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Victimization at Schools and on College and University Campuses: Historical Developments and Applications of the Opportunity Framework

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Handbook on Crime and Deviance

Part of the book series: Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research ((HSSR))

Abstract

Victimization at educational institutions has been the focus of researchers, policy makers, and activists for decades. From their collective efforts, two distinct bodies of knowledge have developed, one at the K-12 level and the other at the collegiate level. In this chapter, we discuss the major historical events in the social construction of K-12 and campus crime and victimization. We also provide a review of research on K-12 and campus victimization that has applied the opportunity framework. Ultimately, we illustrate that the social construction of victimization at the K-12 and campus levels has emerged through largely separate social processes and that these distinct pathways are reflected in the differences in the application of the opportunity framework within each context.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Low self-control was omitted as a construct column from Appendix 1 because the measures and results regarding this construct are generally consistent across studies. Low self-control tends to be measured with a multi-item scale similar to Grasmick, Tittle, Bursik, and Arneklev (1993), and it is positively related to school-based victimization (e.g., Kulig, Pratt, Cullen, Chouhy, & Unnever, 2017; Tillyer, Fisher, & Wilcox, 2011; Wilcox, Tillyer, & Fisher, 2009). Additionally, only one outcome measure was included in Appendix 1 per study (e.g., physical assault, theft) for simplicity and illustrative purposes.

  2. 2.

    Although target congruence was a major theme in the K-12 research, only one study to our knowledge has incorporated this theory in the campus research (see Elvey & McNeeley, 2018). Thus, we did not include this study in our discussion.

  3. 3.

    Low self-control was omitted from Appendix 2 because the measures and results are generally similar across studies; low self-control tends to be positively related to school-based victimization (e.g., Ngo & Paternoster, 2011; Reyns, Henson, & Fisher, 2011; Schreck, 1999).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Leah C. Butler & Bonnie S. Fisher

  2. University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA

    Teresa C. Kulig

  3. Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA

    Pamela Wilcox

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  1. Leah C. Butler
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  2. Teresa C. Kulig
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  3. Bonnie S. Fisher
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  4. Pamela Wilcox
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Correspondence to Leah C. Butler .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Marvin D. Krohn

  2. Department of Criminal Justice, Radford University, Radford, VA, USA

    Nicole Hendrix

  3. School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA

    Gina Penly Hall

  4. School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA

    Alan J. Lizotte

Appendices

Appendix 1

Table 4.1 Operationalization of Opportunity Constructs in Selected K-12 Victimization Research
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Appendix 2

Table 4.2 Operationalization of Opportunity Constructs in Selected Campus Victimization Research
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Butler, L.C., Kulig, T.C., Fisher, B.S., Wilcox, P. (2019). Victimization at Schools and on College and University Campuses: Historical Developments and Applications of the Opportunity Framework. In: Krohn, M., Hendrix, N., Penly Hall, G., Lizotte, A. (eds) Handbook on Crime and Deviance. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20779-3_4

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