This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
18.2 MΩ cm at 25 ℃ obtained from Merck Direct Q 3 UV purificator.
- 2.
The experimental and measuring conditions of PEM-URFC in FC mode are summed up later in text, in Sect. 3.4.1.
- 3.
Standard gravimetric methods are not ideal due to the very low mass increment after the thin film deposition.
- 4.
All of the PEIS measurements mentioned from this point onward were done keeping the same parameters.
- 5.
When referring to break-in procedure later in the text, we will always mean constant voltage of 1.7 V for duration of 8.5 h.
- 6.
Applying 100 mA steps with 15 s stabilization period. From Sect. 3.3.4 onwards the stepped galvanostatic mode was due to the instrumental reasons (random occurrences of sharp high voltage spikes) replaced by finer stepped potentiostatic mode (applying 5 mV steps with 10 s stabilization period).
- 7.
- 8.
Note that even if not mentioned in text, EDX analysis was routinely carried out on all future samples to confirm homogeneous distribution of elements within.
- 9.
Lower loadings than 0.1 mg cm−2 resulted in undesired discontinuous layers and were not further investigated.
- 10.
This is relevant for simulation of switching on and off of the PEM-WE cell.
- 11.
It is fair to expect that O 1s signal is from iridium oxide and not from the Ti foil since no Ti 2p peaks are visible in the XPS spectra (both before and after the aging procedure).
- 12.
According the literature, the information depths for our SRPES and XPS energies for TiC are approximately 1 nm and 2 nm, respectively [17].
- 13.
The same loading and composition of TiC-based support that was also hot-pressed on anode side of the PEM and then sputtered over by Ir thin film.
- 14.
- 15.
These parameters are kept the same for later measurements of PEM-URFC in FC mode.
- 16.
More details on PEM-FC testing setup can be found in [25].
- 17.
It was the very same sample which was measured in Fig. 53, i.e. 10 nm Pt–Ir on Ti foil.
- 18.
HOPG is a highly pure and ordered form of synthetic graphite with well aligned individual laterally oriented crystallites.
- 19.
Again, miniature leak-free Ag/AgCl (3.4 M KCl) electrode was used as reference; Pt wire as counter electrode.
References
Hwang C, Ito H, Maeda T, Nakano A, Kato A, Yoshida T (2013) Flow field design for a polymer electrolyte unitized reversible fuel cell. ECS Trans 50:787–794. https://doi.org/10.1149/05002.0787ecst
Zhang D, Duan L, Guo L, Wang Z, Zhao J, Tuan WH, Niihara K (2011) TiN-coated titanium as the bipolar plate for PEMFC by multi-arc ion plating. Int J Hydrogen Energy 36:9155–9161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.04.123
Langemann M, Fritz DL, Muller M, Stolten D (2015) Validation and characterization of suitable materials for bipolar plates in PEM water electrolysis. Int J Hydrogen Energy 40:11385–11391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.04.155
Carmo M, Fritz DL, Mergel J, Stolten D (2013) A comprehensive review on PEM water electrolysis. Int J Hydrogen Energy 38:4901–4934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.01.151
DOE Technical Targets for Hydrogen Production from Electrolysis. Energy Gov https://energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/doe-technical-targets-hydrogen-production-electrolysis (accessed 15 Nov 2017)
Ito H, Maeda T, Nakano A, Takenaka H (2011) Properties of Nafion membranes under PEM water electrolysis conditions. Int J Hydrogen Energy 36:10527–10540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.05.127
Slavcheva E, Radev I, Bliznakov S, Topalov G, Andreev P, Budevski E (2007) Sputtered iridium oxide films as electrocatalysts for water splitting via PEM electrolysis. Electrochim Acta 52:3889–3894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2006.11.005
Sapountzi FM, Divane SC, Papaioannou EI, Souentie S, Vayenas CG (2011) The role of Nafion content in sputtered IrO2 based anodes for low temperature PEM water electrolysis. J Electroanal Chem 662:116–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.04.005
Ma L, Sui S, Zhai Y (2008) Preparation and characterization of Ir/TiC catalyst for oxygen evolution. J Power Sources 177:470–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.11.106
Sui S, Ma L, Zhai Y (2011) TiC supported Pt–Ir electrocatalyst prepared by a plasma process for the oxygen electrode in unitized regenerative fuel cells. J Power Sources 196:5416–5422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.02.058
Ma L, Sui S, Zhai Y (2009) Investigations on high performance proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer. Int J Hydrogen Energy 34:678–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.11.022
Huang J, Li Z, Zhang J (2017) Review of characterization and modeling of polymer electrolyte fuel cell catalyst layer: the blessing and curse of ionomer. Front Energy 11:334–364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-017-0490-6
Vielstich W, Lamm A, Gasteiger HA, Yokokawa H (2003) Handbook of fuel cells: fundamentals, technology, and applications. Wiley
Kúš P, Ostroverkh A, Ševčíková K, Khalakhan I, Fiala R, Skála T, Tsud N, Matolin V (2016) Magnetron sputtered Ir thin film on TiC-based support sublayer as low-loading anode catalyst for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis. Int J Hydrogen Energy 41:15124–15132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.06.248
van der Merwe J, Uren K, van Schoor G, Bessarabov D (2014) Characterisation tools development for PEM electrolysers. Int J Hydrogen Energy 39:14212–14221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.02.096
Hoffman DW (1990) Intrinsic resputtering—theory and experiment. J Vac Sci Technol A Vac Surf Film 8. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.576483
Smith GC, Hopwood AB, Titchener KJ (2002) Electron inelastic mean free path for Ti, TiC, TiN and TiO2 as determined by quantitative reflection electron energy-loss spectroscopy. Surf Interface Anal 33:230–237. https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.1205
Lu G, Bernasek SL, Schwartz J (2000) Oxidation of a polycrystalline titanium surface by oxygen and water. Surf Sci 458:80–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6028(00)00420-9
Ottakam Thotiyl MM, Freunberger SA, Peng Z, Chen Y, Liu Z, Bruce PG (2013) A stable cathode for the aprotic Li–O2 battery. Nat Mater 12:1050–1056. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3737
Albert A, Barnett AO, Thomassen MS, Schmidt TJ, Gubler L (2015) Radiation-grafted polymer electrolyte membranes for water electrolysis cells: evaluation of key membrane properties. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7:22203–22212. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b04618
Kúš P, Ostroverkh A, Khalakhan I, Fiala R, Kosto Y, Šmíd B, Lobko E, Yakovlev Y, Nováková J, Matolínova I, Matolín V (2019) Magnetron sputtered thin-film vertically segmented Pt–Ir catalyst supported on TiC for anode side of proton exchange membrane unitized regenerative fuel cells. Manuscript submitted to Int J Hydrogen Energy
Ostroverkh A, Johánek V, Dubau M, Kúš P, Khalakhan I, Šmíd B, Fiala R, Václavů M, Ostroverkh Y, Matolín V (2019) Optimization of ionomer-free ultra-low loading Pt catalyst for anode/cathode of PEMFC via magnetron sputtering. Int J Hydrogen Energy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.12.206
Radev I, Topalov G, Lefterova E, Ganske G, Schnakenberg U, Tsotridis G, Slavcheva E (2012) Optimization of platinum/iridium ratio in thin sputtered films for PEMFC cathodes. Int J Hydrogen Energy 37:7730–7735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.02.015
Wang J, Holt-Hindle P, MacDonald D, Thomas DF, Chen A (2008) Synthesis and electrochemical study of Pt-based nanoporous materials. Electrochim Acta 53:6944–6952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2008.02.028
Fiala R (2017) Investigation of new catalysts for polymer membrane fuel cells. Dissertation Thesis, Charles University
Khalakhan I, Choukourov A, Vorokhta M, Kúš P, Matolínová I, Matolín V (2018) In situ electrochemical AFM monitoring of the potential-dependent deterioration of platinum catalyst during potentiodynamic cycling. Ultramicroscopy 187:64–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2018.01.015
Topalov AA, Katsounaros I, Auinger M, Cherevko S, Meier JC, Klemm SO, Mayrhofer KJJ (2012) Dissolution of platinum: limits for the deployment of electrochemical energy conversion? Angew Chemie—Int Ed 51:12613–12615. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201207256
Sugawara Y, Okayasu T, Yadav AP, Nishikata A, Tsuru T (2012) Dissolution mechanism of platinum in sulfuric acid solution. J Electrochem Soc 159:779–786. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.017212jes
El Sawy EN, Birss VI (2009) Nano-porous iridium and iridium oxide thin films formed by high efficiency electrodeposition. J Mater Chem 19:8244. https://doi.org/10.1039/b914662h
Cherevko S, Geiger S, Kasian O, Mingers A, Mayrhofer KJJ (2016) Oxygen evolution activity and stability of iridium in acidic media. Part 1—Metallic iridium. J Electroanal Chem 773:69–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.04.033
Cherevko S, Geiger S, Kasian O, Mingers A, Mayrhofer KJJ (2016) Oxygen evolution activity and stability of iridium in acidic media. Part 2—Electrochemically grown hydrous iridium oxide. J Electroanal Chem 774:102–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.05.015
Lee I, Whang C, Lee Y, Hwan G, Park B, Park J, Seo W, Cui F (2005) Formation of nano iridium oxide: material properties and neural cell culture. Thin Solid Films 475:332–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2004.08.076
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kúš, P. (2019). Results. In: Thin-Film Catalysts for Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers and Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cells. Springer Theses. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20859-2_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20859-2_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-20858-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-20859-2
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)