Abstract
This chapter details the career of Franz Kallmann, the German-born psychiatrist (and former protégé of Rüdin) who almost single-handedly founded the discipline of psychiatric eugenics in America—ironically, since he himself was forced to flee Nazi Germany to avoid persecution as an “undesirable” himself, due to his Jewish ancestry. This segues into a history of twin studies of schizophrenia, of which Kallmann was a pioneer, and a discussion of the fatal flaws underlying those studies.
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Notes
- 1.
Benno Müller-Hill, Murderous Science (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), 122.
- 2.
Franz J. Kallmann, The Genetics of Schizophrenia (New York: J.J. Augustin, 1938), xiii.
- 3.
Ibid., xiv.
- 4.
Ibid., 2.
- 5.
Ibid., 2.
- 6.
Ibid., 7–16.
- 7.
Ibid., 18.
- 8.
Ibid., 16.
- 9.
Ibid., 101.
- 10.
Ibid., 37.
- 11.
Ibid., 102.
- 12.
Ibid., 104.
- 13.
Ibid., 117.
- 14.
Ibid., 117.
- 15.
Ibid., 153–154.
- 16.
Ibid., 131.
- 17.
Ibid., 267.
- 18.
Franz J. Kallmann and S. Eugene Barrera, “The Heredoconstitutional Mechanisms of Predisposition and Resistance to Schizophrenia,” American Journal of Psychiatry, 98, no. 4 (January 1, 1942): 547.
- 19.
Kallmann and Barrera, “Heredoconstitutional Mechanisms,” 550.
- 20.
Franz J. Kallmann, “The Genetic Theory of Schizophrenia: An Analysis of 691 Schizophrenic Twin Families,” American Journal of Psychiatry, 103, no. 3 (November 1946): 309–322.
- 21.
James Shields, Irving I. Gottesman, and Eliot Slater, “Kallmann’s 1946 Schizophrenic Twin Study in the Light of New Information,” Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 43, no. 4 (December 1967): 385, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1967.tb05776.x
- 22.
Kallmann, “Genetic Theory of Schizophrenia,” 313.
- 23.
Joseph, “‘Schizophrenia’ and Heredity: Why the Emperor (Still) Has No Genes,” in Models of Madness: Psychological, Social, and Biological Approaches to Psychosis, ed. John Read and Jaqui Dillon (Abingdon: Routledge, 2013), 72–89.
- 24.
M. Koskenvuo et al., “Psychiatric Hospitalization in Twins,” Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae, 33, no. 2 (1984): 321.
- 25.
Joseph, “Schizophrenia and Heredity,” 73.
- 26.
Kenneth Kendler, “Overview: A Current Perspective on Twin Studies in Schizophrenia,” American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, no. 11 (November 1983): 1419, https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.140.11.1413
- 27.
R.C. Lewontin, Steven Rose, and Leon J. Kamin, Not In Our Genes: Biology, Ideology, and Human Nature (New York: Random House, 1984).
- 28.
Ibid., 214.
- 29.
Ibid., 214–216.
- 30.
Axel Hoffer and William Pollin, “Schizophrenia in the NAS-NRC Panel of 15,909 Veteran Twin Pairs,” Archives of General Psychiatry, 23, no. 5 (May 1976): 472.
- 31.
Hoffer and Pollin, “Schizophrenia,” 472.
- 32.
Lewontin, Rose, and Kamin, Not In Our Genes, 219.
- 33.
Donald D. Jackson, “A Critique of the Literature on the Genetics of Schizophrenia,” in The Etiology of Schizophrenia, ed. Donald D. Jackson, (New York: Basic Books, 1960) 63–64.
- 34.
Jay Joseph, “The Equal Environment Assumption of the Classical Twin Method: A Critical Analysis,” Journal of Mind and Behavior, 19, no. 3 (Summer 1998): 323–358; Joseph, “‘Schizophrenia’ and Heredity,” 72–89; Jay Joseph, Schizophrenia and Genetics, (Pennsauken: BookBaby, 2017), chapter 4, Kindle.
- 35.
Jackson, “A Critique of the Literature,” 67–68.
- 36.
Ibid.
- 37.
Joseph, “Equal Environment Assumption,” 330–334, 338–342; Joseph, “‘Schizophrenia’ and Heredity,” 72–89; Joseph, Schizophrenia and Genetics, (Pennsauken: BookBaby, 2017), chapter 4, Kindle.
- 38.
Edith Zerbin-Rüdin, “Genetic Research and the Theory of Schizophrenia,” International Journal of Mental Health, 1 (1972): 48.
- 39.
Joseph, “‘Schizophrenia’ and Heredity,” 76; Joseph, Schizophrenia and Genetics, (Pennsauken: BookBaby, 2017), chapter 4, Kindle.
- 40.
Joseph, Schizophrenia and Genetics, (Pennsauken: BookBaby, 2017), chapter 4, Kindle.
- 41.
Kenneth Kendler, “The Genetics of Schizophrenia: An Overview,” in Nosology, Epidemiology, and Genetics of Schizophrenia, ed. Ming T. Tsaung and John C. Simpson, (Amsterdam and New York: Elsevier Science Publishers, 1988), 454.
- 42.
A. Pam, S.S. Kemker, C.A. Ross, and R. Golden, “The ‘Equal Environments Assumption’ in MZ-DZ Twin Comparisons: An Untenable Premise of Psychiatric Genetics?” Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae, 45, no. 3 (1996): 354.
- 43.
Jay Joseph, “Twin Studies in Psychiatry and Psychology: Science or Pseudoscience?” Psychiatric Quarterly, 73, no. 1 (Spring 2002): 76–77.
- 44.
Ibid., 77.
- 45.
Joseph “Equal Environment Assumption,” 334.
- 46.
Lewontin, Rose, and Kamin, Not in Our Genes, 212.
- 47.
Irving I. Gottesman “Psychopathology Through a Life Span Genetic Prism,” American Psychologist, 56, no. 11 (November 2001): 870, Kathleen Ries Merikangas and Neil Risch, “Will the Genomics Revolution Revolutionize Psychiatry?” American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, no. 4 (April 2003): 625, https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.4.625
- 48.
Franz J. Kallmann “Heredity and Eugenics,” American Journal of Psychiatry, 101, no. 4 (January 1, 1945): 536.
- 49.
L. Erlenmeyer-Kimling et al. “Franz J. Kallmann, 1897–1965,” Eugenics Quarterly, 12, (1965): 123.
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Hahn, P.D. (2019). Franz Kallmann and Twin Studies. In: Madness and Genetic Determinism. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21866-9_3
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