Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Role of Microbiota in Skin Regeneration

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Regenerative Medicine and Plastic Surgery

  • 709 Accesses

Abstract

In wound healing, the role of microorganisms is no longer considered just counteracting, but also promoting, although the local application of bacterial products to enhance regeneration has rarely been reported. Various types of immune and non-immune cells contribute to wound healing and the skin microbiota assists innate immunity and influences adaptive immunity. As notoriously thermal spring waters, rich in non-pathogenic bacteria, can boost scar maturation and heal skin lesions, our research group assessed the regenerative properties of a spring water (Comano, TN, Italy) in an experimental both animal and ex vivo human wound model and in vitro human skin fibroblasts. According to our results, the microbial population of thermal (deep) waters might be considered as a potential tool in regenerative medicine and surgery.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Jafari P, Muller C, Grognuz A, Applegate LA, Raffoul W, di Summa PG, Durand S. First insights into human fingertip regeneration by Echo-Doppler imaging and wound microenvironment assessment. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(1054):1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Mason C, Dunnill P. A brief definition of regenerative medicine. Regen Med. 2008;3(1):1–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Simpson DM, Ross R. The neutrophilic leukocyte in wound repair a study with antineutrophil serum. J Clin Invest. 1972;51(8):2009–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Mast BA, Schultz GS. Interactions of cytokines, growth factors, and proteases in acute and chronic wounds. Wound Repair Regen. 1996;4(4):411–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Werner S, Grose R. Regulation of wound healing by growth factors and cytokines. Physiol Rev. 2003;83(3):835–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Best M, Neuhauser D. Ignaz Semmelweis and the birth of infection control. Qual Saf Health Care. 2004;13(3):233–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Casadevall A, Pirofski LA. What is a host? Incorporating the microbiota into the damage-response framework. Infect Immun. 2015;83(1):2–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Foxman B, Goldberg D, Murdock C, Xi C, Gilsdorf JR. Conceptualizing human microbiota: from multicelled organ to ecological community. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2008;2008:613979.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Guarner F, Bourdet-Sicard R, Brandtzaeg P, Gill HS, McGuirk P, van Eden W, Versalovic J, Weinstock JV, Rook GA. Mechanisms of disease: the hygiene hypothesis revisited. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;3(5):275–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Martin FP, Dumas ME, Wang Y, Legido-Quigley C, Yap IK, Tang H, Zirah S, Murphy GM, Cloarec O, Lindon JC, Sprenger N, Fay LB, Kochhar S, van Bladeren P, Holmes E, Nicholson JK. A top-down systems biology view of microbiome-mammalian metabolic interactions in a mouse model. Mol Syst Biol. 2007;3:112.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Mazmanian SK, Liu CH, Tzianabos AO, Kasper DL. An immunomodulatory molecule of symbiotic bacteria directs maturation of the host immune system. Cell. 2005;122(1):107–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Grice EA. The skin microbiome: potential for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to cutaneous disease. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2014;33(2):98–103.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Hamady M, Fraser-Liggett CM, Knight R, Gordon JI. The human microbiome project. Nature. 2007;449(7164):804–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. NIH HMP Working Group, Peterson J, Garges S, Giovanni M, McInnes P, Wang L, Schloss JA, Bonazzi V, McEwen JE, Wetterstrand KA, Deal C, Baker CC, Di Francesco V, Howcroft TK, Karp RW, Lunsford RD, Wellington CR, Belachew T, Wright M, Giblin C, David H, Mills M, Salomon R, Mullins C, Akolkar B, Begg L, Davis C, Grandison L, Humble M, Khalsa J, Little AR, Peavy H, Pontzer C, Portnoy M, Sayre MH, Starke-Reed P, Zakhari S, Read J, Watson B, Guyer M. The NIH human microbiome roject. Genome Res. 2009;19(12):2317–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Huss J. Methodology and ontology in microbiome research. Biol Theory. 2014;9(4):392–400.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. National Research Council (US) Committee on Metagenomics. Challenges and functional applications. The new science of metagenomics: revealing the secrets of our microbial planet. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Schloss PD. Microbiology: an integrated view of the skin microbiome. Nature. 2014;514(7520):44–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Grice EA, Kong HH, Renaud G, Young AC, Bouffard GG, Blakesley RW, Wolfsberg TG, Turner ML, Segre JANISC. Comparative sequencing program: a diversity profile of the human skin microbiota. Genome Res. 2008;18(7):1043–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Dominguez-Bello MG, Costello EK, Contreras M, Magris M, Hidalgo G, Fierer N, Knight R. Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jun;107(26):11971–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Capone KA, Dowd SE, Stamatas GN, Nikolovski J. Diversity of the human skin microbiome early in life. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131(10):2026–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Baviera G, Leoni MC, Capra L, Cipriani F, Longo G, Maiello N, Ricci G, Galli E. Microbiota in healthy skin and in atopic eczema. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:436921.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Human Microbiome Project Consortium. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature. 2012;86(7402):207–14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Findley K, Grice EA. The skin microbiome: a focus on pathogens and their association with skin disease. PLoS Pathog. 2014;10(10):e1004436.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Costello EK, Lauber CL, Hamady M, Fierer N, Gordon JI, Knight R, Gordon JI, Knight R. Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time. Science. 2009;326:1694–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Grice EA, Kong HH, Conlan S, Deming CB, Davis J, Young AC, Comparative Sequencing Program NISC, Bouffard GG, Blakesley RW, Murray PR, Green ED, Turner ML, Segre JA. Topographical and temporal diversity of the human skin microbiome. Science. 2009;324(5931):1190–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Nakatsuji T, Chiang HI, Jiang SB, Nagarajan H, Zengler K, Gallo RL. The microbiome extends to subepidermal compartments of normal skin. Nat Commun. 2013;4:1431.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Sanchez Rodriguez R, Pauli ML, Neuhaus IM, Yu SS, Arron ST, Harris HW, Yang SH, Anthony BA, Sverdrup FM, Krow-Lucal E, MacKenzie TC, Johnson DS, Meyer EH, Löhr A, Hsu A, Koo J, Liao W, Gupta R, Debbaneh MG, Butler D, Huynh M, Levin EC, Leon A, Hoffman WY, McGrath MH, Alvarado MD, Ludwig CH, Truong HA, Maurano MM, Gratz IK, Abbas AK, Rosenblum MD. Memory regulatory T cells reside in human skin. J Clin Invest. 2014;124(3):1027–36.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Guaní-Guerra E, Santos-Mendoza T, Lugo-Reyes SO, Terán LM. Antimicrobial peptides: general overview and clinical implications in human health and disease. Clin Immunol. 2010;135(1):1–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Hooper LV, Littman DR, Macpherson AJ. Interactions between the microbiota and the immune system. Science. 2012;336(6086):1268–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Naik S, Bouladoux N, Wilhelm C, Molloy MJ, Salcedo R, Kastenmuller W, Deming C, Quinones M, Koo L, Conlan S, Spencer S, Hall JA, Dzutsev A, Kong H, Campbell DJ, Trinchieri G, Segre JA, Belkaid Y. Compartmentalized control of skin immunity by resident commensals. Science. 2012;337(6098):1115–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Gallo RL, Nakatsuji T. Microbial symbiosis with the innate immune defense system of the skin. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131(10):1974–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Kostarnoy AV, Gancheva PG, Logunov DY, Verkhovskaya LV, Bobrov MA, Scheblyakov DV, Tukhvatulin AI, Filippova NE, Naroditsky BS, Gintsburg AL. Topical bacterial lipopolysaccharide application affects inflammatory response and promotes wound healing. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2013;33(9):514–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kanno E, Kawakami K, Ritsu M, Ishii K, Tanno H, Toriyabe S, Imai Y, Maruyama R, Tachi M. Wound healing in skin promoted by inoculation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01: the critical role of tumor necrosis factor-α secreted from infiltrating neutrophils. Wound Repair Regen. 2011;19(5):608–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Ferreira MO, Costa PC, Bahia MF. Effect of São Pedro do Sul thermal water on skin irritation. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2010;32(3):205–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Goldman MP, Merial-Kieny C, Nocera T, Mery S. Comparative benefit of two thermal spring waters after photodynamic therapy procedure. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2007;6(1):31–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Barolet D, Lussier I, Mery S, Merial-Kieny C. Beneficial effects of spraying low mineral content thermal spring water after fractional photothermolysis in patients with dermal melasma. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2009;8(2):114–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Faga A, Nicoletti G, Gregotti C, Finotti V, Nitto A, Gioglio L. Effects of thermal water on skin regeneration. Int J Mol Med. 2012;29(5):732–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Nicoletti G, Corbella M, Jaber O, Marone P, Scevola D, Faga A. Non-pathogenic microflora of a spring water with regenerative properties. Biomed Rep. 2015;3(6):758–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Aries MF, Fabre P, Duplan H, Hernandez Pigeon H, Galliano MF, Castex Rizzi N, Bessou Touya S, Nguyen T. I-modulia, an Aquaphilus dolomiae extract, stimulates innate immune response through toll like receptor activation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;70(Suppl 1):AB63.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Castex-Rizzi N, Charveron M, Merial-Kieny C. Inhibition of TNF-alpha induced-adhesion molecules by Avène thermal spring water in human endothelial cells. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011;25(Suppl 1):6–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Mahé YF, Martin R, Aubert L, Billoni N, Collin C, Pruche F, Bastien P, Drost SS, Lane AT, Meybeck A. Induction of the skin endogenous protective mitochondrial MnSOD by Vitreoscilla filiformis extract. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2006;28(4):277–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Mahé YF, Perez MJ, Tacheau C, Fanchon C, Martin R, Rousset F, Seite S. A new Vitreoscilla filiformis extract grown on spa water-enriched medium activates endogenous cutaneous antioxidant and antimicrobial defenses through a potential toll-like receptor 2/protein kinase C, zeta transduction pathway. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2013;6:191–6.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Nicoletti G, Saler M, Pellegatta T, Malovini A, Faga A, Scalise A, Riva F. Effects of a spring water on human skin fibroblasts in vitro cultures: preliminary results. Acta Vulnologica. 2016;14(4):196–201.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Nicoletti G, Saler M, Pellegatta T, Tresoldi MM, Bonfanti V, Malovini A, Faga A, Riva F. Ex-vivo regenerative effects of a spring water. Biomed Rep. 2017;7:508–14.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Jousson O. Culture-independent versus culture-dependent approaches for microbial community analysis of a thermal spring with therapeutic properties. EMBL Symposium Heidelberg, Germany, 27–30 Jun 2017 New Approaches and Concepts in Microbiology, Poster n152. https://www.embo-embl-symposia.org/symposia/2017/EES17-05/.

  46. Pedron R, Esposito A, Bianconi I, Pasolli E, Tett A, Asnicar F, Cristofolini M, Segata N, Jousson O. Genomic and metagenomic insights into the microbial community of a thermal spring. Microbiome. 2019 23;7(1):8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-019-0625-6.

  47. Lobanovska M, Pilla G. Penicillin’s discovery and antibiotic resistance: lessons for the future? Yale J Biol Med. 2017;90(1):135–45.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Advanced Technologies for Regenerative Medicine and Inductive Surgery Research Center (T.A.Me.Ri.C.I.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy

    Angela Faga & Giovanni Nicoletti

  2. Plastic Surgery Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy

    Marco Mario Tresoldi & Giovanni Nicoletti

  3. I.C.S. Maugeri Research and Care Institute, Pavia, Italy

    Marco Mario Tresoldi

Authors
  1. Angela Faga
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Marco Mario Tresoldi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Giovanni Nicoletti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Angela Faga .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department for Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Division of Experimental Plastic Surgery, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

    Dominik Duscher

  2. Private Practice, Tustin, CA, USA

    Melvin A. Shiffman

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Faga, A., Tresoldi, M.M., Nicoletti, G. (2019). The Role of Microbiota in Skin Regeneration. In: Duscher, D., Shiffman, M.A. (eds) Regenerative Medicine and Plastic Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19958-6_15

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation