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- 1.
“China-Africa Relations,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, April 25, 2002. http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/ziliao/3602/3604/t18059.htm. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
- 2.
Yuan Wu, La Chine et l’Afrique, 1956–2006, China Intercontinental Press, 2006.
- 3.
Committee for the Party Literature, Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping, Volume II, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1995.
- 4.
Ibid., p. 143.
- 5.
Li, Langqing, Breaking Through: The Birth of China’s Opening-Up Policy, New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2009.
- 6.
Ezra F. Vogel, Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China, Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011.
- 7.
The Gang of Four, or Siren Bang, was a group of four influential Chinese Communist Party figures during the latter years of Chairman Mao Zedong’s rule. The Gang consisted of Mao’s wife, Jiang Qing, and her associates Wang Hongwen, Yao Wenyuan, and Zhang Chunqiao. Wang, Yao, and Zhang were all major Communist Party officials from Shanghai. They rose to prominence during the Cultural Revolution 1966–1976, pushing Mao’s policies in Shanghai. When the Chairman’s health began to decline over that decade, the Gang of Four gained control of major government functions. Kallie Szczepanski, “What was the Gang of Four in China?” ThoughtCo., April 14, 2018. For details on the Gang of Four, see Ezra F. Vogel, Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China, Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011, pp. 175–180.
- 8.
Ibid.
- 9.
“Leaders of the People’s Republic of China.” www.chinasage.info/leaders.htm. Accessed December 9, 2018.
- 10.
Reuben Brigety, “A Post-American Africa: The U.S. Falling Behind,” Reuter International, August 28, 2018.
- 11.
For details on economic transformation of the People’s Republic of China to World Second Economic Power see the following books; Ezra F. Vogel, Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China, Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011. Also see Li, Langqing, Breaking Through: The Birth of China’s Opening-Up Policy, New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2009.
- 12.
For full details on three years’ eight major initiatives with African countries in the next three years and beyond, covering fields such as industrial promotion, infrastructure connectivity, trade facilitation, and green development, Liangyu, “Xi Jinping Says China to Implement Eight Major Initiatives with African Countries,” https://www.xinhuanet.com, September 3, 2018.
- 13.
Hong Kong Trade Development Council, “The Belt and Road Initiative: Six Economic Corridors Spanning Asia, Europe and Africa.” Resource Portal on Belt and Road, May 3, 2018.
- 14.
Ibid.
- 15.
For details see Rand McNally, The World, Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, New York: Map and Atlas Publishing, 1996, pp. 16–17.
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Abegunrin, O., Manyeruke, C. (2020). Introduction. In: China’s Power in Africa. Politics and Development of Contemporary China. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21994-9_1
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