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The Radical Integrity of Individual: An Existential Response to Oppression

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The Weariness of Democracy
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Abstract

Jason Powell argues in this chapter that libertarian individualism reinforces a faulty notion of the self, in which one is solely responsible not only for one’s own financial success but also for combatting, on one’s own, any destructive social relations that result from oppression. Libertarian individualism denies the reality of systemic oppression, which precludes the creation of a true participatory democracy that promotes individual, social, cultural, economic, and political flourishing. Instead, Powell calls for the radical integrity of the self, a form of individualism that not only recognizes the reality of double consciousness, a condition that undermines the self, but also understands that this divided consciousness is the consequence of epistemic oppression. This existential individualism understands that one can flourish, and participate in true democracy, only when one seeks epistemic equality with other selves.

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Notes

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  2. 2.

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  3. 3.

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  4. 4.

    Chauncey Devega, “One Year Later: How Do We Resist Donald Trump’s Malignant Reality?” Salon.com, Nov 11, 2017, https://www.salon.com/2017/11/14/one-year-later-how-do-we-resist-donald-trumps-malignant-reality/.

  5. 5.

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  6. 6.

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  7. 7.

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  14. 14.

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  15. 15.

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  19. 19.

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  21. 21.

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  24. 24.

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  30. 30.

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  31. 31.

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  32. 32.

    Hegel, Phenomenology, 106.

  33. 33.

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  34. 34.

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  36. 36.

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  37. 37.

    Hegel, Phenomenology, 115.

  38. 38.

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  41. 41.

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  42. 42.

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  43. 43.

    Du Bois, Souls of Black Folk, 3.

  44. 44.

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  45. 45.

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  46. 46.

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  47. 47.

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  48. 48.

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  49. 49.

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  50. 50.

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  51. 51.

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  52. 52.

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  53. 53.

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  54. 54.

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  55. 55.

    Medina, The Epistemology of Resistance, 32, 39.

  56. 56.

    Tuana, “Coming to Understand,” 195.

  57. 57.

    See Stephanie Walls, Individualism in the United States: A Transformation in American Political Thought (New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015).

  58. 58.

    Bryan Stevenson has made this point incredibly clear in his Just Mercy: A Story of Justice and Redemption (New York: Spiegel & Grau, 2014).

  59. 59.

    Du Bois, Souls of Black Folk, 3.

  60. 60.

    Hegel, Phenomenology, 110.

  61. 61.

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  62. 62.

    Søren Kierkegaard, Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments (CUPPF), (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), 109, 118.

  63. 63.

    C. Stephen Evans, Kierkegaard’s Fragments and Postscript: The Religious Philosophy of Johannes Climacus (New York: Humanity Books, 1983), 188.

  64. 64.

    Robert Solomon, From Rationalism to Existentialism (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1972), 91.

  65. 65.

    Kierkegaard, CUPPF, 310, 119.

  66. 66.

    Kierkegaard, Journals, 1835.

  67. 67.

    Kierkegaard, CUPPF, 152.

  68. 68.

    Kiersten Klercke, “Either-Or? Contradiction and Subjectivity in the Postscript,” Kierkegaard Studies Yearbook 2005 (June 2008): 209.

  69. 69.

    Kierkegaard, Journals, 329.

  70. 70.

    Kierkegaard, CUPPF, 309.

  71. 71.

    Kierkegaard, CUPPF, 203.

  72. 72.

    Kierkegaard, CUPPF, 135.

  73. 73.

    Mark C. Taylor, Journeys to Selfhood: Hegel & Kierkegaard (New York: Fordham University Press, 2000) xiii, 226, 229.

  74. 74.

    Quoted in Taylor, Journeys to Selfhood, 143.

  75. 75.

    Kierkegaard, CUPPF, 192.

  76. 76.

    Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 4.

  77. 77.

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  78. 78.

    Victor Frankl, Man’s Search for Meaning (Boston: Beacon Press, 2014), 105.

  79. 79.

    Rollo May, The Courage to Create (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994), 113.

  80. 80.

    Anthony Storr, Solitude: A Return to the Self (New York: Free Press, 1988), 66.

  81. 81.

    Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and Cornel West, Future of the Race (New York: A.A. Knopf, 1996), 74, 112.

  82. 82.

    Nietzsche, Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for Everyone and Nobody (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 9.

  83. 83.

    Nietzsche, Thus Spoke Zarathustra, 9.

  84. 84.

    Nietzsche, Thus Spoke Zarathustra, 23.

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Powell, J. (2020). The Radical Integrity of Individual: An Existential Response to Oppression. In: Frausto, O., Powell, J., Vitale, S. (eds) The Weariness of Democracy. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19341-6_12

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