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Thin-Film Catalysts for Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers and Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cells

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Abstract

It is now year 2018 and it is evident, more than ever, that we live in Anthropocene. The epoch during which the very geology, ecosystem and climate of planet Earth are being notably altered by the human civilization. Many claim that these alterations are mostly negative.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Unlike e.g. combustion engines which convert chemical energy to heat and motion and alternatively/eventually to electricity, resulting in lower efficiency.

  2. 2.

    Relative to SHE (standard hydrogen electrode) at STP (standard temperature and pressure) of 25 °C and 1 atm [40].

  3. 3.

    This term has its origins in era of early fuel cells which utilized solid electrodes, liquid electrolyte and gaseous fuel, hence three phases are entering the reaction.

  4. 4.

    Thanks to carbon black support, typical noble metal loading for cathode and anode has been lowered from several mg cm−2 down to 0.5–0.3 mg cm−2 [42].

  5. 5.

    DOE target for 2020 is set to 14 $/kW [53].

  6. 6.

    It should be emphasized that usage of these carbon nanostructures was a pivotal factor, allowing for considerable Pt reduction in PEM-FCs without their significant efficiency deterioration.

  7. 7.

    Not only the costs of catalysts and bipolar plates but also all other parts of the cell since their number basically gets reduced to half.

  8. 8.

    Now for simplicity considering state-of-the-art, established catalysts (Pt and Ir); not novel, experimental ones.

  9. 9.

    Both \(\Delta G\) and \(\Delta H\) are temperature dependent.

  10. 10.

    Also called polarization curve.

  11. 11.

    Or unitized regenerative fuel cell operates at the same temperature in both regimes.

  12. 12.

    PEM, catalyst layers (anode and cathode), and GDL together form the MEA.

  13. 13.

    Sputtering is thoroughly described in the Experimental section.

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  1. Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

    Dr. Peter Kúš

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Kúš, P. (2019). Introduction. In: Thin-Film Catalysts for Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers and Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cells. Springer Theses. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20859-2_1

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