Abstract
This chapter looks in detail at key concepts relating to citizenship and citizenship education in general, as well as the particular opportunities and challenges presented in the cases of Northern Ireland and Israel. It briefly considers the history of how ‘citizenship’ has developed before discussing the particular challenges involved in educating for citizenship in a divided society as well as the tensions relating to whether young people are ‘citizens-of-now’ or ‘citizens-in-waiting’. Then, it turns to the two case jurisdictions, providing contextual information on Northern Ireland and Israel. For both jurisdictions, it details a brief history of the conflict and its key elements with regard to the main ethno-national groups, their numbers and aspects of their identities. It then turns to citizenship education and considers the divided schooling systems and the historical background and current state of the school subject. The chapter closes with some key comparisons of Northern Ireland and Israel in terms of citizenship and citizenship education.
Keywords
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
International
Committee on the Rights of the Child. (2008). Concluding Observations: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. CRC/C/GBR/CO/4.
Committee on the Rights of the Child. (2016). Concluding Observations on the Fifth Periodic Report of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. CRC/C/GBR/CO/5.
Literature
Abu-Saad, I. (2006a). State Educational Policy and Curriculum: The Case of Palestinian Arabs in Israel. International Education Journal, 7(5), 709–720.
Abu-Saad, I. (2006b). State-Controlled Education and Identity Formation Among the Palestinian Arab Minority in Israel. American Behavioral Scientist, 49(8), 1085–1100.
Adalah: The Legal Center for Arab Minority Rights in Israel. (2010). Adalah’s NGO Report to the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Regarding Israel’s Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). Haifa: Adalah.
Ahronheim, A. (2019, January 25). One Killed, 22 Injured in Clashes Along the Gaza-Israel Border. Jerusalem Post [online]. Available at https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/10000-Palestinians-demonstrate-in-Gaza-Kochavi-arrives-at-the-border-578655. Last accessed 11 March 2019.
Akenson, D. H. (1973). Education and Enmity: The Control of Schooling in Northern Ireland 1920–1950. Newton Abbot, UK: David & Charles (Holdings) Ltd.
Amadeo, J.-A., Torney-Purta, J., Lehmann, R., Husfeldt, V., & Nikolova, R. (2002). Civic Knowledge and Engagement Among Upper Secondary Students: Citizenship and Education in Sixteen Countries. Amsterdam: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA).
Anderson Worden, E., & Smith, A. (2017). Teaching for Democracy in the Absence of Transitional Justice: The Case of Northern Ireland. Comparative Education, 53(3), 379–395.
Arad, U., & Alon, G. (2006). Patriotism and Israel’s National Security (Working Paper). Herzliya: Herzliya Patriotism Survey.
Arlow, M. (2002). The Challenges of Social Inclusion in Northern Ireland: Citizenship and Life Skills. In S. Tawil (Ed.), Curriculum Change and Social Inclusion: Perspectives from the Baltic and Scandinavian Countries (Final Report of the Regional Seminar Held in Vilnius, Lithuania, 5–8 December 2001). Geneva: UNESCO International Bureau of Education.
Axtell, J. L. (1968). The Educational Writings of John Locke. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Banks, J. A. (2008). Diversity and Citizenship Education in Global Times. In J. Arthur, I. Davies, & C. Hahn (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Education for Citizenship and Democracy. London: Sage.
Bar-Tal, D. (1998). The Rocky Road Toward Peace: Beliefs on Conflict in Israeli Textbooks. Journal of Peace Research, 35(6), 723–734.
Bar-Tal, D., & Vertzberger, Y. Y. I. (1997). Between Hope and Fear: A Dialogue on the Peace Process in the Middle East and the Polarized Israeli Society. Political Psychology, 18(3), 667–700.
Bekerman, Z. (2005). Complex Contexts and Ideologies: Bilingual Education in Conflict-Ridden Areas. Journal of Language, Identity, and Education, 4(1), 1–20.
Benavot, A., & Resh, N. (2001). The Social Construction of the Local School Curriculum: Patterns of Diversity and Uniformity in Israeli Junior High Schools. Comparative Education Review, 45(4), 504–536.
Ben-Eliezer, U. (1993). The Meaning of Political Participation in a Nonliberal Democracy: The Israeli Experience. Comparative Politics, 25(4), 397–412.
Ben-Nun, M. (2013). The 3Rs of Integration: Respect, Recognition and Reconciliation; Concepts and Practices of Integrated Schools in Israel and Northern Ireland. Journal of Peace Education, 10(1), 1–20.
Bentwich, J. S. (1965). Education in Israel. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd.
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). (2019, January 20). Four Arrests Over Reckless Attack. BBC News Online. Available at https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-46937061. Last accessed 11 March 2019.
Bush, K. D., & Saltarelli, D. (2000). The Two Faces of Education in Ethnic Conflict. Florence: UNICEF Innocenti Insight.
Byrne, G., & Donnelly, C. (2006). The Education System in Northern Ireland. In C. Donnelly, B. Osborne, & P. McKeown (Eds.), Devolution and Pluralism in Education in Northern Ireland. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Cairns, E., & Darby, J. (1998). The Conflict in Northern Ireland: Causes, Consequences, and Controls. American Psychologist, 53(7), 754–760.
Carr, W. (1991). Education for Citizenship. British Journal of Educational Studies, 39(4), 373–385.
Central Bureau of Statistics Israel. (2010). Tables and Introductions—Statistical Abstract of Israel 2010, no. 61–2. Population. Jerusalem: Central Bureau of Statistics, Israel.
Cohen, A. (2010). A Theoretical Model of Four Conceptions of Civic Education. Canadian Social Studies, 44(1), 17–28.
Cohen, A. (2013). Conceptions of Citizenship and Civic Education: Lessons from Three Israeli Civics Classrooms (PhD Thesis). Columbia University Academic Commons, New York.
Cohen, A. (2017). Israel’s Civic Education Wars: A Review of the Literature and Theoretical Implications. Educational Review. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2017.1407295.
Cohen, J. L. (1999). Changing Paradigms of Citizenship and the Exclusiveness of the Demos. International Sociology, 14(3), 245–268.
Council for the Curriculum Examinations and Assessment (CCEA) (Northern Ireland). (1997). Mutual Understanding and Cultural Heritage: Cross-Curricular Guidance Materials. Belfast: CCEA.
Council for the Curriculum Examinations and Assessment (CCEA) (Northern Ireland). (2007). The Statutory Curriculum at Key Stage 3: Rationale and Detail. Belfast: CCEA.
Council for Curriculum, Examinations and Assessment (CCEA) (Northern Ireland). (2013). Learning for Life and Work. Available at http://ccea.org.uk/curriculum/key_stage_3/areas_learning/learning_life_and_work. Last accessed 1 April 2019.
Council for Curriculum, Examinations and Assessment (CCEA) (Northern Ireland). (2019). Overview of the Northern Ireland Curriculum. Available at http://ccea.org.uk/curriculum/overview. Last accessed 1 April 2019.
Cox, M., Guelke, A., & Stephen, F. (2006). A Farewell to Arms?: Beyond the Good Friday Agreement. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Crick, B. (1998). Education for Citizenship and the Teaching of Democracy in Schools: Final Report of the Advisory Group on Citizenship. London: Qualifications and Curriculum Authority. Available at http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/4385/1/crickreport1998.pdf. Last accessed 18 December 2013.
Crick, B. (2002). A Note on What Is and What Is Not Active Citizenship. Excellence Gateway, UK. Available at https://management-ui.excellencegateway.org.uk/sites/default/files/033_BernardCrick_WHAT_IS_CITIZENSHIP.pdf. Last accessed 1 April 2019.
Davies, I. (2000). Implementing Citizenship Education: Can It Be Done? School Field, 11(3/4), 91–110.
Davies, I., Evans, M., & Reid, A. (2005). Globalising Citizenship Education? A Critique of ‘Global Education’ and ‘Citizenship Education’. British Journal of Educational Studies, 53(1), 66–89.
de Oliveira Andreotti, V., & de Souza, L. M. T. M. (2011). Postcolonial Perspectives on Global Citizenship Education. Abingdon: Routledge.
Department of Education Northern Ireland. (2011). Community Relations Equality and Diversity in Education. Bangor: DENI. Available at http://soap.tibus.com/credni/filestore/documents/Final%20CRED%20Policy%20-%20March%202011%20-%20English%20PDF.PDF. Last accessed 1 April 2019.
Department of Education Northern Ireland. (2012). Frequently Asked Questions About the Curriculum. Bangor: DENI.
Dewey, J. (1916). Democracy and Education: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Education. London: Macmillan.
Donnelly, C., & Burns, S. (2017). Teaching Citizenship in the Faith School: Qualitative Evidence from Separate Schools in Northern Ireland. Irish Educational Studies, 36(4), 471–487.
Etzioni, A. (2006). A Neo-Communitarian Approach to International Relations: Rights and the Good. Human Rights Review, 7(4), 69–80.
Faulks, K. (2000). Citizenship (Key Ideas). London: Routledge.
Gallagher, A. M., Cormack, R. J., & Osborne, R. D. (1994). Religion, Equity and Education in Northern Ireland. British Educational Research Journal, 20(5), 507–518.
Gallagher, F. (1974). The Indivisible Island: The History of the Partition of Ireland. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Gallie, W. B. (1955). Essentially Contested Concepts. In Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society (pp. 167–198). London.
Gavison, R. (2000). Can Israel Be Both Jewish and Democratic? Moment Magazine, 25(6).
Gavison, R. (2002). What Belongs in a Constitution? Constitutional Political Economy, 13(1), 89–105.
Ghanem, A. (2001). The Palestinian-Arab Minority in Israel: 1948–2000, A Political Study. New York: SUNY Press.
Goren, H., & Yemini, M. (2018). Obstacles and Opportunities for Global Citizenship Education Under Intractable Conflict: The Case of Israel. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 48(3), 397–413.
Graham-Brown, S. (1994). The Role of the Curriculum. In Minority Rights Group (Ed.), Education Rights and Minorities. London: Minority Rights Group International.
Hadar, Y., & Himeyn-Raisch, N. (2008). Who Are We? National Identity in the State of Israel. Jerusalem: The Israeli Democracy Institute.
Heater, D. B. (2004a). A History of Education for Citizenship. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
Heater, D. B. (2004b). A Brief History of Citizenship. New York: New York University Press.
Heater, D. B. (2004c). Citizenship: The Civic Ideal in World History, Politics and Education. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Hughes, J. (2011). Are Separate Schools Divisive? A Case Study from Northern Ireland. British Educational Research Journal, 37(5), 829–851.
Hughes, J., Blaylock, D., & Donnelly, C. (2015). Does Social Deprivation Influence Inter-group Contact Outcomes for Pupils in Northern Ireland? Ricerche di Pedagogia e Didattica—Journal of Theories and Research in Education, 10(1), 47–65.
Human Rights Watch. (2001). Second Class: Discrimination Against Palestinian Arab Children in Israel’s Schools. New York: Human Rights Watch. Available at https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/2001/israel2/ISRAEL0901-01.htm. Last accessed 1 April 2019.
Ichilov, O. (1990). Dimensions and Role Patterns of Citizenship in Democracy. In O. Ichilov (Ed.), Political Socilialization, Citizenship Education and Democracy. New York: Columbia University, Teachers College Press.
Ichilov, O. (1998). Citizenship and Citizenship Education in a Changing World. London: Woburn Press.
Ichilov, O. (1999). Citizenship Education in a Divided Society: The Case of Israel. In J. Torney-Purta, J. Schwille, & J. A. Amadeo (Eds.), Civic Education Across Countries: Twenty-Four National Case Studies from the IEA Civic Education Project. Amsterdam: IEA.
Ichilov, O. (2008). Citizenship Education in Israel: A Contested Terrain. In J. Arthur, I. Davies, & C. Hahn (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Education for Citizenship and Democracy. London: Sage.
Ichilov, O., Salomon, G., & Inbar, D. (2005). Citizenship Education in Israel—A Jewish-Democratic State. Israel Affairs, 11(2), 303–323.
Isin, E. F. (1997). Who Is the New Citizen? Towards a Genealogy. Citizenship Studies, 1, 115–132.
Jabareen, Y. T. (2006). Law and Education: Critical Perspectives on Arab Palestinian Education in Israel. American Behavioral Scientist, 49(8), 1052–1074.
Jabareen, Y. T., & Agbaria, A. (2010). Education on Hold: Israeli Government Policy and Civil Society Initiatives to Improve Arab Education in Israel (English Executive Summary). Haifa: Arab Center for Law and Policy, Arab Minority Rights Clinic & Faculty of Law, University of Haifa.
Jerrim, J., & Sims, S. (2018). Why Do so Few Low and Middle-Income Children Attend a Grammar School? New Evidence from the Millennium Cohort Study (Working paper). London: Nuffield Foundation. Available at http://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/socio-economic-differences-grammar-school-access-outcomes. Last accessed 11 March 2019.
Karayanni, M. M. (2006). The Separate Nature of the Religious Accommodations for the Palestinian-Arab Minority in Israel. Northwestern University Journal of International Human Rights, 5(1), 41–71.
Katz, Y. J. (2005). The Israeli School Core Curriculum and Matriculation Examinations: An Attempt to Set Standards for a National Educational System. Educational Practice and Theory, 27(1), 67–82.
Kelly, B. (2019). Why Is There No Government in Northern Ireland and How Did Power-Sharing Collapse? The Independent [online]. Available at https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/northern-ireland-talks-latest-updates-stormont-power-sharing-deal-what-deal-look-sinn-fein-dup-deal-a8711691.html. Last accessed 11 March 2019.
Kerr, D. (1999). Citizenship Education in the Curriculum: An International Review. School Field, 10(3/4), 5–32.
Kilpatrick, R., & Leitch, R. (2004). Teachers’ and Pupils’ Educational Experiences and School-Based Responses to the Conflict in Northern Ireland. Journal of Social Issues, 60(3), 563–586.
Knight Abowitz, K., & Harnish, J. (2006). Contemporary Discourses of Citizenship. Review of Educational Research, 76(4), 653–690.
Knox, C., & Quirk, P. (2000). Peace Building in Northern Ireland, Israel and South Africa: Transition, Transformation and Reconciliation. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Kremnizer, M. (1996). On Being a Citizen: Civic Education for All in Israel; Steering Committee for Civic Education Interim Report. Jerusalem: Ministry of Education of the State of Israel.
Kymlicka, W. (1995). Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kymlicka, W. (2004). Foreword. In J. A. Banks (Ed.), Diversity and Citizenship Education: Global Perspectives. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Kymlicka, W., & Norman, W. (1994). Return of the Citizen: A Survey of Recent Work on Citizenship Theory. Ethics, 104(2), 352–381.
Lemish, P. (2003). Civic and Citizenship Education in Israel. Cambridge Journal of Education, 33(1), 53–72.
Levush, R. (2007). Israel: Children’s Rights: International Law and Practice. Law Library of Congress, 112–123.
Lowrance, S. (2006). Identity, Grievances, and Political Action: Recent Evidence from the Palestinian Community in Israel. International Political Science Review, 27(2), 167ff.
Mar‘i, S. K. (1978). Arab Education in Israel. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
Marker, G., & Mehlinger, H. (1992). Social Studies. In P. W. Jackson (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Curriculum. New York: Macmillan.
Marshall, T. (1950). Citizenship and Social Class and Other Essays. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McEvoy, L. (2007). Beneath the Rhetoric: Policy Approximation and Citizenship Education in Northern Ireland. Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, 2(2), 135–157.
McGarry, J., & O’Leary, B. (1995). Explaining Northern Ireland: Broken Images. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
McGlynn, C. (2005). Integrated and Faith-Based Schooling in Northern Ireland. The Irish Journal of Education/Iris Eireannach an Oideachais, 36, 49–62.
McLaughlin, T. H. (1992). Citizenship, Diversity and Education: A Philosophical Perspective. Journal of Moral Education, 21(3), 235–250.
Ministry of Education of Israel. (1994). Ezrachut: Tochnit Ha-Limudim Ba-Chativa Ha-Elyona Le-Bati Sefer Yehudiyim (Claliim Ve-Datiim) Aravim Ve-Druzim [Civics: Curriculum Guidelines for High Schools in the Jewish Sectors (General State Schools and Religious State Schools), the Arab Sector and the Druze Sector] [in Hebrew]. Jerusalem: Ministry of Education (Israel).
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel). (1948). Declaration of Establishment of the State of Israel. Available at http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/Declaration+of+Establishment+of+State+of+Israel.htm. Last accessed 1 April 2019.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel) (MFA). (2013). Education: Primary and Secondary. Jerusalem: MFA. Available at http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/Education/Pages/EDUCATION-%20Primary%20and%20Secondary.aspx. Last accessed 1 April 2019.
Mitchell, D. (2015). Politics and Peace in Northern Ireland: Political Parties and the Implementation of the 1998 Agreement. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Morris, P. (1997). Civics and Citizenship Education in Hong Kong. In K. Kennedy (Ed.), Citizenship Education and the Modern State. London: Falmer.
Nesher, T. (2012, August 6). Israel Education Ministry Fires Civic Studies Coordinator Attacked by Right. Haaretz. Available at http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/israel-education-ministry-fires-civics-studies-coordinator-attacked-by-right-1.456182. Last accessed 1 April 2019.
Niens, U., & McIlrath, L. (2005). Understanding of Citizenship Education: Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland. Galway: Community Knowledge Initiative.
Niens, U., O’Connor, U., & Smith, A. (2013). Citizenship Education in Divided Societies: Teachers’ Perspectives in Northern Ireland. Citizenship Studies, iFirst Article, 17(1), 1–14.
Niens, U., Reilly, J., & McLaughlin, R. (2006). The Need for Human Rights Education in Northern Ireland: A Pupil Survey. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 12(3), 251–268.
Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA). (2012). Census 2011: Key Statistics for Northern Ireland. London: National Statistics Publication.
Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey. (2017a). Which of These Best Describes the Way You Think About Yourself? Belfast: ARK. Available at http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/2017/Community_Relations/NINATID.html. Last accessed 6 December 2018.
Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey. (2017b). Generally Speaking, Do You Think of Yourself as a Unionist, A Nationalist or Neither? Belfast: ARK. Available at http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/2017/Political_Attitudes/UNINATID.html. Last accessed 6 December 2018.
Northern Ireland Young Life and Times Survey (NIYLTS). (2011). Which of These Best Describes the Way You Think About Yourself? Belfast: ARK. Available at http://www.ark.ac.uk/ylt/2011/Identity/NINATID.html. Last accessed 6 December 2018.
Northern Ireland Young Life and Times Survey (NIYLTS). (2017a). Which of These Best Describes the Way You Think About Yourself? Belfast: ARK. Available at http://www.ark.ac.uk/ylt/2017/Identity/NINATID.html. Last accessed 6 December 2018.
Northern Ireland Young Life and Times Survey (NIYLTS). (2017b). Some People Feel Very Strongly About Their National Identity, That Is, Whether They Feel British or Irish or Something Else. Other People Say That Their National Identity Is Not Important to Them. How Important Is Your National Identity to You? Belfast, ARK. Available at http://www.ark.ac.uk/ylt/2017/Identity/NATIDIMP.html. Last accessed 6 December 2018.
Oliver, D., & Heater, D. (1994). The Foundations of Citizenship. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Or, T. (2006 [2003]). The Report by the State Commission of Inquiry into the Events of October 2000. Israel Studies, 11(2), 25–53.
Osler, A., & Starkey, H. (2010). Teachers and Human Rights Education. London: Trentham.
Osler, A., & Starkey, H. (2003). Learning for Cosmopolitan Citizenship: Theoretical Debates and Young People’s Experiences. Educational Review, 55(3), 243–254.
Parker, W. C. (2008). Knowing and Doing in Democratic Citizenship Education. In L. Levstik & C. Tyson (Eds.), Handbook of Research in Social Studies Education. New York: Routledge.
Partnership Management Board. (2007). Learning for Life and Work for Key Stage Three. Belfast: CCEA.
Pedahzur, A. (2001). The Paradox of Civic Education in Non-liberal Democracies: The Case of Israel. Journal of Education Policy, 16(5), 413–430.
Peled, Y. (2007). Citizenship Betrayed: Israel’s Emerging Immigration and Citizenship Regime. Theoretical Inquiries in Law, 8(2), 603–628.
Pinson, H. (2005). Between a Jewish and Democratic State: Contradictions and Tensions in the Civics Education Curriculum. Politika, 14, 9–24.
Pinson, H. (2007). At the Boundaries of Citizenship: Palestinian Israeli Citizens and the Civic Education Curriculum. Oxford Review of Education, 29(2), 331–348.
Pinson, H. (2009). One civic curriculum, different civic visions. In H. Alexander, H. Pinson, & Y. Yonah (Eds.), Citizenship, Education and Social Conflict. London: Routledge.
Podeh, E. (2000). History and Memory in the Israeli Educational System: The Portrayal of the Arab-Israeli Conflict in History Textbooks (1948–2000). History and Memory, 12(1), 65–100.
Robertson, S. (2007). Globalisation, Rescaling National Education Systems and Citizenship Regimes. In K. Roth & N. C. Burbules (Eds.), Changing Notions of Citizenship Education in Contemporary Nation-States. Rotterdam and Taipei: Sense Publishers.
Roth, K., & Burbules, N. C. (2007). Understanding the Meaning of Citizenship Education. In K. Roth & N. C. Burbules (Eds.), Changing Notions of Citizenship Education in Contemporary Nation-States. Rotterdam and Taipei: Sense Publishers.
Rouhana, N., & Ghanem, A. (1998). The Crisis of Minorities in Ethnic States: The Case of Palestinian Citizens in Israel. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 30, 321–346.
Rowe, D. (1992). The Citizen as a Moral Agent—The Development of a Continuous and Progressive Conflict-Based Citizenship Curriculum. Curriculum, 13(3), 178–187.
Said, E. (1989). Intifada and Independence. Social Text, 22, 23–39.
Schwille, J., & Amadeo, J. (2002). The Paradoxical Situation of Civic Education in School: Ubiquitous and Yet Elusive. In G. Steiner-Khamsi, J. Torney-Purta, & J. Schwille (Eds.), New Paradigms and Recurring Paradoxes in Education for Citizenship: An International Comparison (Vol. 5). International Perspectives on Education and Society. Oxford: Elsevier Science.
Sears, A. M., & Hughes, A. S. (1996). Citizenship Education and Current Educational Reform. Canadian Journal of Education/Revue Canadienne De l’Education, 21(2), 123–142.
Segev, T. (2000). One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs Under the British Mandate. New York: Little, Brown.
Shafir, G., & Peled, Y. (2002). Being Israeli: The Dynamics of Multiple Citizenship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Shlaim, A. (2001). The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World. New York: W. W. Norton.
Smith, A. (2003). Citizenship Education in Northern Ireland: Beyond National Identity? Cambridge Journal of Education, 33(1), 15–32.
Smith, A., & Robinson, A. (1996). Education for Mutual Understanding: The Initial Statutory Years. Coleraine, NI: University of Ulster. Available at http://eprints.ulster.ac.uk/19239/1/mutual.htm#preface. Last accessed 1 April 2019.
Smith, B., & Rogers, P. (2015). Towards a Theory of Decolonizing Citizenship. Citizenship Education Research Journal (CERJ), 5(1), 59–72.
Smith, C. (2013). The Arab-Israeli Conflict. In L. Fawcett (Ed.), International Relations of the Middle East (pp. 245–267). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Smooha, S. (1997). The Viability of Ethnic Democracy as a Mode of Conflict-Management: Comparing Israel and Northern Ireland. In T. Endelman (Ed.), Comparing Jewish Societies (pp. 267–312). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Tappert, T. (1967). Luther’s Works. Philadelphia: Augsburg Fortress.
Tatar, M. (2004). Diversity and Citizenship Education in Israel. In J. Banks (Ed.), Diversity and Citizenship Education: Global Perspectives. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Times of Israel. (2018, July 19). Netanyahu Cheers Jewish State Law as a ‘Pivotal Moment’ in Zionist History. Times of Israel [online]. Available at https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-hails-jewish-state-law-as-a-pivotal-moment-in-zionist-history/. Last accessed 1 April 2019.
Torney-Purta, J., Lehmann, R., Oswald, H., & Schulz, W. (2001). Citizenship and Education in Twenty-Eight Countries: Civic Knowledge and Engagement at Age Fourteen. Amsterdam: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement.
Walker, B. (2012). A Political History of the Two Irelands. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave.
Westheimer, J., & Kahne, J. (2004). What Kind of Citizen? The Politics of Educating for Democracy. American Educational Research Journal, 41(2), 237–269.
Whyte, J. (1990). Interpreting Northern Ireland. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wringe, C. (1992). The Ambiguities of Education for Active Citizenship. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 26(1), 29–38.
Yair, G. (1997). When Classrooms Matter: Implications of Between-Classroom Variability for Educational Policy in Israel. Assessment in Education, 4(2), 225–248.
Yiftachel, O. (2002). The Shrinking Space of Citizenship (Middle East Report, 233). Available at https://merip.org/2002/06/the-shrinking-space-of-citizenship/. Last accessed 1 April 2019.
Yonah, Y. (2008). The Palestinian Minority in Israel: When Common Core Curriculum in Education Meets Conflicting National Narratives. Intercultural Education, 19(2), 105–117.
List of Statutes
Northern Ireland
Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. (1998 (Cm. 3883)). Northern Ireland Act. London: HMSO.
Israel
Knesset (Israel). (1958, February 12). Basic Law: Knesset. Sefer Ha-Chukkim No. 244 of 30 Shevat 5718 (1958, February 20). Amended 1985 (Amendment 9). Available at http://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/basic2_eng.htm. Last accessed 1 April 2019.
Knesset (Israel). (1992). Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty. Sefer Ha-Chukkim No. 1391 of the 20 Adar Bet, 5752 (25 March, 1992). Available at http://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/basic3_eng.htm. Last accessed 1 April 2019.
Secretary of State for the Colonies. (1937). Palestine Royal Commission Report. London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office (Cmd. 5479).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hanna, H. (2019). Citizenship and Citizenship Education in Northern Ireland and Israel. In: Young People's Rights in the Citizenship Education Classroom. Palgrave Studies in Global Citizenship Education and Democracy. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21147-9_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21147-9_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-21146-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-21147-9
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)