Educating and Training a High-Tech Workforce

Wessner, Charles W.; Howell, Thomas R.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-21194-3_8

Charles W. Wessner⁵ &
Thomas R. Howell⁶

Part of the book series: International Studies in Entrepreneurship ((ISEN,volume 42))

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Abstract

The Capital Region was able to attract major inward investments by high-technology companies largely because its educational institutions ensured the availability of skilled and educated manpower. However, the growth of the region’s technology-intensive industries has exceeded forecasts, and tech firms are warning of a “skills gap” (e.g., a major shortfall in available workers with the requisite knowledge and skill sets). Across the region, educational institutions are scrambling to respond with new investments, programs, and initiatives. This effort is Tech Valley’s single most important, and complex, challenge.

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Notes

1.
Semiconductor Industry Association, Maintaining America’s Competitive Edge: Government Policies Affecting Semiconductor Industry R&D and Manufacturing Activity (March 2009).
2.
Brian McMahon, Executive Director of the New York State Economic Development Council, recalls that when Capital Region economic developers went to Semicon West and similar gatherings of semiconductor industry leaders, SUNY Albany “sent representatives who could explain what, technologically, was going on” at the NanoCollege: interview, Albany, New York (October 28, 2015). See also “Area Colleges Getting into the Tech Valley Game,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (February 22, 2004). AMD/GlobalFoundries decision to establish the nation’s first semiconductor foundry near Albany was based, in substantial part, on its reasoning that “[T]he nearby community colleges could help provide workers with some of the skills it needed, and nearby universities such as Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and the University at Albany could help supply some of the higher-level talent.” See “Can American Manufacturing Really Be the Cornerstone of Economic Revival?” Christian Science Monitor (February 8, 2012). The CEO of a major Capital Region engineering company commented in 2016 that a large percentage of his company’s employees come out of New York universities—“higher education here is incredible, [the schools are] still putting out a product, doing what they are supposed to do.” Interview in Albany, New York (September 16, 2016).
3.
Joseph L. Bruno, Keep Swinging: A Memoir of Politics and Justice (Brentwood, TN: Post Hill Press, 2016), pp. 137–138. Bruno reflected that “I didn’t know how this would play out, yet of one thing I was certain. Unlike my father, these young men and women would retire with more than a 10 dollar-a-week pension.” Ibid.
4.
“Getting to Work Closing the ‘Skills Gap,’” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (September 24, 2016).
5.
The region has been grappling with the skills issue for over two decades. In the 1990s manufacturers in the Hudson Valley region complained about the lack of relevant skills of locally-recruited workers. In 1997, MiCRUS, a joint venture of IBM and Cirrus Logic that operated an 8-in. semiconductor wafer fabrication plant in East Fishkill, New York, observed that in its workforce of 900, “most of the newly hired workers have no experience with semiconductor production.” A production manager at Blasch Precision Ceramics in Menands observed that while “area colleges have supplied engineers and other white collar workers . . . some manufacturing workers came to the company needing better math skills, greater aptitude reading blueprints, and more savvy with computer applications such as spreadsheets.” “State Targets Jobs of Future,” Albany, The Times Union (January 5, 1997).
6.
“Finding Hiring-Tech Workers Difficult,” Albany, The Times Union (January 18, 2017).
7.
“High Tech Hiring Becomes High Stress in the Capital Region,” Albany, The Times Union (January 17, 2017).
8.
McKinsey & Company, Capital 20.20: Advancing the Region through Focused Investment (McKinsey & Company, 2015); “Jobs Skills Gap Drives Search for Solutions,” Albany, Times Union PLUS (August 6, 2016).
9.
Interview, Troy, New York (June 7, 2016).
10.
The US computer industry cut nearly 60,000 jobs in 2014. In 2015 the Chairman of MIT’s physics department “lamented that an entire generation had been told that this was a great national emergency, that we needed scientists,” at the time. “Now they are on the street and they feel cheated.” “Is there a US Engineering Shortage? It Depends Who You Ask,” Power Electronics (August 19, 2015).
11.
National Research Council, Charles W. Wessner (rapporteur), New York’s Nanotechnology Model: Building the Innovation Economy (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2013), p. 63.
12.
Given the long timeframe associated with education and apprenticeship, even very successful programs cannot have an impact in the market in the short run. For example, the highly acclaimed and widely studied Pathways in Technology Early College High School (P-TECH) program combining academic and workplace learning took in its first students in 2012 but will not produce its first graduates until 2018.
13.
Laura I. Schultz of SUNY Polytechnic and a number of her academic colleagues observed in 2015 that “evidence on skills gaps and likely needs with respect to the regional economy is limited. [Existing projections and assessments] lack the detail necessary to guide the development and/or expansion of degree or training programs geared to nano-related industry.” Laura I. Schultz, et. al., “Workforce Development in a Targeted, Multisector Economic Strategy: The Case of New York University’s College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering,” in Carl Van Horn, Tammy Edwards, and Todd Green (eds.) Transforming US Workforce Development Policies for the 21st Century (Kalamazoo: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 2015), pp. 343–344. Estimating the “demand and employment in STEM fields is difficult because there is no single accepted definition for a STEM job. Estimates of the number of STEM jobs range from 5 million to 19 million, according to the National Science Foundation, depending as what is included. Many are technical jobs that don’t require even a bachelor’s degree.” “Is There a US Engineering Shortage? It Depends on Who You Ask,” Power Electronics (August 19, 2015).
14.
Allison Armour-Garb, Bridging the STEM skills Gap: Employer/Educator Collaboration in New York (Public Policy Initiative of New York State, Inc., January 2017), p. 5. Hudson Valley Community College spent several years developing a degree program in semiconductor manufacturing in anticipation of the particular requirements of Advanced Micro Devices, but when AMD transferred its manufacturing operations to the corporate entity which eventually became GlobalFoundries, the new management wanted different skillsets and HVCC had to redesign its curriculum. Interview with HVCC president, Drew Matonak , Troy, New York (June 8, 2016).
15.
Allison Armour-Garb, Bridging the STEM skills Gap: Employer/Educator Collaboration in New York (Public Policy Initiative of New York State, Inc., January 2017), p. 19
16.
John W. Kalas, “SUNY Strides into the National Research Stage,” in John B. Clark, W. Bruce Leslie, and Kenneth P. O’Brien (eds.), SUNY at Sixty: The Promise of the State University of New York (Albany: SUNY Press, 2010), p. 161.
17.
The entire program approval process is detailed in State University of New York, Guide to Academic Program Planning (October 2013).
18.
Interview, Troy, New York (June 7, 2016).
19.
Nathan Rosenburg, “America’s Entrepreneurial Universities,” in David M. Hastfed, The Emergence of Entrepreneurship Policy: Governance, Start-ups and Growth in the US Knowledge Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
20.
Stanford’s Provost, Frederick Terman, recruited the most talented engineers from Silicon Valley companies and made them “adjust professors” at Stanford to teach students and faculty about consent trends in the semiconductor industry. Nathan Rosenburg, “America’s Entrepreneurial Universities,” in David M. Hastfed, The Emergence of Entrepreneurship Policy: Governance, Start-ups and Growth in the US Knowledge Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
21.
Nathan Rosenburg and Richard R. Nelson, “American Universities and Technical Advance in Industry,” Research Policy (1994).
22.
Thus in 2016 Emily Reilly, Director of Human Resources at GlobalFoundries, praised one of Hudson Valley Community College’s semiconductor-related associates degree programs but pointed out that the program graduates 25 individuals, whereas in the single year of 2015 her company hired 300 technicians. Moreover, her company had to compete with its own vendor companies to hire some of the 25 HVCC graduates. “The technician pipeline is a constant challenge,” she indicates. Interview, Malta, New York (January 27, 2016).
23.
Interview, Troy, New York (June 8, 2016). On the problem of scaling up institutions without loss of excellence, see Robert I. Sutton, “Scaling: The Problem of More,” Harvard Business Review (October 3, 2013).
24.
Allison Armour-Garb, Bridging the STEM skills Gap: Employer/Educator Collaboration in New York (Public Policy Initiative of New York State, Inc., January 2017), p. 5.
25.
“A Conversation with Nancy Zimpher,” Syracuse, The Post-Standard (August 7, 2011).
26.
Ray Rudolph, CEO of the engineering group CHA Companies, speaks of a regional “brain drain,” observing that millennials want “urban living” and are drawn to large metropolitan center outside the region. Interview, Albany, New York (September 16, 2015).
27.
Interview with Jonathan Dordick, vice president for research, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York (September 17, 2015).
28.
“No Coders, No Tech Valley: Decoding Albany’s High-Tech Future,” Albany Business Review (June 3, 2016).
29.
Interview with Professor Laura Schultz of the College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Albany, New York (November 30, 2016).
30.
In the twentieth century, many factories in what is now sometimes called the rust belt utilized assembly line techniques which were a legacy of the theories of Frederick Winslow Taylor and the production methods utilized by Henry Ford. These systems minimized the importance of worker judgment and skill. See generally David Montgomery, The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism 1865–1925 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 229 and 251.
31.
“Ex-plant Workers Find New Jobs in Help-Hungry High Tech Sector,” Albany Business Review (June 2, 2008). Emily Reilly, GlobalFoundries’ director of human resources, says that “the military is a huge source of hires for us.” Interview, Malta, New York (January 27, 2016). Travis Bullard, a spokesman for GlobalFoundries, said in 2015 that veterans had skills and training in areas such as preventive maintenance, troubleshooting, and equipment maintenance and that the “professionalism of the military is very cohesive with the manufacturing environment . . . . [A]nybody who’s getting out of the military soon, we’d love to hear from them.” See “HR Director Provides Look at GloFo Hiring Process,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (February 26, 2015).
32.
“Talking About Fab 8’s Work Force.” Albany, The Times Union (September 9, 2012).
33.
In 2009 Michael Fancher, CNSE’s vice president for business development and economic outreach said that 2500 people were working in the Nanocomplex, and it was not “just high-tech specialists who were benefitting…. There’s a role for tradesmen as well. The labs and clean rooms need to be fitted with specialized fixtures and pipes and trained individuals are needed to do that work. [This creates] an opportunity for professionals like plumbers and electricians to develop new skills for the new market.” See “Nano Center on Job Magnet in Albany,” Utica Observer-Dispatch (July 19, 2009).
34.
Clean room jobs entail 12-h shifts wearing a “bunny suit” and facilities workers often handle hazardous chemicals. Mistakes in operating the manufacturing equipment or contamination of waters can cost a company “millions of dollars in a matter of seconds.” See “Fab Job in a Bunny Suit: Educators See New World of Opportunity at Fab 8 Factory,” Albany, The Times Union (June 26, 2011).
35.
“Who’s Hiring? Many Hope It’s GlobalFoundries,” Glens Falls, The Post Star (January 15, 2012).
36.
Penny Hill, “Preparing Middle-Class Workers for Middle-Skill Jobs,” Marketplace (April 25, 2014).
37.
Interview with Emily Reilly, GlobalFoundries’ head of human resources, Malta, New York (January 27, 2016).
38.
Interview with Carolyn Curtis, academic vice president, Hudson Valley Community College, Troy, New York (June 7, 2016).
39.
Joseph L. Bruno, Keep Swinging: A Memoir of Politics and Justice (Brentwood, TN: Post Hill Press, 2016), p. 137.
40.
Between 2009 and early 2012, GlobalFoundries Fab 8 had obtained 214 H-1B visas for foreign employees, but the visas only allowed the workers to remain in the United States temporarily. Each visa costs a company an estimated $3600, with decisions taking months. “Visa Spike a Chip Hike,” Albany, The Times Union (April 10, 2012).
41.
“Who’s Hiring? Many Hope It’s GlobalFoundries,” Glens Falls, The Post-Star (January 15, 2012).
42.
Semiconductor Industry Association , Maintaining America’s Competitive Edge (2009).
43.
In 2008 Bob Blackman, a vice president at Realty USA, said that his job was to help professionals relocating to Albany from Austin or other parts of the world to find jobs at International Sematech. He said, “I work with companies to help their employees to bring their families in. When people come from an area that’s very different from our area, like Austin, it’s not just selling them a house. They want to know about school systems and all of that.” See “Sematech Deal Brings Business, High-Tech Jobs,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (February 14, 2008). The Center for Economic Growth operates a division called Talent Connect (formerly Tech Valley Connect) that facilitates integration of immigrants into the regions by assisting with housing and providing information about schools and healthcare, geographical orientation, and a newsletter explaining local customs.
44.
“Helping Newcomers Assimilate,” Albany, The Times Union (March 30, 2016).
45.
“If GlobalFoundries hires someone from Arizona or Texas, which have established semiconductor industries, it’s on the hook for moving expenses. And some of those hires don’t stay, for any number of reasons, including the frosty upstate weather.” See “Preparing Middle-Class Workers for Middle-Skill Jobs,” Market place (April 25, 2014).
46.
In 2011 a group of four professional site-selectors, who specialized in finding new locations for business clients, toured the Capital Region. One of them, Lee Higgins from Austin, Texas, said that he was “amazed at the number and concentration of higher learning institutions producing the talent needed to work at places such as GlobalFoundries’ new $4.6 billion semiconductor plant in Malta . . . . That is a huge plus and one of the main reasons I believe there’s going to be the ability to generate skilled labor.” See “After Touring Capital Region, Analysts Say Tech Valley Shows Potential for Growth,” Saratoga Springs, The Saratogian (August 5, 2011).
47.
Frederick Rudolph, Curriculum: A History of the American Undergraduate Course of Study Since 1636 (San Francisco: Josey-Bass, 1977), p. 63.
48.
During the Revolutionary War, the Continental army was dependent on foreign émigrés for engineering skills, and the establishment of the US Military Academy was in substantial part intended to address this need. Colonel Sylvanius Thayer, superintendent of West Point from 1817 to 1833, made civil engineering the foundation of the Academy’s curriculum. During the nineteenth century, West Point graduates were primarily responsible for building the nations’ first railroad lines and modern bridges, roads, and harbors. United States Military Academy at West Point, “A Brief History of West Point,” <http://www.usma.edu/wphistory/sitepages/home.aspx>.
49.
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Catalog (1828). Stephen van Rensselaer, the principal founding patron of RPI, expressed his vision for the institution, shared by co-founder Amos Eaton, in a letter that became part of RPI’s charter. The school was founded “for the purpose of instructing persons, who may choose to apply themselves, in the application of science to the common purposes for life . . . . I am inclined to believe that competent instructors may be produced in the school at Troy, who will be highly useful to the community in the diffusion of a very useful kind of knowledge, with its application at the business of living.” Letter from Stephen van Rensselaer to the Reverend Samuel Blatchford, November 5, 1824, reproduced in part in Thomas Phelan, D. Michael Ross, and Carl A. Westerdahl, Rensselaer: Where Imagination Achieves the Impossible (Albany: Mount Ida Press, 1995), p. 30.
50.
Frederick Rudolph, Curriculum: A History of the American Undergraduate Course of Study Since 1636 (San Francisco: Josey Bass, 1977), p. 63, citing Daniel H. Calhoun, The American Civil Engineer: Origins and Conflict (Cambridge, MA: Technology Press, 1960).
51.
“Area Colleges Getting Into ‘Tech Valley Game,’” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (February 22, 2014).
52.
“Not Yet ‘Tech Valley’ but Getting Closer,” Albany, The Times Union (March 7, 1999); “Area Software Firms Seek New Talent,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (November 19, 1999).
53.
“Doesn’t Take Degree to See Colleges’ Business Assets,” Albany, The Times Union (February 22, 1998). A 2011 profile of a number of the region’s 4-year institutions observed that “each has turned out leaders of national prominence, men and women who are now at the top of their field in the areas of medicine, law, science, politics, literature and business. To many of them . . . the time they spent at these area institutions was just what they needed to succeed in life on the big stage.” See “From Graduates to Greatness,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (June 19, 2011).
54.
“Babu Leads Clarkson’s CAMP to Prominence,” Massena, Daily Courier-Observer (June 23, 2015).
55.
Interview with Emily Reilly , Malta, New York (January 27, 2016).
56.
Interview with Ray Rudolph, chairman, CHA Companies, Albany, New York (September 16, 2015).
57.
Stuart W. Leslie, “Regional Disadvantage: Replicating Silicon Valley in New York’s Capital Region,” Technology and Culture (2001), pp. 238–239.
58.
“Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Faculty Lauded,” RPI News (December 7, 2016). The Institute of Medicine is now known as the National Academy of Medicine.
59.
P. Thomas Carroll, a former RPI faculty member, pointed out in a 1999 address that “Troy manufacturers were among the first in the nation to realize that, once the canals and railroads provided cheap transportation costs to a geographically widespread market economy, and only after that happened, it would make good business sense for a small number of centralized operations in a single city to manufacture, at various times and in various plants, 75,000 stoves a year, a million horseshoes and a quarter-million Arrow shirts a week, and a million detachable collars and cuffs a day. Invented in the 1820s by Hannah Lord Montague, the detachable shirt collar proved to be one of the many adaptations to modernity, akin to our adoption of the microwave oven that Troy invented for those struggling to make every day urban life function smoothly.” P. Thomas Carroll, “Designing Modern America in the Silicon Valley of the Nineteenth Century,” RPI Magazine (Spring 1999). RPI graduates founded Troy-based Gurley Precision Instruments in 1845 to manufacture high-quality surveying instruments, and the company continues to produce precision instruments down to the present day. Sanford Cluett, an RPI graduate, joined Troy-based Cluett, Peabody & Co., the maker of Arrow shirts, where he developed sanforization, the process for pre-shrinking woven fabrics. Stuart W. Leslie, “Regional Disadvantage: Replicating Silicon Valley in New York’s Capital Region,” Technology and Culture (2001), pp. 239–240; “Business: Shirt Tale,” Time (February 21, 1938).
60.
In the postwar era, RPI “concentrated on its undergraduate student programs, becoming one of the best training grounds in engineering. And in the past 50 years, those within the university acknowledge, this emphasis pulled RPI away from the research realm. The school has subsequently watched the money, the staff and the reputation associated with research go elsewhere.” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (April 2, 2000).
61.
Stuart W. Leslie, “Regional Disadvantage: Replicating Silicon Valley in New York’s Capital Region,” Technology and Culture (2001), p. 240; “A Walk into 19th Century Troy, NY,” Upstate Earth (June 27, 2012).
62.
Elizabeth Popp Berman, Creating the Market University: How Academic Science Became an Economic Engine (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2012), p. 130.
63.
“Study Finds RPI an Inspiring Role Model,” Albany, The Times Union (August 5, 1986).
64.
“RPI Will Devote More Attention to Research—Locally, University at Albany Has Stolen Much of the Spotlight,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (April 2, 2000).
65.
“A Visionary for RPI President: Shirley Ann Jackson is Charging Hard—And Fielding Flak—As She Pursues an Ambitious Agenda for the School,” Albany, The Times Union (July 14, 2002).
66.
“Research Initiatives Take Center Stage in RPI Plans” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (February 25, 2001).
67.
“RPI prepares to celebrate Dr. Jackson’s 15th Anniversary as President,” Troy, The Record (July 25, 2014). Under Jackson’s tenure, applications for admissions to RPI more than tripled between 1999 and 2014, with SAT scores for entering freshmen up 104 points during the same period. Under Jackson, RPI hired 440 new faculty including 302 new tenure track and tenured individuals. Sponsored research grew from $37 million in 1999 to $100 million in 2014. Under Jackson new undergraduate and graduate programs were launched in Science, Engineering, Architecture, Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences, as well as in the Lally School of Management, and launched new interdisciplinary degree program, Information Technology and Web Science. Ibid.
68.
National Research Council, Charles W. Wessner (rapporteur), New York’s Nanotechnology Model: Building the Innovation Economy (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2013), p. 68.
69.
“RPI’s Low Left Quite a Legacy,” Albany, The Time Union (October 6, 2016).
70.
Interdisciplinary research precludes narrowly focused research themes and typically results in multi-authorized publications of research papers. Questions thus arose over individuals’ contributions. Initially young faculty in those programs suffered in peer reviews which provided the basis for promotion and tenure. The solutions evolved included encouragement of faculty to also focus on themes within their discipline; less weight being accorded individuals’ authorship; and changing other criteria for assessment. C. W. Le Maistre, “Academia Linking with Industry—The RPI Model” IEEE Xplore (October 1989), p. 208.
71.
“Senior GE Executive Named 16^th President of RPI,” Albany, The Times Union (January 24, 1988).
72.
Elizabeth Popp Berman, Creating the Market University: How Academic Science Became an Economic Engine (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2012), p. 131.
73.
Leonel Corona, Jérôme Doutriaux, and Sarfraz A. Mian, Building Knowledge Regions in North America: Emerging Technology Innovation Poles (Cheltenham, UK, and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2006), p. 49.
74.
“RPI shows off Research Center,” Albany, The Times Union (November 19, 1986).
75.
“Mission: Make Something,” Albany, The Times Union (May 3, 2012); “Pushing the Boundaries,” Albany, The Times Union (April 24, 2011).
76.
“Decade of Growth in RPI Biotech Unit,” Albany, The Times Union (September 9, 2014).
77.
“RPI Center Celebrates First Decade,” Troy, The Record (September 11, 2014).
78.
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, “Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies,” <http://biotech.rpi.edu>.
79.
See summary of remarks of Shirley Anne Jackson in National Research Council, Charles W. Wessner (rapporteur), New York’s Nanotechnology Model: Building the Innovation Economy (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2013), p. 69.
80.
“Smart Lights Are a Bright Idea,” Albany, The Times Union (April 10, 2012); “Internet of Things Result,” Albany, The Times Union (May 17, 2015).
81.
“Thinking East, Looking West,” Albany, The Times Union (March 1, 2009).
82.
“Incubators Get Start-ups Off and Running,” Schenectady. The Daily Gazette (February 23, 2003).
83.
“Ideas in Action,” RPI Alumni Magazine (Fall 2006).
84.
Nancy L. Zimpher, “Foreword,” in Jason E. Lane and D. Bruce Johnstone (Eds.), Universities and Colleges as Economic Drivers: Measuring Higher Education’s Role in Economic Development (Albany: SUNY Press, 2012), p. xii.
“Change in Direction for RPI’s Incubator,” Albany, The Times Union (February 10, 2010). RPI’s move was reportedly based on a decision to revamp its business incubator program to focus exclusively on energy and environmental start-ups. A university official commented that “the question is how coordinated are all of these operations at Rensselaer that have to do with business start-ups. Our feeling was that we could do better.” Ibid.
85.
“Legacy of RPI’s Incubator Program Continues With EVE,” Troy, The Record (February 8, 2011).
86.
“RPI Launcher Incubator Program,” Troy, The Record (February 7, 2011).
87.
“RPI to Revive Business Incubator in Downtown Troy,” Troy, The Record (December 2, 2013).
88.
“RPI Leader to Fill 2 Jobs,” Albany, The Times Union (July 13, 2012). Esther Vargas, a certified business incubation manager, took over the directorship of EVE in 2014. She concluded that some incubator applicants were underqualified and needed additional support to enter the program. She initiated a summer accelerator, the Rensselaer Emerging Ventures Ecosystem Accelerator Lab, for entrepreneurs ready to move “beyond the idea stage.” She secured some funding from a 3-year $350,000 grant from Empire State Development to RPI which she expected to use for support for program participants’ prototyping and to renovate space at the RPI campus to enable collaboration—that is, to restore some aspects of the original incubator by establishing a physical site. “Rensselaer Prepares for First Summer Accelerator for Entrepreneurs,” Albany Business Review (June 3, 2015).
89.
“Times Changes: Technology Park RPI Project Grows Slowly,” Albany, The Times Union (October 28, 1990).
90.
“Tech Park Aims to Build on Success,” Albany, The Times Union (June 3, 2007).
91.
“Tech Park Developers Retain Optimistic Outlook,” Albany Business Review (January 7, 2008); “New Product Lines Help GE Workforce Grow,” Troy, The Record (September 8, 2013).
92.
“RPI’s Low Left Quite a Legacy,” Albany, The Times Union (October 6, 2016).
93.
“Area Community Colleges Gain High–Tech Focus,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (September 22, 2009).
94.
Nancy L. Zimpher, “Forward,” in Jason E. Lane and D. Bruce Johnstone (Eds.), Universities and Colleges as Economic Drivers: Measuring Higher Education’s Role in Economic Development (Albany: SUNY Press, 2012), p. xii.
95.
Thomas Gais and David Wright, “The Diversity of University Economic Development Activities and Issues of Impact Measurement,” in Jason E. Lane and D. Bruce Johnstone (Eds.), Universities and Colleges as Economic Drivers: Measuring Higher Education’s Role in Economic Development (Albany: SUNY Press, 2012), p. 36.
96.
Rockefeller Institute of Government of the University at Albany, and the University at Buffalo Regional Institute, How SUNY Matters: Economic Impacts of the State University of New York (State University of New York, June 2011).
97.
See summary of remarks of Nancy Zimpher in National Research Council, Charles W. Wessner (rapporteur), New York’s Nanotechnology Model: Building the Innovation Economy (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2013), pp. 104–105.
98.
“SUNY Chancellor Outlines Goals,” Glens Falls, The Post-Star (September 30, 2010).
99.
“SUNY Chancellor Speaks at FMCC,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (January 8, 2011).
100.
“SUNY Adirondack Getting a Lesson in Growth,” Glens Falls, The Post-Star (February 18, 2012).
101.
“Applied learning is the application of previously learned theory whereby students develop skills and knowledge from direct experiences outside a traditional classroom setting.” Alan Wagner, Ruirui Sun, Katie Zuber, and Patricia Strach, Applied Work-Based Learning at the State University of New York: Situating SUNY Works and Studying Effects. (Albany: The Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government, May 2015), p. 1.
102.
Alan Wagner, Ruirui Sun, Katie Zuber, and Patricia Strach, Applied Work-Based Learning at the State University of New York: Situating SUNY Works and Studying Effects. (Albany: The Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government, May 2015).
103.
“Dr. Kristina Johnson Begins Tenure as SUNY Chancellor,” Albany, The Times Union (September 6, 2017).
104.
“Beyond Nano, UAlbany has grown,” Albany Business Review (August 2, 2013).
105.
“Q&A with Former UAlbany President in Nanocollege Split,” Albany Business Review (July 24, 2013). One SUNY Albany donor and member of the board of University at Albany Foundation complained in 2013 that “UAlbany [SUNY Albany] sacrificed much for the success of CNSE. A lion’s share of tuition dollars and the limited taxpayer and SUNY dollars available to UAlbany has been diverted from mainstream university programs and poured into CNSE. Of the tuition and state dollars made available to UAlbany each year, $20 million is lopped off and directed to CNSE. As a result [UAlbany] rankings suffered, particularly from the axing of programs and a debilitating student to facility ratio.” See “SUNY’s Risky Play for Power,” Albany, The Times Union (April 3, 2013).
106.
“Will Kaloyeros Break away from UAlbany?” Albany Business Review (March 22, 2013).
107.
“And He can make a Loss Seem like a Win,” Albany, The Times Union (October 27, 2013).
108.
“Loss of Students Cited as a Threat,” Albany, The Times Union (April 2, 2013).
109.
“Beyond Nano, UAlbany Has Grown,” Albany Business Review (August 2, 2013).
110.
“How to Make Breaking UP Easier to Do” Albany, The Times Union (July 18, 2013).
111.
“Loss of Students Cited as a Threat,” Albany, The Times Union (April 2, 2015).
112.
“20,000 Students by ‘20 the New Goal,” Albany, The Times Union (October 28, 2015).
113.
“Albany Looks to Engineering, Cybersecurity to Grow Enrollment,” Glens Falls, The Post-Star (November 27, 2015).
114.
“Albany Looks to Engineering, Cybersecurity to Grow Enrollment,” Glens Falls, The Post-Star (November 27, 2015); “Nation’s First Security College Creates Student Opportunities,” Long Island Examiner (January 27, 2015).
115.
“Building Toward UAlbany’s Future,” Albany, The Times Union (March 29, 2016).
116.
“Engineering College Set,” Albany, The Times Union (February 24, 2016).
117.
“Building Powered UAlbany’s Future,” Albany, The Times Union (March 29, 2016).
118.
“UAlbany Pursues ‘Game Changer,’ Officials Seek $20M to Turn Old School Into College of Engineering,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (February 24, 2016).
119.
“Engineering College Set,” Albany, The Times Union (February 24, 2016). One student who enrolled in the new college said that she chose it over other engineering colleges because “all the other offers were unaffordable.” Ibid.
120.
Interview with James Dias, vice president for research, SUNY Albany (September 16, 2015); Office of the Governor, “Governor Cuomo Announces New SUNY Emerging Technology and Entrepreneurship Complex at Harriman Campus,” Press Release (February 5, 2016).
121.
“Smooth Transition for Students,” Albany, The Times Union (February 25, 2017).
122.
Laura I. Schultz, et al., “Workforce Development in a Targeted, Multisector Economic Strategy: The Case of New York University’s College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering,” in Carl Van Horn, Tammy Edwards, and Todd Green (eds.) Transforming US Workforce Development Policies for the 21st Century (Kalamazoo: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 2015), p. 345.
123.
Interview with CNSE professor Laura Schultz, Albany, New York (November 30, 2016).
124.
One student enrolling in CNSE wrote in 2015 that “I was attracted to this school mainly because of the super-small class sizes (no lecture halls and actual professor–student interaction), industry networks (companies are actually on-site!) and the truly unparalleled technical resources available . . . . They also did a great job during the Open Houses. I distinctly remember one of the speakers saying this place is not for passive knowledge sponger but for people that grab their learning by the throat . . . . CNSE was a no-brainer for me.” See “Anyone Else Attending CNSE?,” blog post on College Confidential (August 15, 2015).
125.
“University at Albany Offers the World’s First Nanoscale Undergraduate Degree,” Glens Falls, The Star Post (February 24, 2010).
126.
Unni Pillai, SUNY College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (Monograph, March 2015); “Moving up, But Not Out,” Albany, The Times Union (May 15, 2011). Ben Backes, who graduated from CNSE in 2011 with a master’s degree in nanoscale engineering, immediately took a job as a characterization engineer at IBM’s semiconductor fab in East Fishkill, said that “I sent out two resumes and I got two phone calls back. I felt like a pretty attractive candidate.” Ibid.
127.
“Colleges Strive for Workplace Link,” Albany, The Times Union (January 27, 2013).
128.
“Union Alumna Follows Tradition as Schwarzenegger’s Chief of Staff,” Albany, The Times Union (December 3, 2003).
129.
“From Graduates to Greatness,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (June 19, 2011); “Union Graduate Students Hear of Taxes, Dreams,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (June 10, 2012).
130.
“Balanced College Concept,” in Wayne Somers (ed.), Encyclopedia of Union College History (Schenectady: Union College Press, 2003), pp. 83–88.
131.
Frederick Rudolph, Curriculum : A History of the American Undergraduate Course of Study Since 1636 (San Francisco: Josey Bass, 1977), p. 87.
132.
Rice points out that the majority of Union graduates interested in careers in medicine graduate with working knowledge of biomedical devices, applications, and prosthetics. As a result, companies can hire one Union graduate possessing multiple skills rather than two or three people. “Students have a much broader base of experience than most engineers have.” See “Union College Offers Interdisciplinary Mix of Studies,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (February 17, 2013).
133.
“Union College Grads Thrive in Careers at IBM,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (February 23, 2003).
134.
“IBM Invests in Future with Union Gift,” Albany, The Times Union (March 9, 2002).
135.
“Super Donation Goes to Union,” Albany, The Times Union (May 22, 2011).
136.
“Super Donation Goes to Union,” Albany, The Times Union (May 22, 2011); “Supercomputer Lends Status to Union’s Research Efforts,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (May 30, 2011).
137.
“IBM Exec Touts Region, Alma Mater,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (September 13, 2014).
138.
“Area Colleges Getting Into ‘Tech Valley Game,’” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (February 22, 2004).
139.
“Siena’s Stack Center Unveils Wall of Success,” Troy, The Record (April 27, 2015).
140.
“Schools Changing to Meet Chip Plant’s Needs,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (December 20, 2010).
141.
“Colleges Raise the Stakes,” Albany, The Times Union (November 27, 2016).
142.
US News and World Report’s 2017 rankings of National Liberal Arts Colleges ranked Skidmore 38th out of a total of 239 Institutions.
143.
“30 Great Small College Business Degree Programs 2016,” Online Accounting Degree Programs (July 2016).
144.
Skidmore College, “MB107,” <http://www.skidmore.edu/management_business/mb107/index.php>.
145.
“Skidmore, NYSERDA Launch Program for Execs,” Troy, The Record (November 19, 2013).
146.
“Education Engine Helps Power the Capital Region,” Albany, The Times Union (February 23, 2003).
147.
“School District Picks Leader—Ballston Spa Board Hires Albany Administrator Joseph Dragone,” Albany, The Times Union (May 10, 2008).
148.
“HVCC Opens Tech Training Center,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (February 7, 2010).
149.
“Economic Upturn a Test,” Albany, The Times Union (October 8, 2016).
150.
“New Degree of Popularity at Community Colleges,” Albany, The Times Union (January 10, 2010).
151.
Hudson Valley Community College, 2015-16 College Catalog, p. 4.
152.
“Community Colleges Grow With Distinction,” Albany, Knickerbocker News (May 11, 1987).
153.
“Efforts Under Way in Region to Prepare Employees for Leaner, High Tech Economy,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (March 13, 2004).
154.
Interview, Albany, New York (September 16, 2016).
155.
“HVCC to Lead Training,” Albany Business Review (September 14, 1998).
156.
“HVCC Planning Nanotech Program,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (January 18, 2003).
157.
“Job Seekers Hope to Clean Up at Nanotech Fair,” Albany, The Times Union (April 19, 2006)
158.
“HVCC Students Start Specializing in Semiconductor Manufacturing,” Albany Business Review (September 18, 2006).
159.
“HVCC Students Gain Skills for AMD Jobs,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (December 15, 2006).
160.
Christopher Perlee, a 29-year-old senior in the HVCC program, also worked at the GE facility. He observed that “the stuff we learn here, I deal with every day. I work with vacuum systems all the time.” Hamad Jahangar, a 23-year-old semiconductor student at HVCC, who also worked in GE’s lithography lab, commented that “everything we study here, we use there. It helps you a lot.” See “Learning Lessons in Growth—Building Capacity to Host More Technology—Related Industries Requires Educational Effort,” Albany, The Times Union (November 25, 2007).
161.
“Chip Plant Jobs Draw Wide Interest,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (August 16, 2009).
162.
“Getting TEC-SMART,” Glens Falls, The Post-Star (January 22, 2010).
163.
“Students, Young, Old Prepare for a New High-Tech Job Field,” Glens Falls, The Post-Star (October 28, 2010).
164.
National Research Council, Charles W. Wessner (rapporteur), New York’s Nanotechnology Model: Building the Innovation Economy (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2013), Proceedings of Day 1.
165.
Interview with Drew Matonak, president of Hudson Valley Community College (June 8, 2016); “HVCC offers New Engineering Degree in Mechatronics,” Troy, The Record (March 8, 2015).
166.
“Community Colleges Get $15M for High Tech Training,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (September 20, 2012).
167.
“HVCC and NYSERDA,” TEC-SMART (project proposal, 2007).
168.
“Bruno: $13M Training Center ‘Is the Future,’” Glens Falls, The Post-Star (September 13, 2007).
169.
“Getting TEC-SMART,” Glens Falls, The Post-Star (January 22, 2010).
170.
“Outlook 2012: Riding the Nano Wave,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (February 19, 2012).
171.
“The Key to High Tech Jobs,” Albany, The Times Union (September 11, 2012).
172.
“Nano Tech Valley: a Learning Environment,” Troy, The Record (June 23, 2013).
173.
Hudson Valley Community College, 2015-16 College Catalog, p. 104; Interview with Penny Hill, Hudson Valley Community College, Malta, New York (January 27, 2016).
174.
Hudson Valley Community College, 2015-16 College Catalog, p. 104.
175.
“Hiring for Cybersecurity?” Albany, The Times Union (September 22, 2015). The new building is expected to be ready for occupancy in the summer of 2018. “Haas Center Work Progresses at HVCC,” Albany, The Times Union (May 24, 2016).
176.
“Hudson Valley Community College will Double Spots Available in Advanced Manufacturing Program,” Albany Business Review (September 22, 2015).
177.
“$14M Training Center in Works,” Albany, The Times Union (March 18, 2016).
178.
A 1987 survey found that SCCC graduates earned better-than-average to exceptional starting salaries relative to graduates of 20 other East Coast 2-year colleges. “Grads Exceed Average Earnings,” Albany, Knickerbocker News (March 12, 1987).
179.
“Colleges Respond to the Job Market,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (February 27, 2000).
180.
“SCCC Dreams Big: $24M Science Facility,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (October 17, 2012).
181.
“SCCC Plans Tech Degree—Super Power Has Need in Nanoscale Field,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (April 25, 2006).
182.
“Partnership Wired for Future—Schools, Manufacturer Team Up as Worker Training Program,” Albany, The Times Union (August 15, 2006).
183.
“Area Community Colleges Gain High-Tech Focus,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (September 22, 2009).
184.
“Schools Changing to Meet the Chip Plant’s Needs,” Schenectady, The Daisy Gazette (December 20, 2010).
185.
“Community Colleges Get $15M for High Tech Training,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (September 20, 2012).
186.
“SCCC to Grow Nanotech Program,” Albany, The Times Union (April 20, 2010).
187.
“As Tech Sector Scrambles to Find Talent, Students with Skills Cash In,” Albany Business Review (September 14, 2012).
188.
“Early College Effort Gets $100K,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (April 30, 2012).
189.
SUNY Adirondack, “Academics,” <http://www.sunyacc.edu/academics>.
190.
“SUNY Adirondack Breaks Ground on New Facility at Wilton Campus,” Saratoga Springs, The Saratogian (October 14, 2011).
191.
“College Seeks to Reinvest Itself, Offer New Programs,” Glens Falls, The Post-Star (February 16, 2014).
192.
“$10M Headed to SUNY Adirondack for Workforce Center,” Albany, The Times Union (October 8, 2015).
193.
“SUNY Adirondack Breaks Ground on New Buildings,” Glens Falls, The Post-Star (October 27, 2016).
194.
Research Foundation of SUNY, SUNY’s Impact on New York’s Congressional District 21 (2006).
195.
“FMCC-HFM BOCES Collaboration Creates Career Pathway,” Targeted News Service (December 24, 2011).
196.
“FMCC Expects Tech Demand to Force Growth,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (November 16, 2013).
197.
See summary of the remarks of Darren Suarez of the Business Council of New York in National Research Council, Charles W. Wessner (rapporteur), New York’s Nanotechnology Model: Building the Innovation Economy (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2013), p. 64.
198.
“A Jobs Crisis? No It’s a skills Crisis,” New York Daily News (January 16, 2013).
199.
“Andy Plans Class Clone,” New York Daily News (February 27, 2013).
200.
“Cuomo Touts High Tech High Schools,” Albany, The Times Union (January 22, 2014).
201.
“Free 2-year Degree May Give an Edge,” Albany, The Times Union (May 22, 2014).
202.
“Early College Plan Taking off,” Albany, The Times Union (January 22, 2017).
203.
State University of New York, “SUNY Works Campus Partnerships,” <https://www.suny.edu/suny-works/partnerships>.
204.
“SUNY Chancellor Promises More Internships in 2014,” Associated Press Newswire (January 14, 2014).
205.
“Demand Growing at Albany Career Training Center,” Albany Business Review (July 21, 2015).
206.
“$5M Grant Benefits South End,” Albany, The Times Union (July 13, 2011).
207.
“Trinity at 100: Still Serving Neediest,” Albany, The Times Union (March 31, 2012).
208.
“Nano Going Downtown,” Albany, The Times Union (July 17, 2012).
209.
HVCC pledged to host basic 100 level courses at CSCC in every major field of study. CNSE staffed CSCC’s Advanced Training and Information Networking (ATTAIN) computer laboratory. Schenectady County Community College offered 1 year certificate programs at CSCC in a number of disciplines, including inventory control and warehouse management. The Sage Colleges provided mentors and tutors. “Trinity Alliance Partners with Area Colleges, Prepares to Open its Capital South Campus Center,” Troy, The Record (April 3, 2014).
210.
“Celebrating a Year of Success in the South End,” Albany, The Times Union (March 9, 2016).
211.
“Quality Counts 2017: State Report Cards Map,” Education Week <http://www.edweek.org>.
212.
“How Albany-Area Schools Compare to the State Average on Test Scores,” Albany Business Review (June 28, 2016).
213.
NEA Research, Rankings & Estimates: Rankings of the States 2015 and Estimates of School Statistics 2016, (National Education Association, May 2016) Table H-11.
214.
“Most Districts Cross $20,000 Spending Line,” Albany Business Review (June 24, 2016).
215.
“5 Albany—area High Schools Make Newsweek’s Top 500 in US List,” Albany Business Review (August 16, 2016). The Newsweek rankings are based on college acceptance and enrollment, SAT and ACT participation and performance, dual enrollment programs, guidance and counseling resources, and AP and IB participation and performance. “Ballston Spa Makes ‘Top High Schools,’” The Ballston Journal (August 22, 2016).
216.
Camoin Associates, “The Curious Case of GlobalFoundries and Its Workforce: Setting the Stage” (September 5, 2013). <https://www.camoinassociates.com/curious-case-globalfoundries-and-its-workforce-setting-stage>.
217.
“Nano Tech Valley: A Learning Environment,” Troy, The Record (June 23, 2013). The Camoin Associates study observed that the issue is not unique to HVCC or its semiconductor programs. “[M]any community college degree programs around the country . . . have intense math, science and technology courses with high entrance requirements. Relatively high turnover occurs as students explore and seek at other degrees or careers.” Camoin Associates, “The Curious Case of GlobalFoundries and its Workforce: Setting the Stage” (September 5, 2013). <https://www.camoinassociates.com/curious-case-globalfoundries-and-its-workforce-setting-stage>.
218.
“Replanting the STEM Common Core Should Help Students Master Necessary Skills,” Watertown Daily Times (October 30, 2013). In 2013 Clarkson University indicated that “a significant number of incoming freshmen from New York schools need remedial help to pass freshman calculus.” Ibid.
219.
Camoin Associates, “The Curious Case of GlobalFoundries and Its Workforce: Ballston Spa Central School District” (September 5, 2013). <https://www.camoinassociates.com/curious-case-globalfoundries-and-its-workforce-ballston-spa-central-school-district>.
220.
Camoin Associates, “The Curious Case of GlobalFoundries and Its Workforce: Setting the Stage” (September 5, 2013). <https://www.camoinassociates.com/curious-case-globalfoundries-and-its-workforce-setting-stage>.
221.
Interview with Joseph Dragone , Ballston Spa, New York (September 16, 2015).
222.
See generally Rockefeller Institute of Government. The Supervisory District of Albany, Schoharie, Schenectady and Saratoga Counties: A Study of Potential Educational Reorganization in the Capital Region (Prepared for New York State Department of Education, July 2007).
223.
“BOCES Has Plans for Tech Valley High,” Troy, The Record (June 7, 2005) ; “Child Protection, Hi-Tech School on Majority Leader’s Priority List,” Troy, The Record (June 10, 2005).
224.
“Pataki Signature Puts Tech High on Course,” Troy, The Record (November 11, 2005).
225.
“Tech Valley High Hires Four New Teachers,” Troy, The Record (April 4, 2007); “Tech Valley High Boots Up with Celebration,” Troy, The Record (September 13, 2007).
226.
“For 40 kids, As Adventure Begins Thursday—Tech Valley High Will Be a Very Different Setting that Lets Students Help Lead Education,” Albany, The Times Union (September 3, 2007).
227.
“Tech Valley High Names Business Co-Chairs,” Troy, The Record (August 29, 2007). Johnson said in 2008 the school’s curriculum was “entirely based on projects in which students apply elements of the New York State curriculum to real world problems and tasks.” “We are trying to help the high school with communication, technology and workflow. The kinds of things you world think are commonplace in industry, and are givens, but education really hasn’t been exposed to those things.” See “Business Alliances Boosts Tech Valley High,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (January 9, 2008).
228.
“Tech Valley High School’s New Beginning,” Albany, The Times Union (October 2, 2009).
229.
“Tech Valley High School Moving to College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering Campus,” Saratoga Springs, The Saratogian (February 13, 2013).
230.
“Tech Valley High School Partners with College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering,” Troy, The Record (February 14, 2013).
231.
“Tech Valley Students Earn College Credits at SUNY Poly,” Albany, The Times Union (April 6, 2016).
232.
Questar III BOCES included the costs associated with TVHS with those of its career and technical education programs and charged its constituent districts based on a 5-year average of how many services the districts used. This approach enabled districts to send students to TVHS by making it easier to plan for the associated expenses. “Tech Valley: Work in Progress,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (February 19, 2012).
233.
In New York, pursuant to legislation enacted in 1948, Boards of Cooperative Educational Services (BOCES) may be established under two or more school districts seeking to share educational services initiatives. It was originally aimed at rural and/or poor districts that might otherwise not be able to sustain certain educational initiatives through their own resources.
234.
This program was “aimed at providing students with workplace skills to address difficulties business leader have expressed about new workers. Many say they get entry-level worker who don’t seem to know how to work or behave in a workplace.” See “BOCES to Organize Workplace Training,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (March 28, 2013).
235.
The characterization was by Mark Tanner, an HFM BOCES curriculum specialist. The HFM BOCES engineering technology program was directed at the time by Edward Lataka, a veteran engineer with over 30 years of field experience. Curriculum was developed by a team of local high school math and science teachers and FMCC professors and reviewed by an advisory committee comprised of local Tech Valley industry and education leaders. The NSF grant was made pursuant to the Technological Education Industry, Partnership (TEPP) program. “FMCC-HFM BOCES Collaboration Creates Career Pathway,” Targeted News Service (December 24, 2011).
236.
“BOCES program Aims to Teach Engineering Early,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (January 6, 2012).
237.
Renda commented that “without the education, I had [at FMCC] I would have known nothing about what I was getting myself into. When you walk into a facility like that you can actually speak the language they are speaking.” “FMCC Expects, Tech Demand Force Growth,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (November 16, 2013).
238.
“BOCES , Businesses Team up to Advance Education,” Troy, The Record (April 23, 2012).
239.
“Enlarged School District of Troy to receive $2.8 million NYS P-TECH Grant,” Troy, The Record (September 6, 2013).
240.
“State Ed Chief Touts Local High-School Tech Program,” Saratoga Springs, The Saratogian (September 4, 2014).
241.
Coursework includes nanotechnology, nanoeconomics, photovoltaic systems 2D AutoCAD, wind opened, and environmental technologies. “College Credit Offered in Clean Tech for Ballston Spa and Saratoga Springs High School Students,” Saratoga Springs, The Saratogian (April 24, 2011).
242.
Students visit manufacturing sites, which Dragone characterizes as “incredibly important.” All students have mentors. Interview with Joseph Dragone, Ballston Spa, New York (September 16, 2015).
243.
“Ballston Spa School District Receives $167,394 Grant to Support New ‘Clean Technologies & Sustainable Industries’ Program,” Saratoga Springs, The Saratogian (May 13, 2011). In 2014 NYSCRDA contributed a $200,000 grant to the program. “School Clean Tech Program Gets $200k,” Saratoga Springs, The Saratogian (January 21, 2014).
244.
“Blowin’ in the wind: Jobs,” Albany, The Times Union (October 19, 2011).
245.
“Business Offers Scholarships for Early College Students,” Saratoga Springs, The Saratogian (April 22, 2015).
246.
“Clean Technologies and Sustainable Industries Early College High School (ECHS) Program Graduates 43,” The Saratogian (June 10, 2014).
247.
“School Recognized for Exemplar Learning,” Saratoga Springs, The Saratogian (December 2, 2015).
248.
“Albany High Students Get a Look at Nanotech Careers,” Albany, The Times Union (October 25, 2006).
249.
“Nano Science Brought to Life for High School Students,” Troy, The Record (June 14, 2008).
250.
“Nano Tech Moves to the Head of the Class,” Albany, The Times Union (December 11, 2008).
251.
“Students Finish NanoHigh Class,” Albany, The Times Union (May 25, 2013).
252.
Interview with Jeff Stark, Menands, New York (January 26, 2017).
253.
One contractor providing specialized piping to the GlobalFoundries fab in Malta/Stillwater notes that it is union-affiliated because of the high quality of the personnel. The “union hall picks the guys” the company needs. They are certified and well qualified. The union provides contractors with bios, relevant experience, qualifications, and certifications. The career pathways for these individuals involve apprenticeships featuring two nights of instruction per week for 5 years. Interview, Menands, New York (January 26, 2017).
254.
Interview with Jeff Stark, Menands, New York (January 26, 2017).
255.
Laura I. Schultz, et al., “Workforce Development in a Targeted, Multisector Economic Strategy,” in Carl Van Horn, Tammy Edwards and Todd Green, US Workforce Development Policies for the 21st Century (Kalamazoo: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 2015).
256.
“New Deal in Works at Arsenal,” Albany, The Times Union (February 10, 2004).
257.
“Moving on Up (State),” Albany, The Times Union (August 7, 2011).
258.
“Ground is Broken on Long-Awaited Training Facility,” Glens Full, The Post-Star (June 15, 2012).
259.
As noted in the front matter of this book, the study also drew on interviews carried out by the authors and numerous articles from The Times Union (Albany), The Daily Gazette (Schenectady), the Albany Business Review (Albany), The Post-Star (Glens Falls), The Record (Troy), The Saratogian (Saratoga Springs) , The Buffalo News (Buffalo), The Observer-Dispatch (Utica), The Daily Messenger (Canandaigua), and the Post-Standard (Syracuse). These are not individually included in the bibliography.

Bibliography

As noted in the front matter of this book, the study also drew on interviews carried out by the authors and numerous articles from The Times Union (Albany), The Daily Gazette (Schenectady), the Albany Business Review (Albany), The Post-Star (Glens Falls), The Record (Troy), The Saratogian (Saratoga Springs) , The Buffalo News (Buffalo), The Observer-Dispatch (Utica), The Daily Messenger (Canandaigua), and the Post-Standard (Syracuse). These are not individually included in the bibliography.

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Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
Charles W. Wessner
Dentons, LLP, Washington, DC, USA
Thomas R. Howell

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Charles W. Wessner
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Wessner, C.W., Howell, T.R. (2020). Educating and Training a High-Tech Workforce. In: Regional Renaissance. International Studies in Entrepreneurship, vol 42. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21194-3_8

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21194-3_8
Published: 15 September 2019
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-21193-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-21194-3
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