Abstract
Ceramides are the central molecules in sphingolipid metabolism. In addition, they are recognized as important modulators of cell function, playing key roles in several cellular processes that range from cell proliferation to cell death. Moreover, ceramides were implicated in multiple diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases, and also in infection by different pathogens. The mechanisms underlying the diverse biological and pathological actions of ceramides are yet to be fully elucidated. Several lines of evidence suggest that the structural features of ceramides, namely their high hydrophobicity and ability to establish strong H-bond network, are responsible for changes in the biophysical properties of biological membranes that can affect the activity of proteins and activate signaling pathways. Ceramide-induced alterations in membrane biophysical properties might also influence the internalization, trafficking and sorting of lipids, proteins, drugs and even pathogens contributing to cell pathophysiology. In this chapter, we critically discuss the ability of ceramides to form lipid domains with atypical biophysical properties and how these domains can be involved in those processes.
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Abbreviations
- ACDase:
-
Acid Ceramidase
- AFM:
-
Atomic Force Microscopy
- ASAH1:
-
N-Acylsphingosine Amidohydrolase 1
- aSMase:
-
Acid Sphingomyelinase
- C1P:
-
Ceramide 1-Phosphate
- C1PP:
-
Phosphatase C1P
- CAPK:
-
Ceramide-activated Protein Kinase
- CAPP:
-
Ceramide-activated Protein Phosphatase
- CD95:
-
Cluster of Differentiation 95
- CDase:
-
Ceramidase
- Cer:
-
Ceramide
- CerS:
-
Ceramide Synthase
- CERT:
-
Ceramide Transfer Protein
- Chol:
-
Cholesterol
- CerK:
-
Ceramide Kinase
- CPTP:
-
C1P-specific Transfer Protein
- DEPE:
-
1,2-Dielaidoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine
- DES:
-
Dihydroceramide Desaturase
- dhCer:
-
Dihydroceramide
- DISC:
-
Death-inducing Signaling Complex
- DMPC:
-
1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- DOPC:
-
1,2-dioleyol-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- DPPC:
-
1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- DSC:
-
Differential Scanning Calorimetry
- ER:
-
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- FAPP2:
-
Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate Adaptor Protein 2
- FCS:
-
Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy
- FD:
-
Farber Disease
- FTIR:
-
Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
- GCS:
-
Glucosylceramide Synthase
- GlcCer:
-
Glucosylceramide
- GSLs:
-
Glycosphingolipids
- H-bonds:
-
Hydrogen Bonds
- HIV:
-
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- hTERT:
-
human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase
- KDS:
-
3-ketosphinganine reductase
- lo:
-
Liquid Ordered
- LSD:
-
Lysosomal Storage Disease
- MAMs:
-
Mitochondria Associated Endoplasmic Reticulum Membranes
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase
- MD:
-
Molecular Dynamic
- NMR:
-
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
- nSMase:
-
Neutral Sphingomyelinase
- PC:
-
Phosphatidylcholine
- PD:
-
Parkinson’s disease
- PKCζ:
-
Protein Kinase Cζ
- PM:
-
Plasma Membrane
- POPC:
-
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- POPE:
-
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine
- ROS:
-
Reactive Oxygen Species
- S1P:
-
Sphingosine 1-Phosphate
- SK:
-
Sphingosine Kinase
- SL:
-
Sphingolipid
- SM:
-
Sphingomyelin
- SMase:
-
Sphingomyelinase
- SMS:
-
Sphingomyelin Synthase
- Sph:
-
Sphingosine
- SPL:
-
S1P lyase
- SPT:
-
serine palmitoyltransferase
- TEM:
-
Transmission Electron Microscopy
- Tm :
-
Melting Temperature
- TRAIL:
-
TNF-Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand
- UV:
-
Ultraviolet Radiation
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Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge funding from Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal, grant references PTDC/BBB-BQB/3710/2014, PTDC/BIA-BFS/29448/2017, SFRH/BD/104205/2014 to A.E. Ventura, and Investigador FCT to L.C. Silva (IF/00437/2014).
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Ventura, A.E., Mestre, B., Silva, L.C. (2019). Ceramide Domains in Health and Disease: A Biophysical Perspective. In: Stiban, J. (eds) Bioactive Ceramides in Health and Disease. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1159. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21162-2_6
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