Abstract
For centuries, nation-states have drawn lines on Arctic maps, appropriating and sub-dividing Indigenous homelands. Sometimes, in the drawing of boundaries, debates attended the processes, such as those between advocates of competing definitions of the Circumpolar North. Was Arctic land that which existed north of the tree line or was the Arctic Circle its true southern boundary? Or is the Arctic centered on an eponymous ocean?
For a generation now, the Arctic’s Indigenous Peoples have pressed their own claims to their homelands and, latterly, the Arctic’s settler majority has joined them in crossing over the nation-states’ lines of demarcation. Together, they are transforming the Arctic region into an arena for inter-societal conflict resolution, climate adaption, fair dealing, sustainability, and lively democracy. Far from the FOX News moon-howling madhouse, northerners are creating quieter, saner, more secure spaces.
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Notes
- 1.
The Royal Proclamation is a document that set out guidelines for European settlement of Aboriginal territories in what is now North America. The Royal Proclamation was initially issued by King George III in 1763 to officially claim British territory in North America after Britain won the Seven Years War. https://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/royal_proclamation_1763/.
- 2.
[Colin G. Calloway, The Indian World of George Washington: The First President, the First Americans, and the Birth of the Nation, Oxford University Press, 2018].
- 3.
The Arctic Monitoring Assessment Program (AMAP), which predates the Arctic Council, created its “AMAP area” as the territory where it would carry out environmental monitoring under the Environmental Protection Strategy. AMAP has defined a regional extent based on a compromise among various definitions. The “AMAP area” essentially includes the terrestrial and marine areas north of the Arctic Circle (66°32′N), and north of 62°N in Asia and 60°N in North America, modified to include the marine areas north of the Aleutian chain, Hudson Bay, and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean including the Labrador Sea, excluding the Baltic Sea.
- 4.
Aleqa Hammond in Penikett (2017), Hunting the Northern Character, UBC Press, 2017, 10–11 [The adventures of a FOX NEWs “genius” at Helsinki, Singapore and Windsor Castle brought to mind Vilhjalmur Stefansson’s comment about “adventure was a sign of incompetence.”].
- 5.
Wikipedia: “The original Coppertone logo was the profile of an Indian chief… Sometime around 1965, Jodie Foster made her acting debut as the Coppertone girl in a television commercial, when she was three years old.”
- 6.
“Animal spirits” a term from John Maynard Keynes 1936 book The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money for the instincts and passions motivating human behavior, investor enthusiasm and consumer confidence, supposedly inspired by “animal spirits.”
- 7.
Tim Flannery, “Raised by Wolves,” New York Review of books, April 5, 2018 Issue
One day around 26,000 years ago, an eight-to-ten-year-old child and a canine walked together into the rear of Chauvet Cave, in what is now France. Judging from their tracks, which can be traced for around 150 feet across the cave floor, their route took them past the magnificent art for which the cave is famous … Whatever happened, the pair’s adventure certainly became famous in 2016, when a large radiocarbon dating program that included the smear of charcoal discarded by the child confirmed that the tracks constitute the oldest unequivocal evidence of a relationship between humans and canines.
- 8.
Israel Rosenfield and Edward Ziff, “Epigenetics: The Evolution Revolution,” New York Review of Books, June 7, 2018, p. 38 “Epigenetics has also made clear that the stress caused by war, prejudice, poverty, and other forms of childhood adversity may have consequences both for the persons affected and their future—unborn—children, not only for social and economic reasons but also for biological ones.”
- 9.
Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business, Viking Penguin, 1985.
- 10.
David Cole, “Trump’s Inquisitor,” New York Review of Books, April 19, 2018.
- 11.
Eric Allison, The Guardian international edition, Tuesday 10 February 2009, “Prison is no place for children; In the UK, we lock up 23 children per 100,000 of the population, compared to six in France, two in Spain and 0.2 in Finland.”
- 12.
Rae Ellen Bichell, “In Finland’s ‘open prisons,’ inmates have the keys,” April 15, 2015, 1:45 PM EDT “Everyone at the Kerava open prison applied to be here. They earn about $8 an hour, have cell phones, do their grocery shopping in town and get three days of vacation every couple of months. They pay rent to the prison; they choose to study for a university degree in town instead of working, they get a subsidy for it…”.
- 13.
Madeline Albright, Fascism: A Warning, HarperCollins, 2018.
- 14.
Scott Pruitt, FOX News June 1, 2018: “One year ago, on June 1, 2017, President Trump boldly and courageously announced that the United States would withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement. This was a historic moment that upheld the president’s campaign promise and demonstrated to the world that he puts the American people first. The president’s decision, together with his decisive actions through regulatory reforms and tax relief, is unleashing the American economy.”
- 15.
Eli Rosenberg, “Native Americans Called Andrew Jackson ‘Indian killer.’ Trump Honoured Native War Heroes in Front of His Portrait,” The Washington Post, Tuesday, November 28, 2017, “A slave owner, Jackson spoke about Native Americans as if they were an inferior group of people. ‘Established in the midst of a superior race,’ he said of the Cherokee, ‘they must disappear’.”https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2017/11/28/native-americans-called-andrew-jackson-indian-killer-trump-honoured-native-war-heroes-in-front-of-his-portrait.html.
- 16.
Trump’s grandfather changed the family name from “Drumpf” (Blair 2000).
- 17.
Michelle Z. Donahue, National Geographic, January 3, 2018, “Her genome is the oldest-yet complete genetic profile of a New World human. But if that isn’t enough, her genes also reveal the existence of a previously unknown population of people who are related to—but older and genetically distinct from—modern Native Americans. This new information helps sketch in more details about how, when, and where the ancestors of all Native Americans became a distinct group, and how they may have dispersed into and throughout the New World. Ben Potter, the University of Alaska Fairbanks archaeologist, who unearthed the remains at the Upward River Sun site in 2013, named this new group ‘Ancient Beringians’.”
- 18.
Not least this author, the father of three Tanana children.
- 19.
“…the dominant form of Mexican resistance to the invaders would turn out to be syncretic. Syncretism—the growing together of new beliefs and old—is a way of encoding the values of a conquered culture within a dominant culture. It would allow the Franciscans to think they had succeeded—and allow the Aztecs to think they had survived” (Wright 2009).
References
Blair, Gwenda. 2000. The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire. Simon & Schuster.
Borrows, John. 2006. Indigenous Legal Traditions in Canada: Report for the Law Commission of Canada. Ottawa, ON: Law Commission of Canada, January.
Calloway, Colin. 2018. The Indian World of George Washington: The First President, the First Americans, and the Birth of the Nation. Oxford University Press.
Penikett, Tony. 2017. Hunting the Northern Character. UBC Press.
Postman, Neil. 1985. Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business. Penguin.
Schumacher, E.F. 2010. Small Is Beautiful: Economics as If People Mattered. HarperCollins, Paperback.
Smith, Laurence. 2011. The World in 2050: Four Forces Shaping Civilization’s Northern, Future, New York: Penguin Group.
Wright, Ronald. 2009. Stolen Continents: Conquest and Resistance in the Americas. Penguin.
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Penikett, T. (2020). Dotting the Ice. In: Coates, K.S., Holroyd, C. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Arctic Policy and Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20557-7_33
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