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Geometric Morphometric Studies in the Human Spine

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Spinal Evolution

Abstract

This chapter overviews the theoretical basics of geometric morphometrics (GM) and reviews its potential for the study of hominin vertebrae and vertebral columns. We show that challenges are related to seriality and the metameric nature of the spine. Measuring a series of vertebrae is a time-consuming process because the necessary sample sizes need to be multiplied by the number of vertebrae composing the spine or its anatomical parts. This is particularly true when measuring 3D semilandmarks of curves and surfaces in virtual anthropology. The lack of independence among vertebral series of a skeleton and the complex conceptual relation between the shape of vertebrae (parts) and the effect of their shapes on the morphology of the entire spine (whole) offer statistical challenges for the analyses. We provide a review of GM studies that have been carried out so far on the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine and finish each of these sections with an application example of GM reconstructions of vertebrae and/or spines. We close the review with a critical discussion of the relevant advantages and limitations of these methods in any GM analysis of vertebrae and spines in palaeoanthropology.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Ella Been, Patricia Kramer, Asier Gómez-Olivencia and Alon Barash for the invitation to participate in this volume. Antonio Rosas provided access to material from El Sidrón. Paul O’Higgins and the anonymous reviewers and the editors have provided useful thoughts. This work is funded by CGL2015-63648-P (MINECO, Spain).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Paleoanthropology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain

    Markus Bastir, Nicole Torres-Tamayo, Carlos A. Palancar, Stephanie Lois-Zlolniski, Daniel García-Martínez & Alberto Riesco-López

  2. Laboratoire PACEA—De la Préhistoire à l’Actuel: Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Talence, France

    Daniel García-Martínez

  3. Grupo de Biología Evolutiva, Departamento de Física Matemática y de Fluidos, Facultad de Ciencias—UNED, Madrid, Spain

    Daniel Vidal

  4. Radiología, Hospital Universitario de La Ribera, Valencia, Spain

    Esther Blanco-Pérez

  5. Department of Anatomy and Human Embryology, GIAVAL Research Group, University of Valencia, Faculty of Medicine, Valencia, Spain

    Esther Blanco-Pérez, Shahed Nalla & Juan Alberto Sanchis-Gimeno

  6. Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel

    Alon Barash

  7. Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Shahed Nalla

  8. Evolutionary Studies Institute (ESI), University of the Witwatersrand (Wits), Johannesburg, South Africa

    Shahed Nalla

  9. Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK

    Sandra Martelli

  10. Anthropologie, Medizinische Fakultät der Albert Ludwigs- Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

    Stefan Schlager

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  1. Markus Bastir
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  13. Stefan Schlager
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Markus Bastir .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sports Therapy, Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Faculty of Health Professions, Ono Academic College, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Kiryat Ono, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Ella Been

  2. Departmento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain, Centro Mixto UCM-ISCIII de Evolución y, Comportamiento Humanos Avda. Monforte de Lemos, Leioa, Madrid, Spain

    Asier Gómez-Olivencia

  3. Departments of Anthropology and Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Patricia Ann Kramer

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Bastir, M. et al. (2019). Geometric Morphometric Studies in the Human Spine. In: Been, E., Gómez-Olivencia, A., Ann Kramer, P. (eds) Spinal Evolution. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19349-2_16

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