Abstract
This chapter substantiates the idea of a post-democratic crisis—a new type of political crisis characterized by its growing dissociation from ontological reality—the political crisis over migration is reaching white-hot peaks today despite the substantial decline of migration flows. The post-democratic crisis is liquefied—it depends less and less on external manifestations and determinants, and more and more on the voluntaristic strategies of mega leaders. The new crisis is examined in the analytical triangle of post-democracy—post-truth—mega leadership. This challenging interpretation of the crisis is substantiated in three steps. The first part of the chapter argues that the crisis is not (only) a problem of inefficient governance but, rather, a fundamental self-definition of contemporary society and politics. This part combines conceptual history a la Koselleck, looking at the evolution of paradigmatic ideas and value systems over time, with discourse and political analysis of the concepts, narratives, images and imaginaries of the crisis. The second part analyses the paradox between the decrease of migration flows and the increase and exacerbation of the migration crisis. This is an emblematic example for the author’s thesis that “If the migration crises did not exist, post-democratic leaders would have invented them”. The third part asks the question how legitimacy, borders, politics and security are reshaped in times of post-democratic crises and examines four major trends the latter interfere with: from a crisis of legitimacy to legitimacy of the crisis; from migration crisis to rebordering; from party politics to symbolic politics; from managing (in)security to mainstreaming securitization.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
While I was finalizing this chapter, the episode was repeated in August 2018—Italy again refused to accept the Aquarius, which was carrying 114 migrants onboard. Later, other rescue ships were also turned away.
- 2.
June–July 2018.
- 3.
According to D. Tusk at the informal Summit in Saztburg on Sept 19, 2018.
- 4.
August 2018.
References
Abrahamsen, R. (2005). Blair’s Africa: The politics of securitization and fear. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 30(1), 55–80.
Balzacq, T. (2016). Théories de la sécurité. Les approches critiques [Theories of security. Critical approaches]. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po.
Bauman, Z., & Bordoni, C. (2014). State of crisis. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Bigo, D. (2002). Security and immigration: Toward a Critique of the governmentality of unease. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 27(1), 63–92.
Boin, et al. (2005). The politics of crisis management. Public leadership under pressure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bonneville, L. (2017). Critique de la crise, critique des discours de crise [Criticism of the crisis, criticism of crisis speeches]. In C. Constantopoulou (Ed.), Récits de la crise: Mythes et réalités de la société contemporaine (pp. 347–354). Paris: L’Harmattan.
Briken, K., & Eick, V. (2011). Policing the crisis—Policing in crisis. Social Justice, 38(1/2), 1–12.
Buzan, B., Wæver, O., & de Wilde, J. (1998). Security: A new framework for analysis. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc.
Castells, M. (1996). The rise of the network society, Vol. 1: The information age: Economy, society and culture. Oxford: Blackwell.
Castells, M. (2018a). Rupture. The crisis of liberal democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Castells, M. (Ed.). (2018b). Europe’s crises (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Polity Press.
Christensen, T., Lægreid, P., & Rykkja, L. H. (2018). Societal security and crisis management. Governance capacity and legitimacy. Introduction. In P. Lægreid & L. H. Rykkja (Eds.), Societal security and crisis management: Governance capacity and legitimacy (pp. 1–23). Chan, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
Constantopoulou, C. (Ed.). (2017). Récits de la crise: Mythes et réalités de la société contemporaine [Stories of the crisis: Myths and realities of contemporary society]. Paris: L’Harmattan.
Crouch, C. (2004). Post-democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Crozier, M. (1995). La crise de l’intelligence. Essai sur l’impuissance des élites à se réformer [The crisis of intelligence. Essay on the inability of elites to reform]. Paris: InterEditions.
Dobry, M., & Sage, D. (2009). Sociologie des crises politiques. La dynamique des mobilisations multisectorielles [Sociology of the political crisis. The dynamic of the multisectoral mobilization]. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po. Kindle edition.
Drozdiak, W. (2017). Fractured continent: Europe’s crisis and the fate of the West. New York/London: W.W. Norton & Company.
Dubet, F., & Sage, D. (2014). La préférence pour l’inégalité. Comprendre la crise des solidarités [The preference for inequality. To understand the crisis of solidarity]. Paris: Seuil.
Eraly, A. (2017). Légitimité de la crise, crise de la légitimité [Legitimacy of the crisis, crisis of legitimacy]. In C. Constantopoulou (Ed.), Récits de la crise: Mythes et réalités de la société contemporaine (pp. 51–58). Paris: L’Harmattan.
Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical discourse analysis. London: Longman.
Florida, R. (2017). The new urban crisis: How our cities are increasing inequality, deepening segregation, and failing the middle class. New York: Basic Books. Kindle edition.
Fukuyama, F. (1992). The end of history and the last man. New York/Toronto/Oxford: Free Press.
Holton, R. J. (1997). The idea of crisis in modern sociology. British Journal of Sociology, 38(4), 502–520.
Koselleck, R. (2006). (M. W. Richter, Trans.). Crisis. Journal of the History of Ideas, 67(2), 357–400. https://www.jstor.org/stable/30141882?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents.
Krasteva, A. (2004). Le conflit politique post-communiste [The post-communist political conflict]. In A. Krasteva & A. Todorov (Eds.), Conflits, confiance, démocratie. Sofia: Presses de la NUB.
Krasteva, A. (2017a). Editorial of special focus: Securitisation and its impact on human rights and human security. Global Campus of Human Rights Journal, 1(2). https://globalcampus.eiuc.org/handle/20.500.11825/427.
Krasteva, A. (2017b, on line first). If borders did not exist, Euroscepticism would have invented them, or on post-communist Re/De/Re/Bordering in Bulgaria. GeoPolitics. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14650045.2017.1398142.
Krasteva, A., Saarinen, A., & Siim, B. (2018). Citizens’ activism for reimagining and reinventing citizenship countering far-right populism. In B. Siim, A. Krasteva, & A. Saarinen (Eds.), Citizens’ activism and solidarity movements: Contending with populism. Palgrave Studies in European Political Sociology (pp. 265–292). Chan, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
Lægreid, P., & Rykkja, L. H. (Eds.). (2018). Societal security and crisis management: Governance capacity and legitimacy. Chan, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
Mannarini, T. M., Velti, G. M., & Salvatore, S. (in preparation). Portrays of otherness. Mapping change and continuity in the European media representations of immigrants, Muslims, and LGBT. New York: Springer.
McDonald, M. (2008). Securitization and the construction of security. Glasgow: Sage.
Mucha, J., & Krzyzowski, L. (2013). “Crisis, critique and change”. Sociology of Europe at the beginning of the 21st century. Polish Sociological Review, 184, 543–551.
Nietzsche, F. (1968). The will to power. New York: Vintage.
Revault d’Allonnes, M. (2012). La crise sans fin. Essai sur l’expérience moderne du temps [The endless crisis. Essay on the modern experience of time]. Paris: Seuil.
Schmitt, C. (2007). The concept of the political. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Schulz, M. (2017). La crise et la politique des avenirs [The crisis and the politics of the future]. In C. Constantopoulou (Ed.), Récits de la crise. Mythes et réalités de la société contemporaine (pp. 9–19). Paris: L’Harmattan.
Spurk, J. (2017). Récits de crise, récits d’affinités électives [Stories of crisis, stories of elective affinities]. In C. Constantopoulou (Ed.), Récits de la crise. Mythes et réalités de la societe contemporaine (pp. 67–72). Paris: L’Harmattan.
Touraine, A. (2014). After the crisis. Cambridge: Polity Press. (first published in French, 2010).
Treguer, F. (2016). From deep State illegality to law of the land: the case of Internet surveillance in France. In Archive ouverte en Sciences de l'Homme et de la Societe. https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01306332/
Vandelli, L., & Guerard, S. (2017). The impact of the economic crisis on local governments in Europe. Varenne: Institut Universitaire Varenne.
van Houtum, H., & van Naerssen, T. (2002). Bordering, ordering and othering. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 93(2), 125–136.
Vaughan-Williams, N. (2015). Europe’s border crisis: Biopolitical security and beyond. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Krasteva, A. (2019). Post-democratic Crisis and Political Leadership. From Crisis Management to Crisis Creation. In: Salvatore, S., Fini, V., Mannarini, T., Valsiner, J., Veltri, G. (eds) Symbolic Universes in Time of (Post)Crisis. Culture in Policy Making: The Symbolic Universes of Social Action. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19497-0_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19497-0_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-19496-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-19497-0
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)