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The Female Swimming Community

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Swimming Communities in Victorian England

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Abstract

One of the characteristics of late nineteenth-century swimming was the rapid expansion in swimming among women who made the transition from merely bathing to adopting the activity as a serious physical exercise. The social acceptance of female swimming was helped by the creation of segregated spaces in the new baths, and by a degree of medical support, while the efforts of female members of professional swimming communities contributed to increased participation levels by demonstrating what a woman could be capable of. The authors discuss some of the female professionals who were prominent in this period, in particular Laura Saigeman, before providing an overview of the adoption of serious swimming among women from different classes and how this led to the development of a rational swimming dress.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    James Walvin, Leisure and Society 1830–1950 (London, 1978), 83.

  2. 2.

    Susie L. Steinbach, Understanding the Victorians: Politics, Culture and Society in Nineteenth-Century Britain (Oxon, 2012), 114–115.

  3. 3.

    Geoffrey Best, Mid-Victorian Britain, 1851–1875 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971), 199.

  4. 4.

    Approximated Social Grade, UK Office for National Statistics.

  5. 5.

    Ivy Pinchbeck, Women Workers and the Industrial Revolution, 1750–1850 (London: Virago Press, 1981. First published 1930), 304, 314.

  6. 6.

    Diana Cordea “International Workshop on the Historiography of Philosophy: Representations and Cultural Constructions 2012 Two approaches on the philosophy of separate spheres in mid-Victorian England: John Ruskin and John Stuart Mill Procedia,” Social and Behavioral Sciences 71 (2013): 115–122.

  7. 7.

    Pall Mall Gazette, “Our Married Women,” November 15, 1895, p. 11.

  8. 8.

    Robert B. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society, 1650–1850: The Emergence of Separate Spheres? (Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 1998), 312–313; Best, Mid-Victorian Britain.

  9. 9.

    Gerry Holloway, Women and Work in Britain since 1840 (London: Routledge, 2005), 96–126.

  10. 10.

    Catriona Parratt, “Little means or time: Working-class women and leisure in late Victorian and Edwardian England,” International Journal of the History of Sport 15, no. 2 (1998): 22–53; See also Holloway, Women and work, 96–126.

  11. 11.

    Susan Kingsley Kent, Gender and Power in Britain 1640–1900 (London: Routledge, 1999), 180; Parratt, “Little Means or Time,” The International Journal of the History of Sport, 22–53.

  12. 12.

    Eleanor Gordon and Gweneth Nair, “The Myth of the Victorian Patriarchal Family,” History of the Family 7 (2002): 135.

  13. 13.

    Jihang Park, “Women of Their Time: The Growing Recognition of the Second Sex in Victorian and Edwardian England,” Journal of Social History 21, no. 1 (1987): 49–62.

  14. 14.

    Nicholas D. Smith, “‘Reel Women’: Women and Angling in Eighteenth-Century England,” The International Journal of the History of Sport 20, no. 1 (2003): 28–49, 44; Sporting Magazine 25 (1804–1805), 31.

  15. 15.

    Jennifer Hargreaves, “Changing Images of The Sporting Female 1: Before the First World War,” Sport and Leisure July/Aug 1990; Janet Phillips and Peter Phillips, “History from Below: Women’s Underwear and the Rise of Women’s Sport,” Journal of Popular Culture 27, no. 2 (1993): 129–148, 130.

  16. 16.

    Jennifer Hargreaves, “Recreative and Competitive Sports: Expansion and Containment” in Jennifer Hargreaves, Sporting Females: Critical Issues in the History and Sociology of Women’s Sports (London: Routledge, 1994): 90.

  17. 17.

    McCrone, ‘Hockey’s but a Game for Men’, 182.

  18. 18.

    Phillips and Phillips, “History from Below,” Journal of Popular Culture, 130.

  19. 19.

    Kathleen McCrone, Feminism and women’s sport in Late-Victorian England (University of Leicester: The Centre for Research into Sport and Society, 1998), 193–194.

  20. 20.

    W.F.F. Eastbourne, “Women in Sport,” Daily Mirror, September 7, 1909, p. 7.

  21. 21.

    Old-Fashioned, “Cheltenham. Women in Sport,” Daily Mirror, September 7, 1909, p. 7.

  22. 22.

    McCrone, Feminism and Women’s Sport; Kathleen E. McCrone, “Class, Gender, and English Women’s Sport, c. 1890–1914,” Journal of Sport History 18, no. 1 (1991): 158–182.

  23. 23.

    McCrone, “Class, Gender, and English Women’s Sport,” Journal of Sport History, 160, 179.

  24. 24.

    Hargreaves, “Changing images of the sporting female 1,” Sport and Leisure July/August.

  25. 25.

    McCrone, “Class, Gender, and English Women’s Sport,” Journal of Sport History, 163–164, 171; Catriona Parratt, “Athletic Womanhood: Exploring Sources for Female Sport in Victorian and Edwardian England,” Journal of Sport History 16 (1989): 140–157.

  26. 26.

    Northern Star and Leeds General Advertiser, December 16, 1843, p. 8.

  27. 27.

    Liverpool Mercury, “The American Opera House,” December 6, 1864, p. 3.

  28. 28.

    Dahn Shaulis, “Pedestriennes: Newsworthy but Controversial Women in Sporting Entertainment,” Journal of Sport History, 26, no. 1 (1999): 31–35.

  29. 29.

    Dave Day, “What Girl Will Now Remain Ignorant of Swimming?” Agnes Beckwith, Aquatic Entertainer and Victorian Role Model,” Women’s History Review 21, no. 3 (2012): 419–446.

  30. 30.

    Julia Allen, Swimming with Dr Johnson and Mrs Thrale: Sport, Health and Exercise in Eighteenth-Century England (Cambridge: The Lutterworth Press, 2012), 224, 253.

  31. 31.

    Penny Satirist, “Prize Essays of the National, Now the British Swimming Society, on the Art of Swimming,” September 11, 1841, p. 3.

  32. 32.

    Claire Parker (2010) “Swimming: The ‘Ideal’ Sport for Nineteenth-century British Women,” International Journal of the History of Sport 27, no. 4 (2010): 675–689.

  33. 33.

    The Times, November 12, 1870, p. 6; Frances Hoggan, Swimming and its Relation to the Health of Women (London: Women’s Printing Society Ltd., 1879), 1–8; Patricia Vertinsky, The Eternally Wounded Woman: Women, Doctors and Exercise in the Late Nineteenth Century (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990), 153–5.

  34. 34.

    T. Herbert Braker, “Tracts of the Ladies’ National Association for the Diffusion of Sanitary Knowledge.”’ The Medico-Chirurgical Review, and Journal of Medical Science (1859): 115.

  35. 35.

    Bury Free Press, “Miss Martineau on Swimming for Ladies,” September 24, 1859, p. 3.

  36. 36.

    Dundee Advertiser, “Swimming, from All the Year Round,” August 30, 1864, p. 3.

  37. 37.

    Bell’s Life, “Chelsea and South Kensington Swimming Baths,” October 11, 1879, p. 5.

  38. 38.

    Bell’s Life, “Ladies’ Cadogan Swimming Club,” July 24, 1880, p. 8.

  39. 39.

    Englishwoman’s Review, June 1, 1875, pp. 264, 286.

  40. 40.

    Standard, July 22, 1878, p. 5.

  41. 41.

    Jersey Independent and Daily Telegraph, “The Training of Girls,” August 23, 1884, p. 3.

  42. 42.

    Young Folks Paper: Literary Olympic and Tournament, “Swimming Girls,” September 1, 1888, p. 141.

  43. 43.

    Penny Illustrated, “Ladies for Swimming,” June 6, 1874, p. 7.

  44. 44.

    Belfast News-Letter, “Women as Swimmers,” July 29, 1889, p. 7.

  45. 45.

    Standard, July 22, 1878, p. 5.

  46. 46.

    Freemason, October 15, 1881, p. 2; “The Proposed Bath for the Girl’s School,” October 29, 1881, p. 8.

  47. 47.

    Bell’s Life, “Opening of the Brixton and Clapham Swimming Bath,” June 26, 1875, p. 3.

  48. 48.

    Penny Illustrated, July 27, 1878, p. 61.

  49. 49.

    Eastbourne Gazette, “Local Notes. Ladies Swimming,” November 26, 1879, p. 8.

  50. 50.

    Bell’s Life, “Ladies’ Cadogan Swimming Club,” July 24, 1880, p. 8.

  51. 51.

    Standard, July 22, 1878, p. 5.

  52. 52.

    Report of the General Baths Committee, October 30, 1880, 430.

  53. 53.

    Punch, “Swimming for Ladies,” November 19, 1859, p. 204.

  54. 54.

    Funny Folks, “Aunt Jemima on Swimming Ladies,” September 18, 1875, p. 87.

  55. 55.

    Ellen Le Garde Ladies’ Home Journal, “Swimming for Girls,” August 1891, p. 8: p. 9.

  56. 56.

    David Rubinstein, “Cycling in the 1890s,” Victorian Studies 21 (1977): 47–51.

  57. 57.

    For more reading see Dave Day (2012). “‘What Girl Will Now Remain Ignorant of Swimming?’ Agnes Beckwith, Aquatic Entertainer and Victorian Role Model,” Women’s History Review 21, no. 3 (2012): 419–446; “From Lambeth to Niagara: Imitation and Innovation amongst Female Natationists,” Sport in History 35, no. 3 (2015): 364–390; “London Swimming Professors: Victorian Craftsmen and Aquatic Entrepreneurs,” Sport in History 30, no. 1 (2010): 32–54; “Natational Dress: Functionality, Fashion and the Fracturing of Separate Spheres in Victorian Britain,” Annals of Leisure Research 19, no. 2 (2016): 162–179.

  58. 58.

    Examiner, September 11, 1875, p. 1; Graphic, September 11, 1875, p. 246; London Journal, October 16, 1875, pp. 251–252.

  59. 59.

    Hearth and Home, August 6, 1891, p. 383.

  60. 60.

    Bicycle Journal, Swimming and General Athletic Pedestrian Recorder, August 21, 1878, p. 7.

  61. 61.

    Census returns and BMD.

  62. 62.

    Manchester Times, “Famous Women Swimmers,” September 21, 1900, p. 8.

  63. 63.

    Era, “The Mermaids and Merman,” March 12, 1881, p. 21.

  64. 64.

    Blackpool and Fleetwood Gazette, “The Baths,” June 3, 1881, p. 5; Era, “Amusements in Blackpool, Circus Tower,” July 6, 1895, p. 16.

  65. 65.

    Bell’s Life, “Swimming,” May 6, 1882, p. 6.

  66. 66.

    Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art, “Parisian Shows,” p. 62; July 17, 1886, p. 84.

  67. 67.

    Penny Illustrated, September 10, 1887, p. 6.

  68. 68.

    Era, “Music Hall Gossip, February 27, 1892, p. 17.

  69. 69.

    Era, January 5, 1884, p. 20; April 21, 1894, p. 26; January 1, 1898, p. 22; Lloyd’s Weekly, December 24, 1899, p. 13; Penny Illustrated, August 9, 1884, p. 11; March 5, 1887, p. 151; May 28, 1887, p. 6; Licensed Victuallers’ Mirror, December 9, 1890, pp. 582–584; Queenslander, December 2, 1911, p. 11.

  70. 70.

    British Library Evan. 487 Poster; Evan. 500 Poster; Evan. 996 programme; Birmingham Daily Post, August 3, 1892, p. 2; Belfast News-Letter, August 3, 1892, p. 5; Era, August 6, 1892, p. 12; Pall Mall Gazette August 10, 1892, p. 4; Sporting Times, August 6, 1892, p. 4; Ipswich Journal, August 6, 1892, p. 3; Reynolds’s Newspaper, August 7, 1892, p. 6.

  71. 71.

    Penny Illustrated, July 15, 1893, p. 43; Sheffield Daily Telegraph, “Westminster in Water,” September 11, 1893 p. 4.

  72. 72.

    Coventry Evening Telegraph, “A Talk with Lady Godiva,”’ April 20, 1894, p. 3.

  73. 73.

    Era, “Provincial Theatres,” June 22, 1889, p. 22; “Amusements in Scarborough,” August 23, 1890, p. 10; Era, “Lincoln. Theatre Royal,” January 5, 1889, p. 18.

  74. 74.

    Era, July 30, 1892; August 6, 1892, p. 22.

  75. 75.

    Census 1901 (RG 13/822) 1911 (RG14PN6816 RG78PN340 RD128 SD1 ED11 SN307).

  76. 76.

    Bell’s Life, June 23, 1885, p. 4; Penny Illustrated, March 5, 1887, p. 151; Era, April 21, 1894, p. 26.

  77. 77.

    Robert Watson, ‘Comparative Generations’, in Swimmers and Swimming or, The Swimmers Album, ed. Charles Newman (London: Henry Kemshead, 1899), 22.

  78. 78.

    Manchester Times, September 21, 1900, p. 8.

  79. 79.

    Reynolds’s Newspaper, “The Water Show and the Lady Swimmer,” October 15, 1893, p. 5; Lloyd’s Weekly, “The Lady Swimmer and the Water Show,” October 15, 1893, p. 11.

  80. 80.

    Watson, ‘Comparative Generations’, 22; British Library, Evan 645. Canterbury Theatre of Varieties, October 14, 1889.

  81. 81.

    Daily News, December 20, 1889, p. 3.

  82. 82.

    Pall Mall Gazette, September 6, 1897, p. 1.

  83. 83.

    Penny Illustrated, “Miss Annie Luker,” January 27, 1894, p. 57; “A Eighty-One Mile Dive, ‘P.I.P.’ Man Chats with Miss Annie Luker,” July 12, 1902, p. 27.

  84. 84.

    Bath Chronicle, April 12, 1888, p. 8.

  85. 85.

    Palace Journal, “Ladies’ Swimming Competition,” September 26, 1888, p. 657.

  86. 86.

    Palace Journal, “Ladies Swimming Entertainment,” May 21, 1890, p. 22.

  87. 87.

    Littlehampton Gazette, “Death of Mrs Tait,” 17 April 1925, p. 3.

  88. 88.

    Advertiser, 23 April 1934, p. 12; Hastings and St Leonards Observer, “Swimming Entertainment,” 30 October 1880, p. 5.

  89. 89.

    Wheelwoman and Society Cycling News, “Miss Saigeman,” March 20, 1897, p. 11.

  90. 90.

    GRO (1857/birth/June/Worthing/2b/266), (1882/marriage/December/EastPreston/2b/657). Census 1881 (1038/36/18). 1891 (772/30/52), 1901 (871/17/25). 1911 (RG14PN4840 RG78PN208 RD71 SD2 ED28 SN195).

  91. 91.

    Lloyd’s Weekly Newspaper, August 24, 1873, p. 11; Grey River Argus, “Swimming Feats,” 1 December 1875, p. 2; Morning Post, “Swimming Fete on the River Lea,” 11 September 1876, p. 3.

  92. 92.

    The Times, 26 August 1879, p. 9; “Swimming. The Ladies Championship,” 1 November 1883, p. 9; Bell’s Life, 27 September 1879, p. 5; American Gentleman’s Newspaper, “Swimming. Who is the Lady Champion?” August 1883, p. 99.

  93. 93.

    Bell’s Life, “Swimming fete at Brill’s Baths, Brighton,” November 14, 1874, p. 8; Penny Illustrated, 5 June 1875, p. 14; Manchester Guardian, 4 September 1883, p. 7; Graphic, 30 August 1879, p. 211; Hastings and St Leonards Observer, “Miss Saigeman as a Swimming Mistress,” 14 September 1878, p. 7.

  94. 94.

    Penny Illustrated, 10 September 1887, p. 6; Sussex Agricultural Express, “A Lady Swimmer,” 3 September 1892, p. 10; Hearth and Home, “The World of Sportswomen,” 27 July 1893, p. 370.; Wheelwoman and Society Cycling News, “Miss Saigeman,” March 20, 1897, p. 11.

  95. 95.

    Eastbourne Gazette, “Celebrated Swimmers at Eastbourne,” 10 August 1887, p. 8.

  96. 96.

    Hastings and St Leonards Observer, “Bathing Season, 1900,” 18 August 1900, p. 8; BMD. Probate 1925. Eastbourne, 2b, 86.

  97. 97.

    Lady Violet Beatrice Greville, The Gentlewomen’s Book of Sport (London: Henry, 1892).

  98. 98.

    Women’s Union Journal, July 1, 1881, p. 77; Penny Illustrated, December 19, 1863, p. 3; August 11, 1866, p. 12; June 6, 1874, p. 7; July 27, 1878, p. 14; May 18, 1878, p. 4; Bell’s Life, January 6, 1872, p. 5.

  99. 99.

    Hearth and Home, August 2, 1900, p. 523; August 23, 1900, p. 605.

  100. 100.

    Penny Illustrated, July 27, 1878, p. 14; Sporting Times, September 27, 1879, p. 5.

  101. 101.

    Joyce Kay, “It Wasn’t Just Emily Davison! Sport, Suffrage and Society in Edwardian Britain,” International Journal of the History of Sport, 25, no. 10 (2008): 1338–1354; Liz Stanley and Anne Morley, The Life and Death of Emily Wilding Davison (London: Women’s Press, 1988), 12.

  102. 102.

    Woman’s Signal, “A Girls Swimming Display,” October 22, 1896, p. 263.

  103. 103.

    Jean Williams, “Aquadynamics and the Athletocracy: Jennie Fletcher and the British Women’s 4×100 metre Freestyle Relay Team at the 1912 Stockholm Olympic Games,” Costume, 46, no. 2 (2012): 145–164; Penny Illustrated, August 11, 1883, p. 10.

  104. 104.

    Aberdeen Weekly Journal, “Swimming Feat by Two Young Ladies,” August 18, 1879, p. 2.

  105. 105.

    Morning Post, “Swimming,” September 26, 1898, p. 2; Women’s Trade Union League Annual Reports, 19.

  106. 106.

    Penny Illustrated, May 27, 1876, p. 10; Woman’s Herald, “Girls’ Swimming Competition,” September 28, 1893, p. 502.

  107. 107.

    Hearth and Home, October 18, 1894, p. 813; October 26, 1899, p. 968; November 1, 1900, p. 985.

  108. 108.

    Penny Illustrated, “Raleigh,” July 27, 1878, p. 61.

  109. 109.

    Derby Daily Telegraph, “Cornelia. A Letter for Ladies,” October 30, 1882, p. 4.

  110. 110.

    Girl’s Empire, “Neptune. Athletics for Girls. Swimming,” vol 1, 1902, pp. 458–462.

  111. 111.

    The Queen, The Lady’s Newspaper, and Court Chronicler, “Pastimes. An Evening with the Professor and his Water Babies,” vol. 35, May 14, 1864, p. 383.

  112. 112.

    County Borough of Salford, Report of the Public Baths Department, October 31, 1906, 831.

  113. 113.

    Richard Rutt (1990) The Englishman’s Swimwear, Costume, 24:1, 69–84.

  114. 114.

    Hearth and Home, August 25, 1898, p. 592.

  115. 115.

    Phillips and Phillips, “History from Below,” Journal of Popular Culture, 139–140.

  116. 116.

    Patricia Campbell Warner, When the Girls Came out to Play (Amherst and Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006).

  117. 117.

    Yorkshire Evening Post, September 11, 1896, p. 2.

  118. 118.

    Englishwoman’s Domestic Magazine, “Swimming for Ladies,” July 1, 1873, p. 29; August 1, 1873, p. 80.

  119. 119.

    Standard, July 22, 1878, p. 5.

  120. 120.

    Northampton Mercury, “Improvements in Swimming Costumes,” July 31, 1886, p. 3.

  121. 121.

    Hearth and Home, September 21, 1893, p. 616; Le Follet: Journal du Grand Monde Fashion, Polite Literature, Beaux Arts etc., “Dress in Fashionable Salons,” September 1, 1898, p. 7.

  122. 122.

    Girl’s Empire, “Neptune. Athletics for Girls. Swimming,” vol 1, 1902, pp. 458–462.

  123. 123.

    Hearth and Home, “Bathing Dresses and How to Make Them,” August 17, 1893, p. 474.

  124. 124.

    Manchester Guardian, September 2, 1875, p. 8; Freeman’s Journal, September 3, 1875, p. 2; New York Times, September 18, 1875, p. 12.

  125. 125.

    Bell’s Life, September 27, 1879, p. 5; York Herald, “The Ladies Swimming Championship,” November 1, 1883, p. 8.

  126. 126.

    Liverpool Mercury, February 8, 1887, p. 5; Era, March 5, 1887, p. 16; New York Clipper, April 23, 1887, p. 94.

  127. 127.

    Graphic, October 13, 1883, p. 370; Bell’s Life, October 20, 1883, p. 6; Reynolds’s Newspaper, October 28, 1883, p. 8.

  128. 128.

    Salt Lake Telegram, “Amusements,” August 8, 1910, p. 5; “Can You Eat Your Breakfast Under Water? Having Confidence is the Chief Part of the Trick,” August 11, 1910, p. 5.

  129. 129.

    Hearth and Home, August 6, 1896, p. 479; August 13, 1896, p. 514.

  130. 130.

    London Standard, “Swimming Costumes for Ladies,” September 28, 1898, p. 3.

  131. 131.

    The Lady Dressmaker, “Frocks for Tomorrow,” Girl’s Own Paper, November 26, 1898, p. 136.

  132. 132.

    Hull Daily Mail, “Ladies Costumes for Swimming,” September 21, 1898, p. 3.

  133. 133.

    Morning Post, “Lady Swimmers and Their Dress,” September 26, 1898, p. 6.

  134. 134.

    The Lady Dressmaker, “Frocks for Tomorrow,” Girl’s Own Paper, November 26, 1898, p. 136.

  135. 135.

    Morning Post, “Lady Swimmers and Their Dress,” September 26, 1898, p. 6.

  136. 136.

    London Standard, “Swimming Costumes for Ladies,” September 28, 1898, p. 3.

  137. 137.

    Senorita. Exeter and Plymouth Gazette, September 27, 1898, p. 6.

  138. 138.

    ASA Handbook, 1902, Regulations for Competition, i.

  139. 139.

    Girl’s Empire, “Neptune. Athletics for Girls. Swimming,” vol 1, 1902, pp. 458–462.

  140. 140.

    Jo Manning. First champ ‘would be thrilled’, BBC news website, August 11, 2008, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/7554196.stm (accessed December 4, 2018).

  141. 141.

    Manchester Courier, “Woman’s Interests. Swimming Costumes,” July 15, 1914, p. 11.

  142. 142.

    Parratt, “Athletic Womanhood,” Journal of Sport History, 142; See Hargreaves, ‘“Playing Like Gentlemen”’, 42, 50; and Sporting Females, 51.

  143. 143.

    Parratt, “Athletic Womanhood,” Journal of Sport History, 154.

  144. 144.

    Globe, January 9, 1914, p. 7.

  145. 145.

    Parratt, “Athletic Womanhood,” Journal of Sport History, 147–148.

  146. 146.

    Hull Daily Mail, “Swimming Not Bathing,” June 6, 1912, p. 7.

  147. 147.

    Nomad, “Leaves of My Notebook re Ladies Swimming,” Sports Argus, September 15, 1917, p. 1.

  148. 148.

    Jennifer Hargreaves, Sporting Females: Critical Issues in the History and Sociology of Women’s Sports (London: Routledge, 1994), 97.

  149. 149.

    Parratt, “Athletic Womanhood,” Journal of Sport History, 147–148.

  150. 150.

    ASA Handbook (1904) (London: ASA), 118.

  151. 151.

    Hartlepool Mail, “ASA Sanction Coloured Costumes,” March 10, 1930, p. 7.

  152. 152.

    Funny Folks, May 22, 1880, p. 165.

  153. 153.

    Theodore Koditschek (1997) “The Gendering of the British Working Class,” Gender and History 9, no. 2 (1997): 335, 351, 354, 355.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. History, Politics and Philosophy, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK

    Dave Day

  2. Independent Researcher, Crewe, UK

    Margaret Roberts

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  1. Dave Day
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  2. Margaret Roberts
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Correspondence to Dave Day .

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Day, D., Roberts, M. (2019). The Female Swimming Community. In: Swimming Communities in Victorian England. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20940-7_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20940-7_4

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