Skip to main content

Wisdom vs. Populism and Polarization: Learning to Regulate Our Evolved Intuitions

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Applying Wisdom to Contemporary World Problems

Abstract

Many countries in the so-called Western world seem to be taking an alarming turn toward nationalism, intolerance, political populism, and ideological polarization. In this chapter, I offer some wisdom-psychological perspectives on these recent changes. In short, research on moral judgment and on decision-making suggests that people often make judgments automatically, based on intuitions such as a propensity to favor in-group members or a preference for information that confirms one’s beliefs. Modern media may exacerbate the negative effects of these tendencies. In other words, while we are enjoying a record high in the worldwide availability of information, we may be moving toward a record low in worldwide wisdom. In the chapter, I discuss how wisdom psychology might contribute to counteracting these developments.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 19.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 29.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ambrose, D. (2019). The erosion of democracy: Can we muster enough wisdom to stop it? In R. J. Sternberg, H. C. Nusbaum, & J. Glück (Eds.), Applying wisdom to contemporary world problems (pp. 21–50). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ardelt, M. (2003). Development and empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale. Research on Aging, 25, 275–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ballew, C. C., & Todorov, A. (2007). Predicting political elections from rapid and unreflective face judgments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(46), 17948–17953.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baltes, P. B., & Staudinger, U. M. (2000). Wisdom: A metaheuristic (pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue towards excellence. American Psychologist, 55, 122–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63(3), 575–582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barberá, P., Jost, J. T., Nagler, J., Tucker, J. A., & Bonneau, R. (2015). Tweeting from left to right: Is online political communication more than an echo chamber? Psychological Science, 26(10), 1531–1542.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bilalić, M., McLeod, P., & Gobet, F. (2009). Specialization effect and its influence on memory and problem solving in expert chess players. Cognitive Science, 33(6), 1117–1143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bluck, S., & Glück, J. (2004). Making things better and learning a lesson: Experiencing wisdom across the lifespan. Journal of Personality, 72, 543–572.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brehm, S. S., & Brehm, J. W. (1981). Psychological reactance: A theory of freedom and control. New York, NY: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Choi, D.-H., & Shin, D.-H. (2017). Exploring political compromise in the new media environment: The interaction effects of social media use and the big five personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 106, 163–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Waal, F. (2009). The age of empathy: Nature’s lessons for a kinder society. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Espelage, D. L. (2014). Ecological theory: Preventing youth bullying, aggression, and victimization. Theory Into Practice, 53(4), 257–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrari, M., & Potworowski, G. (2008). Teaching for wisdom: Cross-cultural perspectives on fostering wisdom. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, W. L., Pickett, C. L., & Brewer, M. B. (2000). Social exclusion and selective memory: How the need to belong influences memory for social events. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(4), 486–496.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gigerenzer, G., Todd, P. M., & The ABC Research Group. (1999). Simple heuristics that make us smart. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glück, J. (2019). The development of wisdom during adulthood. In R. J. Sternberg & J. Glück (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of wisdom (pp. 323-346). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glück, J. (in press). Wisdom and intelligence. To appear in R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of intelligence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glück, J., & Bluck, S. (2013). The more life experience model: A theory of the development of personal wisdom. In M. Ferrari & N. M. Weststrate (Eds.), The scientific study of personal wisdom (pp. 75–98). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glück, J., Bluck, S., Baron, J., & McAdams, D. (2005). The wisdom of experience: Autobiographical narratives across adulthood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29, 197–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, J., Haidt, J., & Nosek, B. A. (2009). Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(5), 1029–1046.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greene, J. D. (2014). Moral tribes: Emotion, reason, and the gap between us and them. London: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross, E. F. (2009). Logging on, bouncing back: An experimental investigation of online communication following social exclusion. Developmental Psychology, 45(6), 1787–1793.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grossmann, I. (2017). Wisdom in context. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(2), 233–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grossmann, I., & Dorfman, A. (2019). Wise reasoning in an uncertain world. In R. J. Sternberg, H. C. Nusbaum, & J. Glück (Eds.), Applying wisdom to contemporary world problems (pp. 51–79). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossmann, I., & Kross, E. (2014). Exploring Solomon’s paradox: Self-distancing eliminates the self-other asymmetry in wise reasoning about close relationships in younger and older adults. Psychological Science, 25(8), 1571–1580.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grossmann, I., Na, J., Varnum, M. E. W., Park, D. C., Kitayama, S., & Nisbett, R. E. (2010). Reasoning about social conflicts improves into old age. PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 7246–7250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108(4), 814–834.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hmielowski, J. D., Beam, M. A., & Hutchens, M. J. (2016). Structural changes in media and attitude polarization: Examining the contributions of TV news before and after the Telecommunications Act of 1996. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 28(2), 153–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. London: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knobloch-Westerwick, S., Mothes, C., Johnson, B. K., Westerwick, A., & Donsbach, W. (2015). Political online information searching in Germany and the United States: Confirmation bias, source credibility, and attitude impacts. Journal of Communication, 65(3), 489–511.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kross, E., & Grossmann, I. (2012). Boosting wisdom: Distance from the self enhances wise reasoning, attitudes, and behavior. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141, 43–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kunzmann, U., & Glück, J. (2019). Wisdom and emotion. In R. Sternberg & J. Glück (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of wisdom (pp. 575–601). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lau, R. R., Andersen, D. J., Ditonto, T. M., Kleinberg, M. S., & Redlawsk, D. P. (2017). Effect of media environment diversity and advertising tone on information search, selective exposure, and affective polarization. Political Behavior, 39(1), 231–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levenson, R., Jennings, P. A., Aldwin, C., & Shiraishi, R. W. (2005). Self-transcendence, conceptualization and measurement. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 60, 127–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levitsky, S., & Ziblatt, D. (2018). How democracies die. New York: Crown Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, N. (2019). How wisdom can help solve global problems. In R. J. Sternberg, H. C. Nusbaum, & J. Glück (Eds.), Applying wisdom to contemporary world problems (pp. 337–380). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, C. H., Burgoon, M., Grandpre, J., & Alvaro, E. (2006). Identifying principal risk factors for the initiation of adolescent smoking behaviors: The significance of psychological reactance. Health Communication, 19, 241–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Müller, P., Schemer, C., Wettstein, M., Schulz, A., Wirz, D. S., Engesser, S., & Wirth, W. (2017). The polarizing impact of news coverage on populist attitudes in the public: Evidence from a panel study in four European democracies. Journal of Communication, 67(6), 968–992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Narvaez, D. (2010). Moral complexity: The fatal attraction of truthiness and the importance of mature moral functioning. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(2), 163–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nickerson, R. S. (1998). Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review of General Psychology, 2(2), 175–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, E., & Wood, T. J. (2018). Enchanted America: How intuition and reason divide our politics. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Page, S. E. (2008). The difference: How the power of diversity creates better groups, firms, schools, and societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Paluck, E. L. (2010). Is it better not to talk? Group polarization, extended contact, and perspective taking in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(9), 1170–1185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pariser, E. (2011). The filter bubble: What the Internet is hiding from you. London: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reznitskaya, A., & Sternberg, R. J. (2004). Teaching students to make wise judgments: The “teaching for wisdom” program. In P. A. Linley & S. Joseph (Eds.), Positive psychology in practice (pp. 181–196). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez, C. G., Moskowitz, J. P., Salem, R. M., & Ditto, P. H. (2017). Partisan selective exposure: The role of party, ideology and ideological extremity over time. Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 3(3), 254–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenblum, N. L. (2016). Good neighbors—The democracy of everyday life in America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman, J. (2016, November 7). The enemy next door. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/11/07/red-neighbor-blue-neighbor.

  • Schwartz, B., & Sharpe, K. E. (2019). Practical wisdom and health care. In R. J. Sternberg, H. C. Nusbaum, & J. Glück (Eds.), Applying wisdom to contemporary world problems (pp. 381–406). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staudinger, U. M., & Baltes, P. B. (1996). Interactive minds: A facilitative setting for wisdom-related performance? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 746–762.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Staudinger, U. M., Lopez, D., & Baltes, P. B. (1997). The psychometric location of wisdom-related performance: Intelligence, personality, and more? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 1200–1214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, R. J. (1998). A balance theory of wisdom. Review of General Psychology, 2(4), 347–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, R. J. (2001). Why schools should teach for wisdom: The balance theory of wisdom in educational settings. Educational Psychologist, 36(4), 227–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, R. J. (2005). Foolishness. In R. J. Sternberg & J. Jordan (Eds.), A handbook of wisdom: Psychological perspectives (pp. 331–352). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, R. J. (2013). Personal wisdom in the balance. In M. Ferrari & N. M. Weststrate (Eds.), The scientific study of personal wisdom (pp. 53–74). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, R. J. (2019a). Why people often prefer wise guys to guys who are wise: An augmented balance theory of the production and reception of wisdom. In R. J. Sternberg & J. Glück (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of wisdom (pp. 162–181). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, R. J. (2019b). Where have all the flowers of wisdom gone?—An analysis of teaching for wisdom over the years. In R. J. Sternberg, H. C. Nusbaum, & J. Glück (Eds.), Applying wisdom to contemporary world problems (pp. 1–19). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, R. J., & Glück, J. (2019). Wisdom, morality, and ethics. In R. J. Sternberg & J. Glück (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of wisdom (pp. 551–574). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Surowiecki, J. (2005). The wisdom of crowds. New York: Anchor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tan, C., Niculae, V., Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, C., & Lee, L. (2016, April). Winning arguments: Interaction dynamics and persuasion strategies in good-faith online discussions. In Proceedings of the 25th international conference on world wide web (pp. 613–624). International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thaler, R. H., & Sunstein, C. R. (2008). Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thapa, A., Cohen, J., Guffey, S., & Higgins-D’Alessandro, A. (2013). A review of school climate research. Review of Educational Research, 83(3), 357–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185(4157), 1124–1131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verhulst, B., Lodge, M., & Lavine, H. (2010). The attractiveness halo: Why some candidates are perceived more favorably than others. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 34, 111–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, J. G., & Ksiazek, T. B. (2012). The dynamics of audience fragmentation: Public attention in an age of digital media. Journal of Communication, 62(1), 39–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, J. D. (2007). Measuring the character strength of wisdom. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 65, 163–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, C., Cramer, K. J., Wagner, M. W., Alvarez, G., Friedland, L. A., Shah, D. V., … & Franklin, C. (2017). When we stop talking politics: The maintenance and closing of conversation in contentious times. Journal of Communication, 67(1), 131–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westerwick, A., Johnson, B. K., & Knobloch-Westerwick, S. (2017). Confirmation biases in selective exposure to political online information: Source bias vs. content bias. Communication Monographs, 84(3), 343–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weststrate, N. M. (2019). “Hate begets hate; violence begets violence”: A wisdom-based analysis of contemporary social activism. In R. J. Sternberg, H. C. Nusbaum, & J. Glück (Eds.), Applying wisdom to contemporary world problems (pp. 143–171). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weststrate, N. M., & Glück, J. (2017). Hard-earned wisdom: Exploratory processing of difficult life experience is positively associated with wisdom. Developmental Psychology, 53, 800–814.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weststrate, N. M., Ferrari, M., & Ardelt, M. (2016). The many faces of wisdom: An investigation of cultural-historical wisdom exemplars reveals practical, philosophical, and benevolent prototypes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42(5), 662–676.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35(2), 151–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Judith Glück .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Glück, J. (2019). Wisdom vs. Populism and Polarization: Learning to Regulate Our Evolved Intuitions. In: Sternberg, R., Nusbaum, H., Glück, J. (eds) Applying Wisdom to Contemporary World Problems. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20287-3_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics