Abstract
Hair is a common piece of trace evidence found at a crime scene, however, often it is not possible to obtain DNA (due to the lack of a follicular root). These hair samples could potentially provide other intelligence, based on the molecular history of an individual that it contains. Currently, this type of analysis is performed using traditional hyphenated techniques gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). However, these techniques require a large amount of hair, not a few single strands such as those typically found at a crime scene and also involve extensive sample preparation. Recently new technologies such as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) have been used to monitor the distribution of drugs of abuse in single hair strands. Using this technology it is possible to reveal the distribution of compounds in the hair more accurately and in single strands as opposed to milligram quantities required by traditional hyphenated methods. The use of MALDI-MSI could provide law enforcement agencies with lifestyle information on an individual and help to narrow down the pool of suspects.
Keywords
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alonso L, Fuchs E (2006) The hair cycle. J Cell Sci 119(3):391–393
Buffoli B, Rinaldi F, Labanca M, Sorbellini E, Trink A, Guanziroli E, Rezzani R, Rodella LF (2014) The human hair: from anatomy to physiology. Int J Dermatol 53(3):331–341
Henderson GL (1993) Mechanisms of drug incorporation into hair. Forensic Sci Int 63(1–3):19–29
Pragst F, Balikova MA (2006) State of the art in hair analysis for detection of drug and alcohol abuse. Clin Chim Acta 370(1–2):17–49
Taupin JM (2004) Forensic hair morphology comparison—a dying art or junk science? Sci Justice 44(2):95–100
Springfield AC, Cartmell LW, Aufderheide AC, Buikstra J, Ho J (1993) Cocaine and metabolites in the hair of ancient Peruvian coca leaf chewers. Forensic Sci Int 63(1–3):269–275
Vogliardi S, Tucci M, Stocchero G, Ferrara SD, Favretto D (2015) Sample preparation methods for determination of drugs of abuse in hair samples: a review. Anal Chim Acta 857:1–27
Cooper GA, Kronstrand R, Kintz P (2012) Society of hair testing guidelines for drug testing in hair. Forensic Sci Int 218(1–3):20–24
Bassindale TA, Berezowski R (2011) Quantitative analysis of hair samples for 1-benzylpiperazine (BZP) using high-performance liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 401(6):2013–2017
Bassindale T (2012) Quantitative analysis of methamphetamine in hair of children removed from clandestine laboratories–evidence of passive exposure? Forensic Sci Int 219(1–3):179–182
Palamar JJ, Salomone A, Vincenti M, Cleland CM (2016) Detection of “bath salts” and other novel psychoactive substances in hair samples of ecstasy/MDMA/”Molly” users. Drug Alcohol Depend 161:200–205
Arnold W (1987) Radioimmunological hair analysis for narcotics and substitutes. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 25(10):753–757
Cassani M, Spiehler V (1993) Analytical requirements, perspectives and limits of immunological methods for drugs in hair. Forensic Sci Int 63(1–3):175–184
Aoki K, Kuroiwa Y (1983) Enzyme immunoassay for methamphetamine. J Pharmacobiodyn 6(1):33–38
Balabanova S, Homoki J (1987) Determination of cocaine in human hair by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Z Rechtsmed 98(4):235–240
Moller MR, Fey P, Rimbach S (1992) Identification and quantitation of cocaine and its metabolites, benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester, in hair of Bolivian coca chewers by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 16(5):291–296
Johansen SS, Jornil J (2009) Determination of amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDA and MDMA in human hair by GC-EI-MS after derivatization with perfluorooctanoyl chloride. Scandn J Clin Lab Invest 69(1):113–120
Polettini A, Stramesi C, Vignali C, Montagna M (1997) Determination of opiates in hair. Effects of extraction methods on recovery and on stability of analytes. Forensic Sci Int 84(1–3):259–269
Staub C (1999) Chromatographic procedures for determination of cannabinoids in biological samples, with special attention to blood and alternative matrices like hair, saliva, sweat and meconium. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 733(1–2):119–126
Orfanidis A, Mastrogianni O, Koukou A, Psarros G, Gika H, Theodoridis G, Raikos N (2017) A GC-MS method for the detection and quantitation of ten major drugs of abuse in human hair samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 1047:141–150
Paterson S, McLachlan-Troup N, Cordero R, Dohnal M, Carman S (2001) Qualitative screening for drugs of abuse in hair using GC-MS. J Anal Toxicol 25(3):203–208
Moeller MR, Fey P, Wennig R (1993) Simultaneous determination of drugs of abuse (opiates, cocaine and amphetamine) in human hair by GC/MS and its application to a methadone treatment program. Forensic Sci Int 63(1–3):185–206
Jurado C, Soriano T, Gimenez MP, Menendez M (2004) Diagnosis of chronic alcohol consumption. Hair analysis for ethyl-glucuronide. Forensic Sci Int 145(2–3):161–166
Pragst F, Auwaerter V, Sporkert F, Spiegel K (2001) Analysis of fatty acid ethyl esters in hair as possible markers of chronically elevated alcohol consumption by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Forensic Sci Int 121(1–2):76–88
Kintz P (2012) Consensus of the society of hair testing on hair testing for chronic excessive alcohol consumption 2011. Forensic Sci Int 218(1–3):2
Tabernero MJ, Felli ML, Bermejo AM, Chiarotti M (2009) Determination of ketamine and amphetamines in hair by LC/MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 395(8):2547–2557
Moosmann B, Roth N, Auwarter V (2014) Hair analysis for THCA-A, THC and CBN after passive in vivo exposure to marijuana smoke. Drug Test Anal 6(1–2):119–125
Nielsen MK, Johansen SS, Dalsgaard PW, Linnet K (2010) Simultaneous screening and quantification of 52 common pharmaceuticals and drugs of abuse in hair using UPLC-TOF-MS. Forensic Sci Int 196(1–3):85–92
Kronstrand R, Forsman M, Roman M (2018) Quantitative analysis of drugs in hair by UHPLC high resolution mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 283:9–15
Boumba VA, Di Rago M, Peka M, Drummer OH, Gerostamoulos D (2017) The analysis of 132 novel psychoactive substances in human hair using a single step extraction by tandem LC/MS. Forensic Sci Int 279:192–202
Baciu T, Borrull F, Aguilar C, Calull M (2015) Recent trends in analytical methods and separation techniques for drugs of abuse in hair. Anal Chim Acta 856:1–26
Chughtai K, Heeren RMA (2010) Mass spectrometric imaging for biomedical tissue analysis. Chem Rev 110(5):3237–3277
Norris JL, Caprioli RM (2013) Analysis of tissue specimens by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry in biological and clinical research. Chem Rev 113(4):2309–2342
Flinders B, Cuypers E, Zeijlemaker H, Tytgat J, Heeren RM (2015) Preparation of longitudinal sections of hair samples for the analysis of cocaine by MALDI-MS/MS and TOF-SIMS imaging. Drug Test Anal 7(10):859–865
Ogrinc Potocnik N, Porta T, Becker M, Heeren RM, Ellis SR (2015) Use of advantageous, volatile matrices enabled by next-generation high-speed matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight imaging employing a scanning laser beam. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 29(23):2195–2203
Vogliardi S, Favretto D, Frison G, Ferrara SD, Seraglia R, Traldi P (2009) A fast screening MALDI method for the detection of cocaine and its metabolites in hair. J Mass Spectrom 44(1):18–24
Vogliardi S, Favretto D, Frison G, Maietti S, Viel G, Seraglia R, Traldi P, Ferrara SD (2010) Validation of a fast screening method for the detection of cocaine in hair by MALDI-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 396(7):2435–2440
Miki A, Katagi M, Kamata T, Zaitsu K, Tatsuno M, Nakanishi T, Tsuchihashi H, Takubo T, Suzuki K (2011) MALDI-TOF and MALDI-FTICR imaging mass spectrometry of methamphetamine incorporated into hair. J Mass Spectrom 46(4):411–416
Miki A, Katagi M, Shima N, Kamata H, Tatsuno M, Nakanishi T, Tsuchihashi H, Takubo T, Suzuki K (2011) Imaging of methamphetamine incorporated into hair by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 29(2):111–116
Porta T, Grivet C, Kraemer T, Varesio E, Hopfgartner G (2011) Single hair cocaine consumption monitoring by mass spectrometric imaging. Anal Chem 83(11):4266–4272
Shen M, Xiang P, Shi Y, Pu H, Yan H, Shen B (2014) Mass imaging of ketamine in a single scalp hair by MALDI-FTMS. Anal Bioanal Chem 406(19):4611–4616
Kamata T, Shima N, Sasaki K, Matsuta S, Takei S, Katagi M, Miki A, Zaitsu K, Nakanishi T, Sato T, Suzuki K, Tsuchihashi H (2015) Time-course mass spectrometry imaging for depicting drug incorporation into hair. Anal Chem 87(11):5476–5481
Beasley E, Francese S, Bassindale T (2016) Detection and mapping of cannabinoids in single hair samples through rapid derivatization and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 88(20):10328–10334
Kernalleguen A, Enjalbal C, Alvarez JC, Belgacem O, Leonetti G, Lafitte D, Pelissier-Alicot AL (2018) Synthetic cannabinoid isomers characterization by MALDI-MS3 imaging: application to single scalp hair. Anal Chim Acta 1041:87–93
Rosen EP, Thompson CG, Bokhart MT, Prince HM, Sykes C, Muddiman DC, Kashuba AD (2016) Analysis of antiretrovirals in single hair strands for evaluation of drug adherence with infrared-matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging. Anal Chem 88(2):1336–1344
Robichaud G, Barry JA, Garrard KP, Muddiman DC (2013) Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) imaging source coupled to a FT-ICR mass spectrometer. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 24(1):92–100
Poetzsch M, Baumgartner MR, Steuer AE, Kraemer T (2015) Segmental hair analysis for differentiation of tilidine intake from external contamination using LC-ESI-MS/MS and MALDI-MS/MS imaging. Drug Test Anal 7(2):143–149
Shima N, Sasaki K, Kamata T, Matsuta S, Katagi M, Miki A, Zaitsu K, Sato T, Nakanishi T, Tsuchihashi H, Suzuki K (2015) Single-hair analysis of zolpidem on the supposition of its single administration in drug-facilitated crimes. Forensic Toxicol 33(1):122–130
Shima N, Sasaki K, Kamata T, Matsuta S, Wada M, Kakehashi H, Nakano S, Kamata H, Nishioka H, Sato T, Tsuchihashi H, Miki A, Katagi M (2017) Incorporation of Zolpidem into hair and its distribution after a single administration. Drug Metab Dispos 45(3):286–293
Wang H, Wang Y, Wang G, Hong L (2017) Matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization mass spectrometric imaging of olanzapine in a single hair using esculetin as a matrix. J Pharm Biomed Anal 141:123–131
Wang H, Wang Y (2017) Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric imaging for the rapid segmental analysis of methamphetamine in a single hair using umbelliferone as a matrix. Anal Chim Acta 975:42–51
Nakanishi T, Nirasawa T, Takubo T (2014) Quantitative mass barcode-like image of nicotine in single longitudinally sliced hair sections from long-term smokers by matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry imaging. J Anal Toxicol 38(6):349–353
Cuypers E, Flinders B, Boone CM, Bosman IJ, Lusthof KJ, Van Asten AC, Tytgat J, Heeren RM (2016) Consequences of decontamination procedures in forensic hair analysis using metal-assisted secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis. Anal Chem 88(6):3091–3097
Flinders B, Beasley E, Verlaan RM, Cuypers E, Francese S, Bassindale T, Clench MR, Heeren RMA (2017) Optimization of sample preparation and instrumental parameters for the rapid analysis of drugs of abuse in hair samples by MALDI-MS/MS imaging. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 28(11):2462–2468
Poetzsch M, Steuer AE, Roemmelt AT, Baumgartner MR, Kraemer T (2014) Single hair analysis of small molecules using MALDI-triple quadrupole MS imaging and LC-MS/MS: investigations on opportunities and pitfalls. Anal Chem 86(23):11758–11765
Barré F, Rocha B, Dewez F, Towers M, Murray P, Claude E, Cillero-Pastor B, Heeren R, Porta Siegel T (2018) Faster raster matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging of lipids at high lateral resolution. Int J Mass Spectrom 437:38–48
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Flinders, B., Bassindale, T., Heeren, R.M.A. (2019). Recent Technological Developments in MALDI-MSI Based Hair Analysis. In: Francese, S. (eds) Emerging Technologies for the Analysis of Forensic Traces. Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20542-3_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20542-3_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-20541-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-20542-3
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)