Multivariate Analysis of Airborne Metallic Species in Sebele, Botswana

Likuku, Sello Alfred; Mmolawa, Khumoetsile

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20283-5_14

Sello Alfred Likuku⁵ &
Khumoetsile Mmolawa⁶

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International Conference on Pure and Applied Chemistry

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Abstract

A total of 63 aerosol samples were collected at the Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (formerly, Botswana College of Agriculture) during the period of 02 April 2008–07 December 2008 and were analysed for concentrations of Al, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni and Zn using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Statistical receptor models were applied to investigate potential sources of the studied metals. Data exhibited enhanced enrichments of Zn (EFg = 76), Al (EFg = 14,391), Co (EFg = 19), Cu (EFg = 5), Pb (EFg = 3) and Ni (EFg = 2), which were attributed to contributions from non-crustal sources, whereas Mn and Fe (EFg < 2) were attributed to crustal origin, such as airborne dust. Data were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) twice. From PCA-1, two principal components (PC) were revealed. PC-1 showed high positive loadings of Pb, Zn, Ni and Al, whereas PC-2 had loadings for Fe and Mn. On the other hand, PCA-2 had three principal components. PC-1 from PCA-2 showed strong loadings for Cu, Fe and Mn. PC-2 had strong loadings of Pb, Al and Zn, whereas loadings for PC-3 were comprised of Ni and Co. The difference between loadings of PCA-1 and PCA-2 suggested possibilities of mixed origins of the studied metals. Finally, air mass back-trajectory analysis showed that during the sampling period, there were only 5 cluster groups that represented significantly different transport pathways of aerosol samples, where only Zn and Ni mean concentrations revealed dependence on geographical origin of aerosol samples. Results of the analysed concentrations of Al, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni and Zn in aerosol samples showed that the presence of Fe and Mn in the atmosphere in the ambient air of Sebele is mainly due to contributions from lithogenic sources. Pb, Ni, Co, Al and Zn exist because of anthropogenic sources, whereas presence of Cu arises because of mixed origins. Trajectory analysis further shows that the anthropogenic Zn and Ni could also be present in the air sampled due to air mass transportation from distant sources.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) for the provision of the HSPLIT transport and dispersion model used in this publication. The authors also highly appreciate the work done by Mr. R. Tlhong of the University of Botswana for providing assistance with analysis of samples.

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Authors and Affiliations

Department of Physical Chemical Sciences, Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Private Bag 0027, Gaborone, Botswana
Sello Alfred Likuku
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Private Bag 0027, Gaborone, Botswana
Khumoetsile Mmolawa

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Sello Alfred Likuku
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Khumoetsile Mmolawa
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Correspondence to Sello Alfred Likuku .

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Editors and Affiliations

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
Ponnadurai Ramasami
Dept of Chemistry, Faculty of Scien, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
Minu Gupta Bhowon
Dept. of Chemistry, Faculty of Scie, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
Sabina Jhaumeer Laulloo
Dept. of Chem., Fac. of Science, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
Henri Li Kam Wah

Appendix

Dates (DDMMYY)		Mean metal concentrations (ng/m³)								Rain	Wind
Deployed	Removed	Al	Co	Cu	Fe	Mn	Ni	Pb	Zn	mm	m/s
02/04/08	05/04/08	2483.00	0.91	2.07	282.67	8.70	2.58	3.90	1614.49	0.00	16.86
05/04/08	08/04/08	3774.59	0.88	2.89	401.12	13.24	2.14	7.01	1517.73	0.00	15.42
08/04/08	11/04/08	3145.57	1.50	1.91	310.43	10.16	3.05	4.03	1715.71	0.00	21.64
23/04/08	26/04/08	4033.46	1.32	3.53	545.93	19.90	3.19	5.95	2012.26	0.00	21.26
27/04/08	30/04/08	5047.02	1.48	3.48	1043.82	21.31	4.60	5.75	2606.00	0.00	17.38
10/05/08	13/05/08	2847.27	1.44	2.27	271.09	11.44	2.46	5.14	3224.44	0.00	19.25
13/05/08	16/05/08	4565.22	1.22	3.09	500.17	14.37	4.57	8.10	2742.62	0.00	18.44
16/05/08	19/05/08	5354.18	0.62	3.92	568.07	19.76	5.96	9.00	3077.38	0.00	29.53
25/05/08	28/05/08	1248.71	ND	0.94	134.24	7.04	0.92	ND	95.11	3.50	37.22
28/05/08	31/05/08	493.82	ND	3.75	426.12	13.98	1.01	0.44	31.68	0.00	18.47
01/06/08	04/06/08	1115.79	ND	2.33	402.27	12.48	1.42	ND	73.81	5.50	28.58
04/06/08	07/06/08	1371.42	ND	2.86	387.90	12.12	0.82	ND	91.35	0.00	14.32
07/06.08	10/06/08	1362.85	ND	2.68	368.77	12.57	0.72	ND	94.94	0.00	18.30
11/06/08	14/06/08	1115.56	ND	4.21	609.77	17.20	1.03	0.63	64.11	0.00	18.60
14/06/08	17/06/08	1339.96	ND	3.08	725.44	20.58	1.34	ND	80.86	0.00	23.35
17/06/08	20/06/08	1111.57	ND	1.66	508.57	13.49	1.09	ND	75.53	0.00	47.24
20/06/08	23/06/08	1298.05	ND	2.00	447.75	15.04	1.07	0.07	93.45	0.00	28.03
23/06/08	26/06/08	1490.81	ND	5.08	841.32	21.88	1.60	0.18	95.54	0.00	18.38
26/06/08	29/06/08	791.26	ND	3.40	663.12	17.85	1.22	ND	43.49	0.00	14.69
29/06/08	02/07/08	692.06	ND	3.72	572.03	15.53	0.88	ND	42.82	0.00	18.97
02/07/08	05/07/08	848.44	ND	1.79	603.88	18.39	1.15	ND	45.08	0.00	28.02
06/07/08	09/07/08	1123.44	ND	2.68	671.16	19.11	1.16	ND	55.53	0.00	27.51
09/07/08	12/07/08	1029.02	ND	2.54	465.80	15.22	0.88	ND	71.77	0.00	42.85
12/07/08	15/07/08	669.13	ND	2.14	142.74	6.97	0.48	ND	50.06	6.00	39.38
15/07/08	18/07/08	1004.36	1.23	3.99	356.86	14.28	0.77	0.28	76.48	0.00	39.06
18/07/08	21/07/08	1090.90	ND	3.42	510.78	15.16	0.96	ND	82.74	0.00	24.35
21/07/08	24/07/08	1180.97	ND	2.71	512.17	15.64	1.21	0.08	66.50	0.00	25.86
04/08/08	07/08/08	1312.00	ND	4.14	944.80	27.73	1.34	0.09	55.18	0.00	22.38
07/08/08	10/08/08	1114.19	ND	4.69	1163.88	28.20	1.53	ND	44.51	0.00	22.85
10/08/08	13/08/08	1070.68	0.18	2.39	684.19	19.60	1.12	ND	53.46	0.00	21.63
13/08/08	16/08/08	1044.46	ND	1.66	679.81	17.23	0.39	ND	43.38	0.00	37.92
16/08/08	19/08/08	1578.76	ND	1.04	422.14	10.08	ND	ND	77.18	0.00	74.06
19/08/08	22/08/08	1320.90	ND	2.23	454.27	11.64	ND	ND	65.72	0.00	36.47
22/08/08	25/08/08	1184.85	ND	2.70	590.64	13.75	ND	ND	59.56	6.00	32.50
26/08/08	29/08/08	599.25	ND	35.43	637.07	15.85	0.01	ND	21.71	0.00	30.42
29/08/08	01/09/08	1525.47	ND	3.78	814.79	20.30	ND	0.09	53.60	0.00	32.63
01/09/08	04/09/08	696.04	ND	3.04	663.60	18.71	0.14	ND	24.90	1.70	34.78
04/09/08	07/09/08	1837.20	ND	2.98	748.20	20.96	1.47	ND	76.08	0.00	43.19
08/09/08	11/09/08	1572.25	0.20	3.40	823.40	21.42	0.46	ND	68.22	0.00	36.76
11/09/08	14/09/08	1568.19	ND	1.84	357.20	10.26	0.14	ND	51.00	0.00	47.42
15/09/08	18/09/08	1363.02	0.20	3.13	593.86	14.24	0.24	ND	34.88	0.00	45.80
18/09/08	21/09/08	700.17	ND	2.83	486.33	14.48	0.15	ND	13.30	0.00	44.28
21/09/08	24/09/09	1305.41	ND	3.04	644.52	16.40	0.05	ND	23.55	6.00	33.77
24/09/08	27/09/08	2038.99	ND	4.21	37.22	22.58	0.25	ND	36.27	0.00	38.38
27/09/08	30/09/08	2996.07	0.13	2.31	386.33	12.22	0.22	ND	57.05	0.00	64.50
07/10/08	10/10/08	3107.55	ND	2.62	634.12	17.77	0.34	ND	55.18	0.00	47.31
10/10/08	13/10/08	757.10	ND	3.02	608.15	14.77	0.01	ND	27.81	0.00	37.82
13/10/08	16/10/08	2502.41	3.82	2.95	633.04	16.89	1.21	ND	94.66	0.00	49.59
23/10/08	26/10/08	1022.07	4.11	2.05	388.03	9.71	0.93	ND	37.94	6.00	75.73
26/10/08	29/10/08	637.86	0.31	2.19	289.53	7.01	0.03	ND	40.98	0.00	45.77
29/10/08	01/11/08	2154.42	ND	2.65	470.64	12.57	0.07	ND	82.10	0.00	51.29
01/11/08	04/11/08	2203.97	ND	2.59	351.34	10.63	0.59	ND	79.99	5.00	69.30
04/11/08	07/11/08	2131.34	ND	2.66	371.66	10.37	0.28	ND	73.81	4.00	77.26
07/11/08	10/11/08	1805.32	0.96	1.85	119.09	4.69	0.04	ND	68.02	29.50	67.01
10/11/08	13/11/08	2159.48	ND	2.38	141.11	4.82	1.00	ND	78.72	29.70	45.76
13/11/08	16/11/08	2126.56	2.87	2.26	159.28	7.27	0.78	0.51	93.78	18.50	34.39
16/11/08	19/11/08	1516.56	4.29	1.66	135.15	7.06	1.42	ND	85.21	22.50	55.97
19/11/08	22/11/08	1394.34	4.99	1.46	109.63	5.73	1.12	0.22	83.34	9.20	40.37
22/11/08	25/11/08	1057.21	4.11	2.15	165.67	6.62	1.12	0.14	89.16	2.20	25.43
25/11/08	28/11/08	1445.61	5.73	2.56	318.78	10.20	1.60	ND	74.94	0.00	41.70
28/11/08	01/12/08	1335.75	6.25	2.82	271.56	10.87	1.50	0.08	75.49	0.00	49.51
01/12/08	04/12/08	1185.38	4.36	3.99	462.28	13.87	1.76	0.40	78.90	0.00	53.23
04/12/08	07/12/08	1366.15	5.75	1.98	194.39	8.56	1.17	0.13	63.80	24.00	57.27

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Likuku, S.A., Mmolawa, K. (2019). Multivariate Analysis of Airborne Metallic Species in Sebele, Botswana. In: Ramasami, P., Gupta Bhowon, M., Jhaumeer Laulloo, S., Li Kam Wah, H. (eds) Chemistry for a Clean and Healthy Planet. ICPAC 2018. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20283-5_14

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20283-5_14
Published: 04 September 2019
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
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Online ISBN: 978-3-030-20283-5
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