Abstract
This chapter introduces the role of medium-small railway stations within daily mobilities and the conditions that enhance their role in large metropolitan areas characterized by a dispersed demand and mostly oriented towards the use of cars. With the aim of proposing tools for coordinating public accessibility and land uses, the chapter highlights how strengthening the regional railway supply, as done in some Italian regions, could represent also a land-use policy for re-orienting urban settlements and land-use forecast. Starting from a reflection on the outcomes of an investment in upgrading the regional railway service in the Lombardy Region, the chapter proposes a classification of the stations as a useful tool for the construction of scenarios that reorganize land-use forecasts and improve both the accessibility and quality of the services in the stations, in order to widen the catchment areas of each station. The approach combines two methodologies of classification of the stations, both able to enhance the place and node dimensions of each station: the ‘Place-Node model’ (Bertolini 1999) and the ‘TOD index approach’ (Evans and Pratt 2007). The classification of the 104 suburban railway stations provides guidelines for densification around some stations, reorganizing dispersed land-use forecast and improving the quality of the transport connectivity and the railway services.
This chapter was authored by Paola Pucci.
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Notes
- 1.
As argued by some authors (Van Wee 2002; Bertolini 2012), under real conditions, land use development depends on a multiplicity of factors, but is also of a conjectural nature and difficult to predict (e.g. trends of the regional demand and real estate market, availability of land, attractiveness of the local environment and in general land use policies). At the same time, the development of transport systems is not only determined by the demand for movements generated from land use, but also by infrastructure investments and progresses on the supply side, such as technological innovation or transport policy (Bertolini 2012, p. 19).
- 2.
The word TOD was first introduced by Peter Calthorpe in his book The Next American Metropolis: Ecology, Community, and the American Dream, 1993, Princeton Architectural Press, New York.
- 3.
Promoted by the Ministry of Housing, Planning and Environment (1990) in the Netherlands, ABC policy is based on the purpose of concentrating activities with a high mobility demand in places with good levels of accessibility of public transport, accompanying this option with a policy of restriction in car parking areas. ABC policy defines a strategy of localization for activities (business and services) crossing the ‘profile of accessibility’ of a place with the ‘mobility profile’ of an activity (in terms of people and goods attracted).
- 4.
The VINEX Program within the Fourth Report on Spatial Development (Extra) of the Netherlands intervenes on population density (standard plan 34.3 houses/ha) and on choice of location for new residential expansions in which the issue of accessibility to public transport takes the central role. The program identifies three different situations: infilling locations, where the new building affects built fabrics and areas near urban centers (distance 5 km, average distance home/work less than 10 km) and public transport nodes; expansion locations, covering an area outside a distance of 5–10 km from the city center and between 10 and 15 km from the workplace; outer areas, or outside areas located near an existing train station or a one in construction (more than 25 km from the workplace and more than 10 km from the nearest urban center). VINEX agreements came in the form of package deals, comprising subsidies for land development, soil sanitation, regional recreational areas, and urban and regional public transport and roads, plus some extra stops in the national train system.
- 5.
A French-German action research project finalized to develop successful strategies for integrating land-use and transport around attractive regional railways.
- 6.
Considering the modal share of the daily displacements, 5.1% of the work-related movements are made by train, a percentage that reduces to 3.5% for occasional trips (Regione Lombardia 2014).
- 7.
For each indicator a Z-score has been calculated, following this formula:
$$z = \frac{x - \mu }{\sigma }$$where
x is the normalized indicator;
μ is the mean of the indicator;
σ is the standard deviation of the indicator.
- 8.
The analysis has been carried out by Alessio Praticò in the Master Degree Thesis (2017) “Coordinating accessibility and land use. Tools and strategies to classify railway stations in the Milano Urban Region, Politecnico di Milano, supervisor Paola Pucci.
- 9.
The formula is as follow:
$$TOD\,index = \sum\limits_{j = 1}^{n} {w_{j} a_{ij} }$$where
wj = is the relative weight attributed to the criterion Cj
aij = is the value of the alternative Ai based on the criterion Cj
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Pucci, P., Vecchio, G. (2019). Stations: Nodes and Places of Everyday Life. In: Enabling Mobilities. SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19581-6_5
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