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Radiological Diagnosis and Characterization of HCC

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Book cover Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Part of the book series: Molecular and Translational Medicine ((MOLEMED))

Abstract

Imaging plays a central role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) screening/surveillance, diagnosis, staging, and treatment response assessment. Clinical imaging methods include abdominal ultrasound (US) used mostly for HCC screening/surveillance and imaging-guided biopsies, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) used for confident diagnosis of typical HCC tumors without histologic confirmation, according to practice guidelines. Qualitative HCC imaging appearance is closely linked to its vascular characteristics, with typical imaging features such as hyperenhancement during the arterial phase relative to the surrounding liver parenchyma and washout in portal venous or delayed venous phases post-contrast on CT and MRI. There is recent growing interest in assessing tissue properties using quantitative imaging. Several quantitative imaging methods have been developed with the common goal of improved tumor characterization and prediction of aggressiveness in order to achieve precise and personalized management of HCC. New techniques, such as radiomics, have been proposed as surrogate for histologic examination, avoiding tissue sampling risks and allowing repetitive measurements of the entire tumor volume. Furthermore, with the emergence of molecular targeted therapy, noninvasive imaging techniques allowing early assessment of therapeutic efficacy are necessary.

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Change history

  • 13 May 2020

    The book was inadvertently published with incorrect given name and family name in Chap. 4. The author name which is displayed as N.V. Violi is corrected to N. Vietti Violi.

Abbreviations

AASLD:

American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases

ADC:

Apparent diffusion coefficient

AFP:

Alpha-fetoprotein

BCLC:

Barcelona clinic liver cancer

CE-CT:

Contrast-enhanced computed tomography

CEUS:

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound

CT:

Computed tomography

DCE:

Dynamic contracted enhanced

DECT:

Dual energy CT

DN:

Dysplastic nodule

DWI:

Diffusion-weighted imaging

EASL:

European Association for the Study of Liver

ECCM:

Extracellular contrast media

HBP:

Hepatobiliary phase

HCC:

Hepatocellular carcinoma

HGDN:

High-grade dysplastic nodule

IVIM:

Intravoxel incoherent motion

LI-RADS:

Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

NASH:

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

OPTN:

Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network

PET:

Positron emission tomography

TACE:

Transarterial chemoembolization

US:

Ultrasound

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

    Naik Vietti Violi, Sara Lewis, Stefanie Hectors, Daniela Said & Bachir Taouli

  2. Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

    Naik Vietti Violi, Sara Lewis, Stefanie Hectors & Bachir Taouli

  3. Department of Radiology, Lausanne University hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Naik Vietti Violi

  4. Department of Radiology, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile

    Daniela Said

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  1. Naik Vietti Violi
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  2. Sara Lewis
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  1. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA

    Yujin Hoshida

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Vietti Violi, N., Lewis, S., Hectors, S., Said, D., Taouli, B. (2019). Radiological Diagnosis and Characterization of HCC. In: Hoshida, Y. (eds) Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Molecular and Translational Medicine. Humana, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21540-8_4

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