Abstract
The combat environment is a challenging space in which to conduct observations relevant to analysis of organizational and cognitive processes, with a low frequency of task repetition, a lack of natural or imposed constraints, and features hostile to external study (e.g., mission secrecy, inaccessible terrain, explosions). An environmental analog assists researchers by providing parallel models and data from a more readily accessible and observable space that can be used for developing concepts and models relevant to the more hostile environment (e.g., space, exoplanets, extreme mountaineering, overwintering in Antarctica). Co-analogs can also be used to understand features and relationships better even in the more accessible space. While there is no commonly accepted process or framework for establishing an environmental analog for naturalistic decision-making, a cognitive task analysis combined with functional abstraction may be used to derive a taxonomic description to demonstrate the appropriateness of establishing an analog relationship.
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Notes
- 1.
One can find evidence acknowledging NDM even earlier; for example, in Tolstoy’s novel War and Peace [3]: “A commander in chief always finds himself in the middle of a shifting series of events, and in such a way that he is never able at any moment to ponder on the meaning of the ongoing event. Imperceptibly, moment by moment, an event is carved into its meaning, and at every moment of this consistent, ceaseless carving of the event, a commander in chief finds himself in the center of a most complex play of intrigues, cares, dependency, power, projects, advice, threats, deceptions, finds himself constantly in the necessity of responding to the countless number of questions put to him, which always contradict each other.”
- 2.
The military uses the latter method in training, with observer-controllers conducting after-action reviews, but the training conditions are more controlled than in an actual combat environment.
- 3.
No updated estimates are available to show the spending since the late 1990s.
- 4.
Cognitive work analysis (CWA), described by Rasmussen [2], includes cognitive task analysis as work domain analysis in an expanded framework, to include elements of functional abstraction.
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Hawkins, T. (2020). Naturalistic Decision-Making Analogs for the Combat Environment. In: Cassenti, D. (eds) Advances in Human Factors and Simulation. AHFE 2019. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 958. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20148-7_5
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