute for Southeast Asian Studies.
Google Scholar
Strating, Rebecca. 2016. Social Democracy in East Timor. London and New York: Routledge.
Google Scholar
Taylor, John G. 1999. East Timor: The Price of Freedom. London and New York: Zed Books.
Google Scholar
The Economist Intelligence Unit. 2015a. President May Seek Prime Ministership in 2017 Election. 19 November. http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=1543696138&Country=Timor-Leste&topic=Politics&subto_5. Downloaded 23 May 2017.
The Economist Intelligence Unit. 2015b. Spending Like There’s No Tomorrow. 18 December. http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=1623787546&Country=Timor-Leste&topic=Economy. Downloaded 16 July 2018.
The Economist Intelligence Unit. 2017. Democracy Index 2016. Revenge of the Deplorables. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit. http://felipesahagun.es/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Democracy-Index-2016.pdf. Downloaded 18 April 2019.
Tusinski, Gabriel. 2019. House-Life, Oikopolitics, and the Failures of Social Housing in Timor-Leste. In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Timor-Leste, ed. Andrew McWilliam and Michael Leach. London and New York: Routledge.
Google Scholar
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 2014. Groundbreaking ZEESM/UNDP Partnership Supports Oe-Cusse Economic Zone. 10 July 2014. http://www.tl.undp.org/content/timor_leste/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2014/07/10/groundbreaking-zeesm-undp-partnership-supports-oe-cusse-economic-zone.html. Downloaded 22 October 2015.
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 2018. Timor-Leste National Human Development Report 2018. Planning the Opportunities for a Youthful Population. Dili: UNDP. http://www.tl.undp.org/content/dam/timorleste/docs/reports/HDR/2018NHDR/TL-NHDR-2018.web.pdf. Downloaded 28 May 2018.
UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund). 2003. Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. Dili: UNICEF.
Google Scholar
United Nations Security Council. 2007. Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (for the Period from 9 August 2006 to 26 January 2007). 1 February. http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2007/50. Downloaded 5 October 2015.
United Nations Security Council. 2008. Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (for the Period from 21 August 2007 to 7 January 2008). 17 January. http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2008/26. Downloaded 5 October 2015.
United Nations Security Council. 2009a. Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (for the Period from 9 July 2008 to 20 January 2009). 4 February. http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2009/72. Downloaded 15 October 2015.
United Nations Security Council. 2009b. Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (for the Period from 21 January to 23 September 2009). http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2009/504. Downloaded 5 October 2015.
Van der Auweraet, Peter. 2012. Dealing with the 2006 Internal Displacement Crisis in Timor-Leste: Between Reparations and Humanitarian Policymaking. July. International Center for Transitional Justice and Brookings-LSE. https://www.ictj.org/publication/dealing-2006-internal-displacement-crisis-timor-leste-between-reparations-and. Downloaded 29 September 2015.
Vieira, Luiz. 2012. The CAVR and the 2006 Displacement Crisis in Timor-Leste: Reflections on Truth-Telling, Dialogue, and Durable Solutions. July. International Center for Transitional Justice and Brookings-LSE. https://www.ictj.org/publication/cavr-and-2006-displacement-crisis-timor-leste-reflections-truth-telling-dialogue-and. Downloaded 29 September 2015.
Viñuela, Lorena. 2014. Timor-Leste Case Study: The Central Bank of Timor-Leste. In Institutions Taking Root. Building State Capacity in Challenging Contexts, ed. Naazneen H. Barma, Elisabeth Huybens, and Lorena Viñuela. Washington DC: The World Bank.
Google Scholar
Wallis, Joanne. 2019. Timor-Leste is a Rich Country, But Also a Poor One: The Effect and Effectiveness of Public Transfer Schemes. In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Timor-Leste, ed. Andrew McWilliam and Michael Leach. London and New York: Routledge.
Google Scholar
Wigglesworth, Ann. 2018. Identity and Opportunity for Timorese Migrant Workers in the UK. DEVPOLICYBLOG. 1 November. http://www.devpolicy.org/identity-and-opportunity-for-timorese-migrant-workers-in-the-uk-20181101/. Downloaded 20 March 2019.
World Bank. 2003. Timor-Leste Poverty Assessment. Poverty in a New Nation: Analysis for Action (In Two Volumes). Volume II: Technical Report. Report No. 25662-TP. May. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Google Scholar
World Bank. 2004. Background Paper for the Timor-Leste and Development Partners Meeting. Dili: The World Bank.
Google Scholar
World Bank. 2004a. Background Paper for the Timor-Leste and Development Partners Meeting. Dili: The World Bank.
Google Scholar
World Bank. 2007. Timor-Leste: CSP Mission-February and March 2007. Draft. 1 June. Washington DC: The World Bank.
Google Scholar
World Bank. 2007a. Timor-Leste: CSP Mission-February and March 2007. Draft. 1 June. Washington DC: The World Bank.
Google Scholar
World Bank and Directorate of National Statistics. 2008. Timor-Leste: Poverty in a Young Nation. Washington, DC: The World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/582291468340314602/Timor-Leste-Poverty-in-a-young-nation Downloaded 23 November 2018.
World Bank. 2012. A 2009 Update of Poverty Incidence in Timor-Leste Using the Survey-to-Survey Imputation Method. Washington, DC: The World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/661871468311988125/A-2009-update-of-poverty-incidence-in-Timor-Leste-using-the-survey-to-survey-imputation-method. Downloaded 11 September 2017.
World Bank. 2013a. Timor-Leste Social Assistance Public Expenditure and Program Performance Report. Report No. 73484-TP. 24 June. Washington DC: The World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/193531468117251571/pdf/734840WP0P126300PER000240June00eng.pdf. Downloaded 9 April 2019.
World Bank. 2013b. Labor Market Issues in Timor-Leste. Current State, Prospects and Challenges. May. http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2013/08/13/000445729_20130813132151/Rendered/PDF/802290WP0P12630Box0379802B00PUBLIC0.pdf. Downloaded 22 April 2016.
World Bank. 2014a. Health Equity and Financial Protection Report – Timor-Leste. Washington, DC: The World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/670661468105266883/pdf/89850-REVISED-PUBLIC-Timor-Leste-Health-Equity-and-Financial-Protection-Report-FINAL.pdf. Downloaded 18 May 2017.
World Bank. 2014b. Doing Business 2015. Going Beyond Efficiency. Economy Profile 2015 Timor-Leste. http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/11/07/000477144_20141107113724/Rendered/PDF/921450WP0Box380Timor0Leste00Public0.pdf. Downloaded 29 April 2016.
World Bank. 2016c. Poverty in Timor-Leste 2014. Washington, DC: The World Bank Group. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/577521475573958572/Poverty-in-Timor-Leste-2014. Downloaded 26 April 2017.
World Bank. 2018a. Timor-Leste Economic Report. March. Washington, DC: World Bank http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/889001521523777495/Timor-Leste-economic-report-March-2018. Downloaded June 8, 2018.
World Bank. 2018b. New Country Classifications by Income Level: 2018–2019. 1 July. https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/new-country-classifications-income-level-2018-2019. Downloaded 2 October 2018.
World Bank. 2018d. Timor-Leste Systematic Country Diagnostic: Pathways for a New Economy and Sustainable Livelihoods. Washington, DC: The World Bank Group. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/524131528837983427/Timor-Leste-Systematic-Country-Diagnostic-Pathways-for-a-New-Economy-and-Sustainable-Livelihoods. Downloaded 3 December 2018
Book Google Scholar

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
Mats Lundahl
Department of Economics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Fredrik Sjöholm

Authors

Mats Lundahl
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Fredrik Sjöholm
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mats Lundahl .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lundahl, M., Sjöholm, F. (2019). Political, Economic, and Social Developments 2007–18. In: The Creation of the East Timorese Economy. Palgrave Studies in Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22052-5_3

Download citation

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22052-5_3
Published: 03 January 2020
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-22051-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-22052-5
eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics