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Notes
- 1.
Michael, Serge; Beuret, Michael; Wood, Paolo, La Chinafrique: Pékin a la conquête du continent noir, Arms, Grasset & Fasquelle, 2008, pp. 221–235.
- 2.
Ernest, J. Wilson III, China’s Role in Africa, 2018 the World: Is China A Responsible Stakeholder in Africa? The U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission; Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland, College Park, MD: August 3–4, 2006, p. 10 https://www.uscc.gov/hearings/2006hearings/written_testimonies/06_08_3_4_wilson_ernest_statement.pdf)(PDF).Hearing before the U.S. Congress.
- 3.
Dead on Time- Arms Transportation, Brokering and the Threat to Human Rights, Amnesty International, 2006, pp. 22–28.
- 4.
Michael, Serge; Beuret, Michael; Wood, Paolo, La Chinafrique: Pékin a la conquête du continent noir, Arms, Grasset & Fasquelle, 2008, pp. 221–235.
- 5.
Michael, Serge; Beuret, Michael; Wood, Paolo, La Chinafrique: Pékin a la conquête du continent noir, Arms, Grasset & Fasquelle, 2008, pp. 221–235.
- 6.
Ibid.
- 7.
Olayiwola Abegunrin, Nigeria and the Struggle for the Liberation of Zimbabwe: A Study of Foreign Policy Decision Making of An Emerging Nation. Stockholm, Sweden: Bethany Books, 1992.
- 8.
Olayiwola Abegunrin, “Soviet and Chinese Military Involvement in Southern Africa,” A Current Bibliography on African Affairs, Washington, DC: 6, 3, 1983–1984. Also see Robert Rotberg, China into Africa: Trade, Aid, and Influence, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2009, p. 156.
- 9.
Lafargue, François, China’s Presence in Africa, China Perspective, 2005.
- 10.
Michael, Serge; Beuret, Michael; Wood, Paolo, La Chinafrique: Pékin a la conquête du continent noir, Grasset & Fasquelle, 2008, pp. 221–235.
- 11.
Ernest, J. Wilson III, China’s Role in the World: Is China A Responsible Stakeholder in Africa? The U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission; Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland, College Park, MD: August 3–4, 2006, p. 10 https://www.uscc.gov/hearings/2006hearings/written_testimonies/06_08_3_4_wilson_ernest_statement.pdf) (PDF). U.S. Congress.
- 12.
Privilege Musvanhiri, Hang Shuen Lee, “Economic Interests Push China to increase Military Presence in Africa,” December 9, 2015. https://www.dw.com/economic-interests-push-china-to-increase-military-presence-in-africa/a-18900735. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
- 13.
David H. Shinn and Joshua Eisenman, China and Africa: A Century of Engagement. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012, p. 69.
- 14.
Ibid.
- 15.
Abdi Latif Dahir, “China is Expanding Its Military Footprint in Africa,” Quartz: Africa Weekly Brief, September 2, 2018.
- 16.
See chapter ten, “China’s One Belt, One Road Initiative in Africa.” The Chinese Government calls this initiative, “A bid to enhance regional connectivity and embrace a brighter future.” Others see it as a push by China to take a larger role in global affairs with a China-centered trading network. “China Unveils Action Plan on Belt and Road Initiative,” Xinhua News Agency, March 25, 2015.
- 17.
Abdi Latif Dahir, “China is Expanding Its Military Footprint in Africa,” Quartz: Africa Weekly Brief, September 2, 2018.
- 18.
Lily Kuo, “China’s Wolf Warriors two in “war-ravaged Africa,” Gives the White Savior Complex a Whole New Meaning: Chinese Exceptionalism,” Quartz Africa Weekly Brief, August 14, 2017.
- 19.
Ibid.
- 20.
Ibid.
- 21.
The United States is challenging China’s right to occupy the South China Sea as part of Chinese territories. See Caitlin Talmadge, “Beijing’s Nuclear Option: Why A U.S.-Chinese War Could Spiral Out of Control,” Foreign Affairs, October 15, 2018.
- 22.
Ibid.
- 23.
Lina Benabdallah, “China-Africa Military Ties Have Deepened. Here are Four Things to Know,” The Washington Post, July 6, 2018.
- 24.
Ibid.
- 25.
Zheng Yibing, “First China-Africa Defense and Security Forum Kicks Off,” China Global Television Network (CGTN), June 26, 2018.
- 26.
“China-Africa Security Forum Concludes in Beijing,” Africa Times, July 11, 2018.
- 27.
James Morgan, “South Sudan Welcomes China’s Peace Mediator Role,” China-Africa Relations, May 28, 2018.
- 28.
Colonel Wang Yang, “Defense Attache: China is Committed to Military Exchanges, Cooperation,” Chinese Embassy, Nairobi, Kenya. Also see China Daily, Beijing, August 01, 2018.
- 29.
Ibid.
- 30.
People’s Republic of China File, Ministry of National Defense, July 11, 2018.
- 31.
Anthony Kleven. “Is China’s Maritime Silk Road a Military Strategy?” The Diplomat, December 2015, http://thediplomat.com/2015/12/is-chinas-maritime-silkroad-a-military-strategy/ (accessed 22 December 2018).
- 32.
Joseph Giordano, “U.S. Military Plans to Expand Camp Lemonier in Djibouti,” Stars and Stripes Middle East Edition, July 9, 2006; Djibouti Information from Central Intelligence Agency, “The World Fact book, Djibouti,” October 27, 2008, available at www.cia.gov.
- 33.
Thomas C. Mountain, “U.S. AFRICOM Reborn in Djibouti,” Retrieved April 20, 2012 at http://www.intrepidreport.com/archives/4935.
- 34.
Olayiwola Abegunrin, “Africa Command Center (AFRICOM) and U.S. Foreign Policy of Militarization of Africa under the ObamaAdministration,” in Adebayo Oyebade, editor, The United States’ Foreign Policy in Africa in the 21st Century: Issues and Perspectives, Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2014, pp. 77–97.
- 35.
Shelly Zhao, “The Geopolitics of China-African Oil,” China Briefing, https://www.china-briefing.com. April 13, 2011.
- 36.
Editor, “China-Africa Defense, and Security Forum Concludes in Beijing,” Africa Times, July 11, 2018. Also see Chinese Global Television Network (CGTN).
- 37.
Ibid.
- 38.
Abiodun Alao, Mugabe and the Politics of Security in Zimbabwe, Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2012.
- 39.
Reagan Thompson, Assessing the Chinese Influence in Ghana, Angola, and Zimbabwe: The Impact of Politics, Partners, and Petro. Stanford University: Centre for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC), 2012, 102. Also see Abiodun Alao, Mugabe and the Politics of Security in Zimbabwe, Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2012.
- 40.
Zhang Jin, “China and Africa regional economic cooperation: History and prospects,” PULA: Botswana Journal of African Studies, Volume 29, No. 1, 2015, 11.
- 41.
ZX, “China to Send 268 Peacekeepers to South Sudan,” www.Xinhuanet.news.cn.com, September 5, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
- 42.
Liangyu, “Xi Jinping Says China to Implement Eight Major Initiatives with African Countries,” https://www.xinhuanet.com, September 3, 2018.
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Abegunrin, O., Manyeruke, C. (2020). China’s Military Involvement and Peacekeeping in Africa. In: China’s Power in Africa. Politics and Development of Contemporary China. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21994-9_10
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