The Challenges of State Creation and Democratization in Colombia and Venezuela

Hybel, Alex Roberto

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-21233-9_5

Alex Roberto Hybel²

425 Accesses

Abstract

Venezuela and Colombia were colonized at approximately the same time, gained their independence from Spain simultaneously, and remained members of the same federal system for the first decade. Thereafter, their state-creation and political-regime experiences differed measurably. Their distinct histories are reflected in the nature of the political, economic, and social systems they have today. Though neither country has a solid democracy, Colombia’s standing in the Democracy Index is 51st, while Venezuela’s is far behind at 134th. This chapter identifies the challenges both states encountered as they sought to consolidate the power of their respective states and explains why Colombia has been demonstrably more successful than Venezuela at creating a more open and more competitive political system.

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Notes

1.
“Democracy Index 2018: Me Too?” The Economist Intelligence Unit (8 January 2019). http://www.eiu.com/home/aspx.
2.
Jenny Pearce, Colombia inside the Labyrinth (London: Latin American Bureau, January 1, 1990), vii.
3.
Harvey F. Kline, Colombia: Democracy under Assault, Second Edition (Boulder: Westview Press October 12, 1995), 5.
4.
Frank Safford and Marco Palacios, Colombia: Fragmented Land, Divided Society (NY: Oxford University Press, 2002), 19.
5.
Julian Steward and Louis C. Faron, Native Peoples of South America (McGraw-Hill, 1959), 217.
6.
Anthony McFarlane, Colombia before Independence, Economy, society, and politics under Bourbon rule (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 7.
7.
Ibid., 8.
8.
Peter Bakewell, A History of Latin America: c. 1450 to the Present (Wiley, 2004), 103.
9.
Ibid.
10.
Plains in Spanish means llanos. McFarlane, Colombia before Independence, Economy, society, and politics under Bourbon rule, 9.
11.
Ibid., 10.
12.
Safford and Palacios, Colombia: Fragmented Land, Divided Society, 39.
13.
Bakewell, A History of Latin America: c. 1450 to the Present, 201.
14.
Ibid.
15.
Safford and Palacios, Colombia: Fragmented Land, Divided Society, 41.
16.
McFarlane, Colombia before Independence, Economy, society, and politics under Bourbon rule, 20.
17.
Ibid., 73.
18.
Safford and Palacios, Colombia: Fragmented Land, Divided Society, 49.
19.
Ibid., 55.
20.
Bakewell, A History of Latin America: c. 1450 to the Present, 173.
21.
Ibid., 34.
22.
McFarlane, Colombia before Independence, Economy, society, and politics under Bourbon rule, 35.
23.
Limpieza de Sangre.
24.
Bakewell, A History of Latin America: c. 1450 to the Present, 174.
25.
McFarlane, Colombia before Independence, Economy, society, and politics under Bourbon rule, 38.
26.
Ibid., 59.
27.
Ibid.
28.
Ibid., 64.
29.
Rex A. Hudson, Area Handbook Colombia: A Country Study, Fifth Edition. (Washington D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, September 5, 2010), 107. See also John R. Fisher, and Allan J. Kuethe, Reform and insurrection in Bourbon New Granada and Peru, Ed. Anthony McFarlane (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990), 292.
30.
Safford and Palacios, Colombia: Fragmented Land, Divided Society, 68.
31.
John C. Dugas, “Colombia”, in Harry E. Vanden, and Gary Prevost, eds., The Politics of Latin America: The Power Game, Fifth Edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 510.
32.
J. D. Monsalve, Antonio de Villavicencio (el Protomártir) y la Revolución de la Independencia, Vol. 1, (Bogotá: Imprenta Nacional, 1920), 70. See also Anthony McFarlane, Colombia before Independence, Economy, society, and politics under Bourbon rule, 338.
33.
Bakewell, A History of Latin America: c. 1450 to the Present, 389.
34.
Safford and Palacios, Colombia: Fragmented Land, and Divided Society, 86.
35.
Manuel José Restrepo, Historia de la Revolución de la república de Colombia, Vol. 1, (Paris: Liberia Americana, 1827), 134. See also in McFarlane, Colombia before Independence, Economy, society, and politics under Bourbon rule, 345.
36.
Safford and Palacios, Fragmented Land, Divided Society, 90.
37.
Ibid., 89.
38.
David Bushnell, “The Society and the Environment” in Rex A. Hudson, ed, Area Handbook Colombia: A Country Study, 114.
39.
Safford and Palacios, Fragmented Land, Divided Society, 180.
40.
McFarlane, Colombia before Independence, Economy, society, and politics under Bourbon rule, 348.
41.
Pearce, Colombia inside the Labyrinth, 16.
42.
Kline, Colombia: Democracy under Assault, 31.
43.
Safford and Palacios, Fragmented Land, Divided Society, 150.
44.
Ibid., 215.
45.
“…velar por la conservación del orden general”, segment of the 1863 Colombian Constitution found in Kline, Colombia: Democracy under Assault, 36.
46.
Francisco Leal Buitrago, Social Classes, International Trade, and Foreign Capital in Colombia: An Attempt at Historical Interpretations of the Formation of the State, 1819–1935, (Thesis (Ph.D.)—University of Wisconsin, 1974), 112.
47.
Jonathan Hartlyn and John Dugas, ‘The Politics of Violence and Democratic Transformation’, in Larry Diamond, Jonathan Hartlyn, Juan J. Linz, and Seymour Martin Lipset, eds., Democracy in Developing Countries: Latin America, Second Edition. (Colorado: Lynne Reinner Publishers, October 1999), 256.
48.
See Safford and Palacios, Fragmented Land, Divided Society, 230. See also Jose Antonio Ocampo, Colombia y la economia mundial 1830–1910, (Bogota: Universidad de los Andes Press, 1984).
49.
Dugas, “Colombia”, 511.
50.
James William Park, Rafael Nuñez and the Politics of Colombian Regionalism, 1863-1886, (Louisiana State University Print, 1985), 273.
51.
“La Regeneracion” translates to “the Regeneration”.
52.
Park, Rafael Nuñez and the Politics of Colombian Regionalism, 1863–1886, 265.
53.
Ibid., 269.
54.
Kline, Colombia: Democracy under Assault, 32.
55.
Ibid., 37.
56.
Hartlyn and Dugas, ‘The Politics of Violence and Democratic Transformation’, 257.
57.
Safford and Palacios, Fragmented Land, Divided Society, 274.
58.
Ibid., 274.
59.
Ibid.
60.
Hartlyn and Dugas, ‘The Politics of Violence and Democratic Transformation’, 257.
61.
Safford and Palacios, Fragmented Land, Divided Society, 273.
62.
Pearce, Colombia inside the Labyrinth, 29.
63.
Dugas, “Colombia”, 435.
64.
Pearce, Colombia inside the Labyrinth, 33.
65.
“Concentración Nacional.”
66.
Safford and Palacios, Fragmented Land, Divided Society, 292.
67.
Kline, Colombia: Democracy under Assault, 42.
68.
Pearce, Colombia inside the Labyrinth, 37.
69.
“Confederacion de Trabajadores de Colombia” (CTC).
70.
Ibid.
71.
Kline, Colombia: Democracy under Assault, 42.
72.
“gremios.”
73.
Kline, Colombia: Democracy under Assault, 43.
74.
Safford and Palacios, Fragmented Land, Divided Society, 318.
75.
Hartlyn and Dugas, ‘The Politics of Violence and Democratic Transformation’, 261.
76.
Ibid.
77.
Pearce, Colombia inside the Labyrinth, 52.
78.
Hartlyn and Dugas, ‘The Politics of Violence and Democratic Transformation’, 262.
79.
John A. Peeler, Building Democracy in Latin America, Third Edition, (Boulder, Colorado: Reinner, 2009), 57.
80.
Pearce, Colombia inside the Labyrinth, 61.
81.
Kline, Colombia: Democracy under Assault, 48.
82.
Dugas, “Colombia”, 443.
83.
Pearce, Colombia inside the Labyrinth, 72.
84.
A similar type of arrangement was arrived at by Venezuela’s dominant parties at approximately the same time.
85.
Safford and Palacios, Fragmented Land, Divided Society, 302.
86.
Pearce, Colombia inside the Labyrinth, 73.
87.
Kline, Colombia: Democracy under Assault, 98.
88.
Safford and Palacios, Fragmented Land, Divided Society, 277.
89.
Kline, Colombia: Democracy under Assault, 99.
90.
Carlos F. Diaz-Alejandro, Foreign Trade Regimes and Economic Development: Colombia (New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1976), 37. See also Kline, Colombia: Democracy under Assault, 99.
91.
Hartlyn and Dugas, ‘The Politics of Violence and Democratic Transformation’, 270.
92.
Alianza Nacional Popular.
93.
Peeler, Building Democracy in Latin America, 57.
94.
Kline, Colombia: Democracy under Assault, 52–53.
95.
Safford and Palacios, Fragmented Land, Divided Society, 323.
96.
Kline Colombia: Democracy under Assault, 102.
97.
Safford and Palacios, Fragmented Land, Divided Society, 332.
98.
Hartlyn and Dugas, ‘The Politics of Violence and Democratic Transformation’, 276.
99.
Ibid., 273.
100.
Hartlyn and Dugas, ‘The Politics of Violence and Democratic Transformation’, 277.
101.
Union Patriotica.
102.
Hartlyn and Dugas, ‘The Politics of Violence and Democratic Transformation’, 278.
103.
Ibid.
104.
Ibid., 280.
105.
“Movimiento de Salvación Nacional.”
106.
Alianza Democrática. Hartlyn and Dugas, “The Politics of Violence and Democratic Transformation,” 281
107.
Ibid., 282.
108.
Frequently, Colombian police officers, soldiers, judges, and elected officials were faced with the choice of plata or plomo—this signified an offer to accept money, in the form of a bribe to look the other way, or a bullet if one did not consent to bribery.
109.
Hartlyn and Dugas, ‘The Politics of Violence and Democratic Transformation’, 284.
110.
Harry E. Vanden, and Gary Prevost, eds., Politics of Latin America: The Power Game (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 526.
111.
Ibid., 527.
112.
Ibid., 528.
113.
Eduardo Posada-Carbo, “Elections and Civil Wars in Nineteenth-Century Colombia: The 1875 Presidential Campaign.” Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 26, No. 3, (1994), 621–649.
114.
Judith Ewell, Venezuela: A Century of Change (Stanford University Press, 1984), 1.
115.
Ibid.,14.
116.
John V. Lombardi, Venezuela: The Search for Order, The Dream for Progress (Oxford University Press, 1982), 10–11.
117.
Ibid., 242–243.
118.
Steward and Faron, Native Peoples of South America, 239.
119.
Daniel C. Hellinger, Venezuela: Tarnished Democracy (Westview Press, 1991), 16.
120.
Lombardi, Venezuela: The Search for Order, The Dream for Progress, 10–11.
121.
Hellinger, Venezuela: Tarnished Democracy, 16.
122.
Lombardi, Venezuela: The Search for Order, The Dream for Progress, 33.
123.
“Spanish Colonial Life,” U.S. Library of Congress, accessed online at http://countrystudies.us/venezuela/3.htm.
124.
Hellinger, Venezuela: Tarnished Democracy, 17.
125.
Richard A. Haggerty and Howard I. Blutstein, Venezuela: A Country Study (Washington D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 1993), 41.
126.
Ibid.
127.
“Caracas Company”, in the Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. http://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/caracas-company.
128.
Ewell, Venezuela: A Century of Change, 5.
129.
Jorge I. Dominguez, Insurrection or Loyalty: The Breakdown of the Spanish American Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980), 149–152.
130.
Ibid., 19.
131.
Ibid.,177.
132.
Ibid., 177–199.
133.
Lombardi, Venezuela: The Search for Order, The Dream for Progress, 142.
134.
Ewell, Venezuela: A Century of Change, 5.
135.
Haggerty et al., Venezuela: A Country Study, 10–11.
136.
Hellinger, Venezuela: Tarnished Democracy, 19.
137.
Ewell, Venezuela: A Century of Change, 7.
138.
Ibid., 24.
139.
Ibid., 24.
140.
Ibid., 7.
141.
Hellinger, Venezuela: Tarnished Democracy, 25.
142.
Lombardi, Venezuela: The Search for Order, The Dream for Progress, 187.
143.
Hellinger, Venezuela: Tarnished Democracy, 25.
144.
Haggerty et al., Venezuela: A Country Study, 49.
145.
Ewell, Venezuela: A Century of Change, 21.
146.
Hellinger, Venezuela: Tarnished Democracy, 28.
147.
Terry Lynn Karl, The Political Economy of Petrodollars: Oil and Democracy in Venezuela, Volumes I and II, (Stanford University, 1982), 76.
148.
Daniel C. Hellinger, “Venezuela”, in Harry E. Vanden and Gary Prevost, eds., Politics of Latin America: The Power Game, 488.
149.
Karl, The Political Economy of Petrodollars: Oil and Democracy in Venezuela, Volumes I and II, 78.
150.
David Eugene Blank, Politics in Venezuela (Little, Brown and Company, 1973), 15.
151.
Hellinger, “Venezuela”, 488.
152.
Miriam Kornblith, and Daniel H. Levine, “Venezuela: The Life and Times of the Party System” in Scott Mainwaring and Timothy Scully, eds., Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America (Stanford University, 1996), 40.
153.
Ewell, Venezuela: A Century of Change, 63.
154.
See Table 2.4 in Hellinger, Venezuela: Tarnished Democracy, 38.
155.
Hellinger, “Venezuela”, 488.
156.
Karl, The Political Economy of Petrodollars: Oil and Democracy in Venezuela, Volumes I and II, 81. See also Hellinger, “Venezuela”, 488.
157.
Alberto Adriani, Labor Venezolanista (Caracas: Academia Nacional de Ciencias Económicas, 1984), 187–297. See also Hellinger, Venezuela: Tarnished Democracy, 43.
158.
Charles Tilly, “Reflections on the History of European State-Making”, in Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), 70. See also Blank, Politics in Venezuela, 4–5.
159.
Karl, The Political Economy of Petrodollars: Oil and Democracy in Venezuela, Volumes I and II, 85–86.
160.
Hellinger, “Venezuela”, 488.
161.
Accion Democrática.
162.
Hellinger, “Venezuela”, 488.
163.
Movimiento de Organización Venezolana.
164.
Partido Democratico Nacional.
165.
Karl, The Political Economy of Petrodollars: Oil and Democracy in Venezuela, Volumes I and II, 86–87.
166.
Ibid., 47.
167.
Hellinger, Venezuela: Tarnished Democracy, 47.
168.
Daniel H. Levine and Brian F. Crisp, “Venezuela: The Character, Crisis, and Possible Future of Democracy”, in Larry Jay Diamond, Jonathan Hartlyn, Juan J. Linz, and Seymour Martin Lipset, eds., Democracy in Developing Countries: Latin America (Colorado: Lynne Reinner, 1999), 376.
169.
Hellinger, “Venezuela”, 489.
170.
Levine and Crisp, “Venezuela: The Character, Crisis, and Possible Future of Democracy”, 376.
171.
Hellinger, Venezuela: Tarnished Democracy, 59. See also Kornblith and Levine, “Venezuela: The Life and Times of the Party System”, 42. Also Levine and Crisp, “Venezuela: The Character, Crisis, and Possible Future of Democracy”, 376.
172.
Hellinger, Venezuela: Tarnished Democracy, 59.
173.
Union Patriotica Militar.
174.
Ibid., 60.
175.
Levine and Crisp, “Venezuela: The Character, Crisis, and Possible Future of Democracy”, 376.
176.
Hellinger, “Venezuela”, 499. For a more in depth understanding of the trienio policies see Diego Abente, “Politics and Policies: The Limits of the Venezuelan Consociational Regime” in Donald L. Herman, ed., Democracy in Latin American: Colombia and Venezuela (New York: Praeger, 1988), 135.
177.
Peeler, Building Democracy in Latin America, 58.
178.
Levine and Crisp, “Venezuela: The Character, Crisis, and Possible Future of Democracy”, 377.
179.
Hellinger, Venezuela: Tarnished Democracy, 85.
180.
Ewell, Venezuela: A Century of Change, 107.
181.
Hellinger, “Venezuela”, 489. Iron and Steel industries are deemed “basic” for they retain forward and backward linkages that lead to the development of other domestic industries.
182.
Levine and Crisp, “Venezuela: The Character, Crisis, and Possible Future of Democracy”, 378.
183.
Hellinger, “Venezuela”, 489.
184.
Junta Patriótica. See Peeler, Building Democracy in Latin America, 58.
185.
Hellinger, Venezuela: Tarnished Democracy, 92.
186.
Levine and Crisp, “Venezuela: The Character, Crisis, and Possible Future of Democracy”, 378.
187.
John D. Martz, “The Malaise of the Venezuelan Political System: Is Democracy Endangered?”, in Donald L. Herman, ed., Democracy in Latin America: Colombia and Venezuela (New York: Praeger, 1988), 158.
188.
Hellinger, “Venezuela”, 490. See also Peeler, Building Democracy in Latin America, 58. And Martz, “The Malaise of the Venezuelan Political System: Is Democracy Endangered?”, 158. Also see Levine and Crisp, “Venezuela: The Character, Crisis, and Possible Future of Democracy”, 379–380.
189.
Abente, “Politics and Policies: The Limits of the Venezuelan Consociational Regime”, 137–138. Also see Michael Coppedge, “Venezuela: The Rise and Fall of Partyarchy,” in Jorge I. Dominguez and Abraham F. Lowenthal, eds., Constructing Democratic Governance—South America in the 1990s (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 4.
190.
Ibid.
191.
Abente, “Politics and Policies: The Limits of the Venezuelan Consociational Regime”, 138.
192.
Levine and Crisp, “Venezuela: The Character, Crisis, and Possible Future of Democracy”, 382.
193.
Peeler, Building Democracy in Latin America, 59.
194.
Martz, “The Malaise of the Venezuelan Political System: Is Democracy Endangered?”, 159–160. See also Levine and Crisp, “Venezuela: The Character, Crisis, and Possible Future of Democracy”, 382–383.
195.
Martz. “The Malaise of the Venezuelan Political System: Is Democracy Endangered?”, 163.
196.
Hellinger, Venezuela: Tarnished Democracy, 126.
197.
Robert J. Alexander, “Venedemocracia and the Vagaries of the Energy Crisis” in Donald L. Herman, ed., Democracy in Latin America: Colombian and Venezuela (New York: Praeger, 1988), 184.
198.
Ewell, Venezuela: A Century of Change, 197.
199.
Levine and Crisp, “Venezuela: The Character, Crisis, and Possible Future of Democracy”, 387.
200.
Alexander, “Venedemocracia and the Vagaries of the Energy Crisis”, 184.
201.
Ramón Espinasa, “El Destino de la Renta Petrolera, 1974-1986”, Revista SIC 50 (1987): 53–54. Latin America Weekly Report (London: March 22, 1990). See also Hellinger, Venezuela: Tarnished Democracy, 126.
202.
Hellinger, “Venezuela”, 492.
203.
Alexander, “Venedemocracia and the Vagaries of the Energy Crisis”, 185.
204.
Levine and Crisp, “Venezuela: The Character, Crisis, and Possible Future of Democracy”, 388.
205.
Ibid., 389.
206.
Hellinger, Venezuela: Tarnished Democracy, 160.
207.
Levine and Crisp, “Venezuela: The Character, Crisis, and Possible Future of Democracy”, 389.
208.
Hellinger, “Venezuela”, 493.
209.
Moises Naim, “Washington Consensus or Washington Confusion?” Foreign Policy Issue 118 (2000), 92.
210.
Hellenger, “Venezuela”, 493.
211.
Ibid.
212.
Ibid. See also Levine and Crisp, “Venezuela: The Character, Crisis, and Possible Future of Democracy”, 391.
213.
Peeler, Building Democracy in Latin America, 207.
214.
Margarita Lopez Maya, “Venezuela: Hugo Chavez and the Populist Left”, in Steven Levitsky and Kenneth M. Roberts, eds., The Resurgence of the Latin American Left (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013), 219.
215.
Movimiento Quinta República.
216.
Maya, “Venezuela: Hugo Chavez and the Populist Left”, 219.
217.
David J. Myers, “Venezuela: Delegative Democracy or Electoral Autocracy?” in Jorge I. Dominguez and Michael Shifter, eds., Constructing Democratic Governance in Latin America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013), 312–314.
218.
Ibid., 315.
219.
Ibid., 220.
220.
Lopez Maya, “Venezuela: Hugo Chavez and the Populist Left”, 220.
221.
Julia Buxton, “Venezuela’s Contemporary Political Crisis in Historical Context” Bulletin of Latin American Research 24.3 (2005), 328–347. See also Roberta Rice “Venezuela: Pacts, Populism, and Poverty” in Katherine Isbester, ed., The Paradox of Democracy in Latin America: Ten Country Studies of Division and Resilience (Toronto: University of Toronto, 2011), 238
222.
Rice, “Venezuela: Pacts, Populism, and Poverty”, 239.
223.
Petróleos de Venezuela.
224.
Hellinger, “Venezuela”, 505.
225.
Coordinadora Democrática.
226.
Ibid., 499–500.
227.
According to Chavez and his supporters his first presidential term should not count as part of the two-consecutive six-terms authorized by the 1999 constitution, because during the first two of years of his first presidency he was serving under the rules of the old constitution.
228.
Lopez Maya, “Venezuela: Hugo Chavez and the Populist Left”, 225.
229.
Ibid.
230.
Ibid., 228–237.
231.
Hellinger, “Venezuela”, 504.
232.
Lopez Maya, “Venezuela: Hugo Chavez and the Populist Left”, 230. See also Valia Pereira Almao and Carmen Perez Baralt, “Venezuela: The Impact of Recent Electoral Processes” in Daniel H. Levine and Jose E. Molina, eds., The Quality of Democracy in Latin America (Colorado: Lynne Reinner, 2011), 222. Also see David Smilde, “Participation, Politics, and Culture—Emerging Fragments of Venezuela’s Bolivarian Democracy” in David Smilde and Daniel Hellinger, eds., Venezuela’s Bolivarian Democracy: Participation, Politics, and Culture under Chavez (North Carolina: Duke University Press, 2011), 11.
233.
Lopez Maya, “Venezuela: Hugo Chavez and the Populist Left”, 236.
234.
Smilde, “Participation, Politics, and Culture—Emerging Fragments of Venezuela’s Bolivarian Democracy”, 11. See also Lopez Maya, “Venezuela: Hugo Chavez and the Populist Left”, 236.
235.
Kurt Weyland, “The Left: Destroyer or Savior of the Market Model?” in Steven Levitsky and Kenneth M. Roberts, The Resurgence of the Latin American Left, 77.
236.
Lopez Maya, “Venezuela: Hugo Chavez and the Populist Left”, 236.
237.
Ibid.
238.
See “Venezuela Overview” http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/venezuela/overview.
239.
Lucas Koerner, “Venezuela Revamps Currency Exchange Rate System,”. https://venezuelanalysis.com/news/11883.
240.
Karl, The Political Economy of Petrodollars: Oil and Democracy in Venezuela, Volumes I and II, 76.
241.
CV refers to Colombia and Venezuela.
242.
Pearce, Colombia inside the Labyrinth, 61.
243.
Dugas, “Colombia”, 443.
244.
Pearce, Colombia inside the Labyrinth, 72.
245.
Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market. Political and economic reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 90–91.
246.
Frances Hagopian, Traditional Politics and Regime Change in Brazil (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 22.

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Hybel, A.R. (2020). The Challenges of State Creation and Democratization in Colombia and Venezuela. In: The Challenges of Creating Democracies in the Americas. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21233-9_5

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21233-9_5
Published: 23 July 2019
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
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Online ISBN: 978-3-030-21233-9
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