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How Ecology and Economics Brought Winstanley and Nitobe to Quakerism

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Quakers and Mysticism

Part of the book series: Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Mysticism ((INTERMYST))

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Abstract

Komashin connects England’s Gerrard Winstanley and Japan’s Inazo Nitobe as fellow converts to Quakerism from their respective Christian indigenous movements, the Diggers and the Sapporo Band. She analyzes the roles of mystical experience, agricultural ecology, and economic justice in their religious thought by presenting evidence from Winstanley’s tracts, Nitobe’s essays and newspaper articles, and the Sapporo Band’s letters and journals that demonstrates their ecospirituality and theologically-motivated theory of equitable economics. Komashin also explores Winstanley’s relation to George Fox and his followers and the contours of Nitobe’s colonialism. Throughout the chapter, she explains how Winstanley and Nitobe contribute to the ethnographic and historical quilt of the Society of Friends through their advocacy for ecotheology, environmentalism, agroecology, and sustainability.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Though some consider the Sapporo Band the early “stage” of its descendants, Inazo Nitobe was a leader of the Band’s indigenous Christian movement but opted against involvement in the derivative Sapporo Independent Christian Church and Mukyoukai (non-church movement). Kanzo Uchimura, How I Became a Christian: Out of My Diary, ed. Taijiro Yamamoto and Yoichi Muto, vol. 1, The Complete Works of Kanzō Uchimura (Tokyo: Kyobunkwan, 1971), 36–9; Daniel Johnson, “Winstanley’s Ecology: The English Diggers Today,” Monthly Review 65, no. 7 (December 2013): 25.

  2. 2.

    Christopher Hill considers evidence insufficient that Digger Gerrard Winstanley and the Gerrard Winstanley of a Quaker record and 1665–1676 Chancery suit were the same person, but James Alsop answers Hill’s primary concerns. Winthrop S. Hudson, L. H. Berens, Thomas Coomber, and others argue that Winstanley is “the true father of Friends” (Quakerism’s founder), citing Winstanley’s use of the phrases “Friends,” “Friend to Freedom,” “Friend to Love,” and “Children of the Light,” and Robert K. Goertz notes “certain phrases, images … which do not seem to be shared with other groups.” Nevertheless, I take Winstanley at his own words, as Edward Burrough notified Margaret Fell that Winstanley “beleeves we are sent to perfect that worke which fell in their handes hee hath bene with us.” James Alsop, “Gerrard Winstanley’s Later Life,” Past and Present 82 (April 1979): 75–80; Winthrop S. Hudson, “Gerrard Winstanley and the Early Quakers,” Church History 12, no. 3 (September 1943): 181–4; Rufus M. Jones, Studies in Mystical Religion (London: Macmillan, 1909), 494; Robert K. Goertz, To Plant the Pleasant Fruit Tree of Freedom: Consciousness, Politics, and Community in Digger and Early Quaker Thought (The City University of New York, 1977), 24.

  3. 3.

    Thomas N. Corns, Ann Hughes, and David Loewenstein, “Introduction,” in The Complete Works of Gerrard Winstanley, ed. Thomas N. Corns, Ann Hughes, and David Loewenstein, vol. 1 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 4, 8 (all subsequent citations from The Complete Works of Gerrard Winstanley, vol. 1 are drawn from this volume); J. D. Alsop, “Ethics in the Marketplace: Gerrard Winstanley’s London Bankruptcy, 1643,” Journal of British Studies 28, no. 2 (April 1989): 64.

  4. 4.

    Corns, Hughes, and Loewenstein, “Introduction,” 8.

  5. 5.

    George Oshiro, “Nitobe Inazo at the League of Nations: 1919–1926,” in Nitobe Inazo: From Bushido to the League of Nations, ed. Teruhiko Nagao, (Sapporo: Hokkaido University Press, 2006), 192–3.

  6. 6.

    John Edward Christopher Hill, The World Turned Upside Down: Radical Ideas During the English Revolution (New York: Viking Press, 1972), 12; Gerrard Winstanley, “A New-Yeers Gift FOR THE PARLIAMENT AND ARMIE,” in The Complete Works of Gerrard Winstanley, ed. Thomas N. Corns, Ann Hughes, and David Loewenstein, vol. 2 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 112 (all subsequent citations from The Complete Works of Gerrard Winstanley, vol. 2 are drawn from this volume).

  7. 7.

    Winstanley, “A New-Yeers Gift,” 112.

  8. 8.

    Inazo Nitobe, “Appendix: Japanese Colonization By Dr. Nitobe,” in Nitobe Inazo: From Bushido to the League of Nations, ed. Teruhiko Nagao, (Sapporo: Hokkaido University Press, 2006), 178–9.

  9. 9.

    George M. Oshiro, “Nitobe Inazō and the Sapporo Band: Reflections on the Dawn of Protestant Christianity in Early Meiji Japan,” Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 34, no. 1 (2007): 102.

  10. 10.

    Donald Brooks Kelley, “Friends and Nature in America: Toward an Eighteenth-Century Quaker Ecology,” Pennsylvania History 53, no. 4 (October 1986): 257, 264–5.

  11. 11.

    Throughout, quotations are preserved in their original formatting and grammar, without the use of [sic]. William Penn, “The Advice of William Penn to His Children, Relating to Their Civil and Religious Conduct,” in The Selected Works of William Penn: In Five Volumes, Third Edition, vol. V (London: James Phillips, 1782), 446.

  12. 12.

    Winstanley, “A Letter Taken at Wellingborough,” in The Complete Works of Gerrard Winstanley, vol. 2, 431.

  13. 13.

    Ariel Hessayon, “Restoring the Garden of Eden in England’s Green and Pleasant Land: The Diggers and the Fruits of the Earth,” Journal for the Study of Radicalism 2, no. 2 (2009): 15.

  14. 14.

    Gerrard Winstanley, “The New Law OF RIGHTEOUSNES,” in The Complete Works of Gerrard Winstanley, vol. 1, 510–11.

  15. 15.

    Winstanley, “A DECLARATION TO THE Powers of England” in The Complete Works of Gerrard Winstanley, vol. 2, 14.

  16. 16.

    Winstanley, “A VINDICATION OF THOSE, Whose Endeavors Is Only to Make the Earth a Common Treasury, Called DIGGERS,” in The Complete Works of Gerrard Winstanley, vol. 2, 238.

  17. 17.

    Katherine Murray, “Social Justice and Sustainability,” in Cambridge Companion to Quaker Studies, ed. Stephen W. Angell and Pink Dandelion, The Cambridge Companions to Philosophy, Religion and Culture (London: Cambridge University Press, 2018), 95–103; Hans Eirik Aarek and Julia Hinshaw Ryberg, “Quakers in Europe and the Middle East,” in Cambridge Companion to Quaker Studies, 225; Stephanie Midori Komashin, “Quakers in Asia-Pacific,” in Cambridge Companion to Quaker Studies, 239–40, 244–6, 251–4; Elaine Bishop and Jiseok Jung, “Seeking Peace: Quakers Respond to War,” in Cambridge Companion to Quaker Studies, 108; Peter G. Brown, Geoffrey Garver, Keith Helmuth, Robert Howell, Leonard Joy, and Steve Szeghi, “Preface,” in Right Relationship: Building a Whole Earth Economy (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc., 2009), xiii, xiv–xvi.

  18. 18.

    Winstanley, “The New Law OF RIGHTEOUSNES,” 568.

  19. 19.

    Lotte Mulligan, John K. Graham, and Judith Richards, “Debate: The Religion of Gerrard Winstanley,” Past and Present 89 (1980): 145.

  20. 20.

    Hessayon, “Restoring the Garden of Eden” 3–5; Donald R. Sutherland, “The Religion of Gerrard Winstanley and Digger Communism,” Essays in History 33, no. 2 (1990): 21; Paul Elmen, “The Theological Basis of Digger Communism,” Church History 23, no. 3 (September 1954): 208–9.

  21. 21.

    Uchimura, How I Became a Christian, 70–1.

  22. 22.

    David J. Michell, William S. Clark of Sapporo: Pioneer Educator and Church Planter in Japan (Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, 1988), 101.

  23. 23.

    Michell, William S. Clark of Sapporo, 69.

  24. 24.

    Nitobe had seen George Fox’s name in a few books, but first read an account of Fox in Carlyle. Mitsuo Ootsu, Kirisuto Yuukai Nihon Nenkai to Nitobe Inazo: 2012-Nen Shin Nitobe Inazo Kinen Kouza Kouen [Japan Yearly Meeting of the Society of Friends and Inazo Nitobe: 2012 New Inazo Nitobe Memorial Lecture] (Tokyo: Kirisuto Yuukai Nihon Nenkai [Japan Yearly Meeting of the Society of Friends], 2012), 73; Inazo Nitobe, “Why I Became a Friend,” in Articles to the “Interchange,” vol. 23, Nitobe Inazo Zenshuu [The Complete Works of Inazo Nitobe] (Tokyo: Kyo Bun Kwan [Christian Literature Society of Japan], 1969), 244.

  25. 25.

    Kiyoshi Uchida, “(4) Letter from Japan, Sapporo Agricultural College” in Clark no Tegami, Sapporo Nougakkou Seito to no Oofuku Shokan [Clark’s Letters: Correspondence with Sapporo Agricultural College Students], trans. Masahiko Satou, Naoki Oonishi, and Hideyuki Seki (Sapporo: Hokkaido Shuppan Kikaku Center, 1986), 229.

  26. 26.

    John M. Maki, William Smith Clark: A Yankee in Hokkaido (Sapporo: Hokkaido University Press, 1996), 171.

  27. 27.

    Uchimura, How I Became a Christian, 31, 41.

  28. 28.

    Maki, William Smith Clark, 213.

  29. 29.

    Inazo Nitobe, “The Christianization of Japan,” in Bushido: The Soul of Japan; Thoughts and Essays, ed. Yasaka Takagi, vol. 1, The Works of Inazo Nitobe (Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1972), 362 (all subsequent citations from Thoughts and Essays are drawn from this volume).

  30. 30.

    Inazo Nitobe, “From Nature Up to Nature’s God,” in Editorial Jottings, 1930–1933, ed. Yasaka Takagi, vol. 5, The Works of Inazo Nitobe (Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1972), 364 (all subsequent citations from Editorial Jottings are drawn from this volume).

  31. 31.

    Nitobe, “A Spring Thought,” in Editorial Jottings, 344–5.

  32. 32.

    Nitobe, “Under the Cherry,” in Thoughts and Essays, 347.

  33. 33.

    Nitobe, “In a Hagi Garden in Kyoto,” in Thoughts and Essays, 192–3.

  34. 34.

    Inazo Nitobe, “Appendix D: A Japanese View of Quakerism,” in Lectures on Japan: An Outline of the Development of the Japanese People and Their Culture, ed. Yasaka Takagi, vol. 4, The Works of Inazo Nitobe (Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1972), 337–8.

  35. 35.

    Nitobe, “A Peculiar Radiance,” in Editorial Jottings, 530.

  36. 36.

    Inazo Nitobe, “7) To Brother Joseph: Sapporo Feb. 19, 1893,” in Letters to the Elkintons, vol. 23, Nitobe Inazo Zenshuu (Tokyo: Kyobunkwan, 1969), 574–6; Takeko Katoh, Sofu Nitobe Inazo No Koto: 2001-Nen Shin Nitobe Inazo Kinen Kouza Kouen [About My Grandfather, Inazo Nitobe: 2001 New Inazo Nitobe Memorial Lecture] (Tokyo: Kirisuto Yuukai Nihon Nenkai [Japan Yearly Meeting of the Society of Friends], 2002), 29.

  37. 37.

    Mary P. Elkinton Nitobe likely spoke in English, but Nitobe’s record of the event is written in Japanese. Katoh, Sofu Nitobe Inazo No Koto, 30.

  38. 38.

    Katoh, Sofu Nitobe Inazo No Koto, 30.

  39. 39.

    Nitobe, “Heavenly Visions,” in Thoughts and Essays, 254; Nitobe; Nitobe, “Flying Thoughts,” in Thoughts and Essays, 247.

  40. 40.

    Nitobe, “Summer Flights,” in Thoughts and Essays, 261.

  41. 41.

    Gilbert Bowles, “Dr. Inazo Nitobe,” Friends Journal 4, no. 46 (December 1958): 745.

  42. 42.

    Nitobe, “Silent Hours,” in Thoughts and Essays, 309–10.

  43. 43.

    Winstanley, “An Humble REQUEST TO THE Ministers of Both Universities, AND TO ALL Lawyers in Every Inns-a-Court,” in The Complete Works of Gerrard Winstanley, vol. 2, 259.

  44. 44.

    Winstanley, “A DECLARATION TO THE Powers of England,” 14–15.

  45. 45.

    Winstanley, “A Letter Taken at Wellingborough,” 431.

  46. 46.

    Winstanley, “An Humble REQUEST,” 263; Winstanley, “TRUTH Lifting up His Head above SCANDALS,” in The Complete Works of Gerrard Winstanley, vol. 1, 452; Winstanley, “The Law of Freedom IN A PLATFORM,” in The Complete Works of Gerrard Winstanley, vol. 2, 344.

  47. 47.

    Winstanley, “The Law of Freedom,” 344.

  48. 48.

    Winstanley, “A DECLARATION TO THE Powers of England,” 14; Winstanley, “An Humble REQUEST,” 262.

  49. 49.

    Winstanley, “A DECLARATION TO THE Powers of England,” 6, 11; Winstanley, “TRUTH Lifting up His Head,” 451–2; Winstanley, “The Law of Freedom,” 320–1.

  50. 50.

    Winstanley, “TRUTH Lifting up His Head,” 452.

  51. 51.

    Uchimura, How I Became a Christian, 57, 86–9.

  52. 52.

    George Fox, “1651–2,” in The Journal of George Fox, ed. John L. Nickalls (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1952), 87.

  53. 53.

    Kiyoshi Uchida, “(13) Sapporo, Minami Shiribeshi Dori, No. 38. Sapporo, May 25th, 1881,” in Clark No Tegami: Sapporo Nougakkou Seito to no Oofuku Shokan [Clark’s Letters: Correspondence with Sapporo Agricultural College Students], trans. Masahiko Satou, Naoki Oonishi, and Hideyuki Seki (Sapporo: Hokkaido Shuppan Kikaku Center, 1986), 208–9.

  54. 54.

    Inazo Nitobe, “Lectures on Japan: Country Life in Japan,” in Lectures on Japan: An Outline of the Development of the Japanese People and Their Culture; What the League of Nations Has Done and Is Doing; The Use and Study of Foreign Languages in Japan; Reminiscences of Childhood; Two Exotic Currents in Japanese Civilization; An Unfinished Translation of Lao-Tzŭ and English Abstract of the Kojiki, ed. Yasaka Takagi, vol. 4, The Works of Inazo Nitobe (Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1972), 191–2.

  55. 55.

    Nitobe, “Moral Element in Economic Problems,” in Editorial Jottings, 44.

  56. 56.

    Jun Furuya, “Graduate Student and Quaker,” in Nitobe Inazô: Japan’s Bridge Across the Pacific, ed. John F. Howes (Boulder: Westview Press, Inc., 1995), 58, 66, 68; Nitobe, “Rural Coöperation,” in Editorial Jottings, 476.

  57. 57.

    Sukeo Kitasawa, The Life of Dr. Nitobe (Tokyo: Hokuseido Press, 1953), 46–7, 62.

  58. 58.

    Nitobe, “Appendix D,” 344; Nitobe, “Appendix: Japanese Colonization By Dr. Nitobe,” 180; Miwa Kimitada, “Colonial Theories and Practices in Prewar Japan,” in Nitobe Inazô: Japan’s Bridge Across the Pacific, ed. John F. Howes (Boulder: Westview Press, Inc., 1995), 161, 166–7.

  59. 59.

    Kimitada, “Colonial Theories,” 161, 166–7.

  60. 60.

    Miwa Kimitada, Crossroads of Patriotism in Imperial Japan: Shiga Shigetaka (1863–1927), Uchimura Kanzo (1861–1930), and Nitobe Inazo (1862–1933) (Princeton University, 1967), 276–7; Michael Alexander Schneider, The Future of the Japanese Colonial Empire, 1914–1931 (The University of Chicago, 1996), 217.

  61. 61.

    George Fox, “1655–6,” in The Journal of George Fox, 263.

  62. 62.

    Thomas Carlyle, Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches, Volume II, ed. Henry Duff Traill, The Works of Thomas Carlyle, vol. 7, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 27.

  63. 63.

    Hudson, “Gerrard Winstanley and the Early Quakers,” 183.

  64. 64.

    Keith Helmuth, “Ritual, Symbol, and Ceremony in Quaker Meeting,” Friends Journal 57, no. 4 (April 2011): 13.

  65. 65.

    Jones, Studies in Mystical Religion, 225, 493, 499.

  66. 66.

    Winstanley, “A New-Yeers Gift,” 1.

  67. 67.

    Alsop, “Gerrard Winstanley’s Later Life,” 80.

  68. 68.

    Nitobe, “The Sakura,” in Thoughts and Essays, 171–2.

  69. 69.

    Nitobe, “Appendix D,” 334–5, 341.

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  1. Philosophy and Religion, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan

    Stephanie Midori Komashin

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  1. Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, WA, USA

    Jon R. Kershner

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Komashin, S.M. (2019). How Ecology and Economics Brought Winstanley and Nitobe to Quakerism. In: Kershner, J. (eds) Quakers and Mysticism. Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Mysticism. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21653-5_4

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