Skip to main content

Substances of Abuse and the Brain

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Training for Change
  • 2110 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter is dedicated to outlining the impact of the various substances of abuse on and at critical stages of brain development and making the connection between compromised cognition in the context of substance use . Primary substances of abuse to include alcohol, nicotine, cocaine , methamphetamine, opioids, and cannabis and their impact on the developing brain are thoughtfully explored. Scientific literature links the pleasure/reward center with substance use . Increased reward-seeking behavior is a notable feature in adolescent development . Understanding the connection between novelty-seeking behavior in adolescents and increased risk for substance is critical in establishing reasonable public health interventions for intervention and prevention.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abbott, L. C., & Winzer-Serhan, U. H. (2012). Smoking during pregnancy: lessons learned from epidemiological studies and experimental studies using animal models. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 42, 279–303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adolescent development of the reward system. (2010). Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 4, 6. Published February 12, 2010. https://doi.org/10.3389/neuro.09.006.2010.

  • Aguado, T., Carracedo, A., Julien, B., Velasco, G., Milman, G., Mechoulam, R., et al. (2007). Cannabinoids induce glioma stem-like cell differentiation and inhibit gliomagenesis. The Journal of biological chemistry, 282, 6854–6862.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Albrizio, M., Guaricci, A. C., Calamita, G., Zarrilli, A., & Minoia, P. (2006). Expression and immunolocalization of the mu-opioid receptor in human sperm cells. Fertility and Sterility, 86, 1776–1779.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson et al. (2009, September 1). Modafinil for the treatment of cocaine dependence. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 104(1–2), 133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anier, K., Malinovskaja, K., Aonurm-Helm, A., Zharkovsky, A., & Kalda, A. (2010). DNA methylation regulates cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 2450–2461.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Agirregoitia, E., Peralta, L., Mendoza, R., Exposito, A., Ereno, E. D., Matorras, R., et al. (2012). Expression and localization of opioid receptors during the maturation of human oocytes. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 24, 550–557.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Auger, M. L., Schmidt, E. R., Manitt, C., Dal-Bo, G., Pasterkamp, R. J., & Flores, C. (2013). unc5c haploinsufficient phenotype: striking similarities with the dcc haploinsufficiency model. European Journal of Neuroscience, 38, 2853–2863.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Battaglia, G., Yeh, S. Y., O’Hearn, E., et al. (1987). 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine destroyserotonin terminals in rat brain: quantification of neurodegeneration by measurement of [3H]-labelled serotonin uptake sites. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 242, 911–916.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benowitz, N. L. (2009). Pharmacology of nicotine: Addiction, smoking-induced disease, and therapeutics. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 49, 57–71.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Blanco-Munoz, J., Torres-Sanchez, L., & Lopez-Carrillo, L. (2009). Exposure to maternal and paternal tobacco consumption and risk of spontaneous abortion. Public Health Reports, 124, 317–322.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bolla, K. I., McCann, U. D., & Ricuarte, G. A. (1998). Memory impairment in abstinent MDMA (“ecstasy”) users. Neurology, 51, 1532–1537.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, C. J., Austic, E., Epstein-Ngo, Q., Veliz, P. T., & McCabe, S. E. (2014). A prospective study of adolescents’ nonmedical use of anxiolytic and sleep medication. Psychology of addictive behaviors: journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 29(1), 184–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brembs, B., & Heisenberg, M. (2000). The operant and the classical in conditioned orientation of Drosophila melanogaster at the flight simulator. Learning & Memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.), 7(2), 104–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brody, G. H., Beach, S. R., Philibert, R. A., Chen, Y. F., & Murry, V. M. (2009). Prevention effects moderate the association of 5-HTTLPR and youth risk behavior initiation: gene x environment hypotheses tested via a randomized prevention design. Child Development, 80, 645–661.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buck, J. M., & Siegel, J. A. (2015). The effects of adolescent methamphetamine exposure. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 9, 151. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2015.00151.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Burdge, G. C., Hanson, M. A., Slater-Jefferies, J. L., & Lillycrop, K. A. (2007). Epigenetic regulation of transcription: a mechanism for inducing variations in phenotype (fetal programming) by differences in nutrition during early life? The British Journal of Nutrition, 97(6), 1036–1046.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cadet, L. J. (2013, January). Epigenetics of methamphetamine-induced changes in glutamate function. Neuropsychopharmacology, 38(1), 248–249. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2012.169.

  • Camenga, D. R., Delmerico, J., Kong, G., Cavallo, D., Hyland, A., Cummings, K. M., et al. (2014). Trends in use of electronic nicotine delivery systems by adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 39, 338–340.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carhart-Harris, R. L., Muthukumaraswamy, S., Roseman, L., Kaelen, M., Droog, W., Murphy, K., et al. (2016a). Neural correlates of the LSD experience revealed by multimodal neuroimaging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(17), 4853–4858.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Carhart-Harris, R. L., Kaelen, M., Bolstridge, M., Williams, T. M., Williams, L. T., Underwood, R., et al. (2016b). The paradoxical psychological effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Psychological Medicine, 46, 1379–1390.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Casey, B. J., et al. (2010). Neurobiology of the adolescent brain and behavior: Implications for substance use disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(12), 1189–1201.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). Notes from the field: electronic cigarette use among middle and high school students—United States, 2011–2012. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 62, 729–730.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Smoking and tobacco use: fast facts. Retrieved December 12, 2014, from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts/index.htm#toll. Updated April 2014.

  • Chandra, L. C., Kumar, V., Torben, W., Vande Stouwe, C., Winsauer, P., Amedee, A., et al. (2015). Chronic administration of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol induces intestinal anti-inflammatory microRNA expression during acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection of rhesus macaques. Journal of Virology, 89, 1168–1181.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chidambaran, V., Zhang, X., Martin, L. J., Ding, L., Weirauch, M. T., Geisler, K., et al. (2017). DNA methylation at the mu-1 opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) promoter predicts preoperative, acute, and chronic postsurgical pain after spine fusion. Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine, 10, 157–168. https://doi.org/10.2147/pgpm.s132691.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chorbov, V. M., Todorov, A. A., Lynskey, M. T., & Cicero, T. J. (2011). Elevated levels of DNA methylation at the OPRM1 promoter in blood and sperm from male opioid addicts. Journal of Opioid Management, 7, 258–264.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, D. B., Thatcher, D. L., & Tapert, S. F. (2008). Alcohol, psychological dysregulation, and adolescent brain development. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 32(3), 375–385.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, R. S., & Cocores, J. (1997). Neuropsychiatric manifestations following the use of 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; “ecstasy”). Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 21, 727–734.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, S. L., Wade, D., Ledon, J., & Izenwasser, S. (2004). Neurochemical alterations produced by daily nicotine exposure in periadolescent versus adult male rats. European Journal of Pharmacology, 502, 75–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crews, F., He, J., & Hodge, C. (2007). Adolescent cortical development: A critical period of vulnerability for addiction. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 86(2), 189–199.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crone, E. A., & Konijn, E. A. (2018). Media use and brain development during adolescence. Nature Communications, 9(1), 588. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03126-x.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Curran, H. V., & Travill, R. A. (1997). Mood and cognitive effects of ±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”). Addiction, 92, 821–831.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dani, J. A., & Bertrand, D. (2007). Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and nicotinic cholinergic mechanisms of the central nervous system. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 47, 699–729.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davison, D., & Parrott, A. C. (1997). Ecstasy (MDMA) in recreational users: Self-reported psychological and physiological effects. Human Psychopharmacology, 12, 221–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Bellis, M. D., Clark, D. B., Beers, S. R., et al. (2000). Hippocampal volume in adolescent-onset alcohol use disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 737–744.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Bellis, M. D., Narasimhan, A., Thatcher, D. L., et al. (2005). Prefrontal cortex, thalamus, and cerebellar volumes in adolescents and young adults with adolescent-onset alcohol use disorders and comorbid mental disorders. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 29, 1590–1600.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DiNieri, J. A., Wang, X., Szutorisz, H., Spano, S. M., Kaur, J., Casaccia, P., et al. (2011). Maternal cannabis use alters ventral striatal dopamine D2 gene regulation in the offspring. Biological Psychiatry, 70, 763–769.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dolder, P. C., Schmid, Y., Mueller, F., Borgwardt, S., & Liechti, M. E. (2016). LSD acutely impairs fear recognition and enhances emotional empathy and sociality. Neuropsychopharmacology, 41, 2638–2646.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dow-Edwards, D. (2011). Translational issues for prenatal cocaine studies and the role of environment. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 33, 9–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drug Enforcement Administration Office of Diversion Control. Drug & Chemical Evaluation Section. BENZODIAZEPINES. Retrieved from https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/benzo.pdf.

  • Ebrahimi, G., Asadikaram, G., Akbari, H., Nematollahi, M. H., Abolhassani, M., Shahabinejad, G., et al. (2018). Elevated levels of DNA methylation at the OPRM1 promoter region in men with opioid use disorder. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 44, 193–199.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Electronic Cigarettes (E-Cigarettes). (2018, June). Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/electronic-cigarettes-e-cigarettes.

  • Embry, D., Hankins, M., Biglan, A., & Boles, S. (2009). Behavioral and social correlates of methamphetamine use in a population-based sample of early and later adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 34, 343–351.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ersche, K. D., Barnes, A., Jones, P. S., Morein-Zamir, S., Robbins, T. W., & Bullmore, E. T. (2011). Abnormal structure of frontostriatal brain systems is associated with aspects of impulsivity and compulsivity in cocaine dependence. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 134(Pt 7), 2013–2024.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farrelly, M. C., Loomis, B. R., Han, B., Gfroerer, J., Kuiper, N., Couzens, G. L., et al. (2013). A comprehensive examination of the influence of state tobacco control programs and policies on youth smoking. American Journal of Public Health, 103, 549–555.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Feder, K. A., Krawczyk, N., & Saloner, B. (2017). Medication-assisted treatment for adolescents in specialty treatment for opioid use disorder. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 60(6), 747–750.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feeney, G. F., Connor, J. P., Young, R. M., Tucker, J., & McPherson, A. (2006). Combined acamprosate and naltrexone, with cognitive behavioural therapy is superior to either medication alone for alcohol abstinence: A single centre’s experience with pharmacotherapy. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 41(3), 321–327.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feng, Y., He, X., Yang, Y., Chao, D., Lazarus, L. H., & Xia, Y. (2012). Current research on opioid receptor function. Current Drug Targets, 13(2), 230–246.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Filip, M., Faron-Gorecka, A., Kusmider, M., et al. (2006). Alterations in BDNF and trkB mRNAs following acute or sensitizing cocaine treatments and withdrawal. Brain Research, 1071, 218–225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • George, V. K., Li, H., Teloken, C., Grignon, D. J., Lawrence, W. D., & Dhabuwala, C. B. (1996). Effects of long-term cocaine exposure on spermatogenesis and fertility in peripubertal male rats. Journal of Urology, 155, 327–331.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., et al. (1999). Brain development during childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal MRI study. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 861–863.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilardi, F., Augsburger, M., & Thomas, A. (2018). Will widespread synthetic opioid consumption induce epigenetic consequences in future generations? Frontiers in pharmacology, 9, 702. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00702.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gogtay, N., & Thompson, P. M. (2010). Mapping gray matter development: Implications for typical development and vulnerability to psychopathology. Brain and Cognition, 72, 6–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzales, R., Mooney, L., & Rawson, R. A. (2010). The methamphetamine problem in the United States. Annual Review of Public Health, 31, 385–398. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103600.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Grant, A., Hoops, D., Labelle-Dumais, C., Prevost, M., Rajabi, H., Kolb, B., et al. (2007). Netrin-1 receptor-deficient mice show enhanced mesocortical dopamine transmission and blunted behavioral responses to amphetamine. European Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 3215–3228.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grant, A., Speed, Z., Labelle-Dumais, C., & Flores, C. (2009). Post-pubertal emergence of dopamine phenotype in netrin-1 receptor-deficient mice. European Journal of Neuroscience, 30, 1318–1328.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graybiel, A. M., Moratalla, R., & Robertson, H. A. (1990). Amphetamine and cocaine induce drug-specific activation of the c-fos gene in striosome-matrix compartments and limbic subdivisions of the striatum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 87, 6912–6916.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, C. E., Kaye, A. M., Bueno, F. R., & Kaye, A. D. (2013). Benzodiazepine pharmacology and central nervous system-mediated effects. The Ochsner Journal, 13(2), 214–223.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Halberstadt, A. L. (2015). Recent advances in the neuropsychopharmacology of serotonergic hallucinogens. Behavioural Brain Research, 277, 99–120.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hallucinogens and Dissociative Drugs. Retrieved January 18, 2019, from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/hallucinogens-dissociative-drugs/what-are-effects-common-dissociative-drugs-brain-body.

  • Han, D., & Gu, H. (2006). Comparison of the monoamine transporters from human and mouse in their sensitivities to psychostimulant drugs. BMC Pharmacology, 6, 6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, L. W., Sharp, T., Gartlon, J., Jones, D. N., & Harrison, P. J. (2003). Long-term behavioural, molecular and morphological effects of neonatal NMDA receptor antagonism. European Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 1706–1710.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • He, F., Lidow, I. A., & Lidow, M. S. (2006). Inhalational model of cocaine exposure in mice: Neuroteratological effects. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 28, 181–197.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heard, E., & Martienssen, R. A. (2014). Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: myths and mechanisms. Cell, 157(1), 95–109.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hegde, V. L., Tomar, S., Jackson, A., Rao, R., Yang, X., Singh, U. P., et al. (2013). Distinct microRNA expression profile and targeted biological pathways in functional myeloid-derived suppressor cells induced by Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in vivo: regulation of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha by microRNA-690. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 288, 36810–36826.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Herman, A. I., DeVito, E. E., Jensen, K. P., & Sofuoglu, M. (2014). Pharmacogenetics of nicotine addiction: Role of dopamine. Pharmacogenomics, 15(2), 221–234.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hiroi, N., & Agatsuma, S. (2005). Genetic susceptibility to substance dependence. Molecular Psychiatry, 10, 336–344.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hope, B., Kosofsky, B., Hyman, S. E., & Nestler, E. J. (1992). Regulation of immediate early gene expression and AP-1 binding in the rat nucleus accumbens by chronic cocaine. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 89, 5764–5768.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hummel, M., et al. (2002). D1 dopamine receptor: A putative neurochemical and behavioral link to cocaine action. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 191(1), 17–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Irner B. T. Substance exposure in utero developmental consequences in adolescence: A systematic review. Child Neuropsychology. Volume 18, 2012 - Issue 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, A. R., Nagarkatti, P., & Nagarkatti, M. (2014). Anandamide attenuates Th-17 cell-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity response by triggering IL-10 production and consequent microRNA induction. PLoS One, 9, e93954.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jansson, L. M., et al. (2016). Maternal buprenorphine maintenance and lactation. Journal of Human Lactation, 32(4), 675. Epub September 26, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, H. E., et al. (2012). Maternal Opioid Treatment: Human Experimental Research (MOTHER)–approach, issues and lessons learned. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 107 Suppl 1(0 1), 28–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, B. A., et al. (2013, October 16). Topiramate for the treatment of cocaine addiction: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaşıkçıoğlu, E. (2017). Sports, energy drinks, and sudden cardiac death: stimulant cardiac syndrome. Anatolian Journal of Cardiology, 17(2), 163–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, P. A. (2000). Does recreational ecstasy use cause long-term cognitive problems? The Western Journal of Medicine, 173(2), 129–130.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • King, G., Alicata, D., Cloak, C., & Chang, L. (2010a). Neuropsychological deficits in adolescent methamphetamine abusers. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 212, 243–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, G., Alicata, D., Cloak, C., & Chang, L. (2010b). Psychiatric symptoms and HPA axis function in adolescent methamphetamine users. Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 5, 582–591.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Klomp, A., den Hollander, B., de Bruin, K., Booij, J., & Reneman, L. (2012). The effects of ecstasy (MDMA) on brain serotonin transporters are dependent on age-of-first exposure in recreational users and animals. PLoS One, 7(10), e47524.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kocherlakota, P. (2014). Neonatal abstinence syndrome. Pediatrics, 134(2), e547.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lebel, C., & Beaulieu, C. (2011). Longitudinal development of human brain wiring continues from childhood into adulthood. Journal of Neuroscience, 31, 10937–10947.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lesch, K. P., Bengel, D., Heils, A., et al. (1996). Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Science, 274, 1527–1531.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, S. X., Yan, S. Y., Bao, Y. P., Lian, Z., Qu, Z., Wu, Y. P., et al. (2013). Depression and alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis function in male abstinent methamphetamine abusers. Human Psychopharmacology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lidow, M. S. (2003). Consequences of prenatal cocaine exposure in nonhuman primates. Brain Research Developmental Brain Research, 147, 23–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liechti, M. E. (2017). Modern clinical research on LSD. Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 42(11), 2114–2127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Limanaqi et al. (2018). Epigenetic effects induced by methamphetamine and methamphetamine-dependent oxidative stress. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2018, 28. Article ID 4982453. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4982453.

  • Lindahl, J. S., Kjellsen, B. R., Tigert, J., & Miskimins, R. (2008). In utero PCP exposure alters oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination in developing rat frontal cortex. Brain Research, 1234, 137–147.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, F., Paule, M. G., Ali, S., & Wang, C. (2011). Ketamine-induced neurotoxicity and changes in gene expression in the developing rat brain. Current Neuropharmacology, 9(1), 256–261.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Malanga, C. J., & Kosofsky, B. E. (2003). Does drug abuse beget drug abuse? Behavioral analysis of addiction liability in animal models of prenatal drug exposure. Brain Research Developmental Brain Research, 147, 47–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manitt, C., Labelle-Dumais, C., Eng, C., Grant, A., Mimee, A., Stroh, T., et al. (2010). Peri-pubertal emergence of UNC-5 homologue expression by dopamine neurons in rodents. PLoS One, 5, e11463.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Manitt, C., Mimee, A., Eng, C., Pokinko, M., Stroh, T., Cooper, H. M., et al. (2011). The netrin receptor DCC is required in the pubertal organization of mesocortical dopamine circuitry. Journal of Neuroscience, 31, 8381–8394.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mann, K., Bladström, A., Torup, L., Gual, A., van den Brink, W. (2013). Extending the treatment options in alcohol dependence: A randomized controlled study of as-needed nalmefene. Biological Psychiatry, 73(8), 706.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mansvelder, H. D., Mertz, M., & Role, L. W. (2009). Nicotinic modulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity in cortico-limbic circuits. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, 20(4), 432–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martins, S. S., & Ghandour, L. A. (2017). Nonmedical use of prescription drugs in adolescents and young adults: not just a Western phenomenon. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 16(1), 102–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mason, B. J., et al. (2013). Gabapentin Treatment for alcohol dependence: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Internal Medicine. Published online November 04, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Medina, K. L., Hanson, K., Schweinsburg, A. D., Cohen-Zion, M., Nagel, B. J., & Tapert, S. F. (2007a). Neuropsychological functioning in adolescent marijuana users: Subtle deficits detectable after 30 days of abstinence. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13(5), 207–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Medina, K. L., Hanson, K. L., Schweinsburg, A. D., Cohen-Zion, M., Nagel, B. J., & Tapert, S. F. (2007b). Neuropsychological functioning in adolescent marijuana users: Subtle deficits detectable after a month of abstinence. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS, 13(5), 807–820.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCabe, S. E., West, B. T., Veliz, P., McCabe, V. V., Stoddard, S. A., & Boyd, C. J. (2017). Trends in medical and nonmedical use of prescription opioids among US adolescents: 1976–2015. Pediatrics, 139(4), e20162387.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McCann, U. D., Eligulashvili, V., Mertl, M., et al. (1999). Altered neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to m-chlorophenylpiperazine in3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) users. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 147, 56–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClung, C. A., & Nestler, E. J. (2003). Regulation of gene expression and cocaine reward by CREB and DeltaFosB. Nature Neuroscience, 6, 1208–1215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKenna, M. L., & Ho, B. T. (1980). The role of dopamine in the discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine. Neuropharmacology, 19, 297–303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meshi, D., Tamir, D. I., & Heekeren, H. R. (2015). The emerging neuroscience of social media. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19, 771–782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2015.09.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miura, H., Fujiki, M., Shibata, A., & Ishikawa, K. (2006). Prevalence and profile of methamphetamine users in adolescents at a juvenile classification home. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 60, 352–357.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Molina, P. E., Amedee, A., LeCapitaine, N. J., Zabaleta, J., Mohan, M., Winsauer, P., et al. (2011). Cannabinoid neuroimmune modulation of SIV disease. Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology: The Official Journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology, 6, 516–527.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Monitoring the Future Survey: High School and Youth Trends. (2017, December). Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/monitoring-future-survey-high-school-youth-trends.

  • Mule, S. J., Jukofsky, D., Kogan, M., De Pace, A., & Verebey, K. (1977). Evaluation of the radioimmunoassay for benzoylecgonine (a cocaine metabolite) in human urine. Clinical Chemistry, 23, 796–801.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2016). Substances of Abuse. https://www.drugabuse.gov/.

  • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Alcohol Alert, No. 67, “Underage Drinking,” 2006. Available at: https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/AA67/AA67.htm.

  • Nestler, E. J. (2014, January). Epigenetic mechanisms of drug addiction. Neuropharmacology, 76(Pt B), 259–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.004. Epub April 30, 2013.

  • Nielsen, D. A., Hamon, S., Yuferov, V, et al. (2010). Ethnic diversity of DNA methylation in the OPRM1 promoter region in lymphocytes of heroin addicts. Human genetics, 127(6), 639–649.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, D. A., Utrankar, A., Reyes, J. A., Simons, D. D., & Kosten, T. R. (2012). Epigenetics of drug abuse: predisposition or response. Pharmacogenomics, 13(10), 1149–1160.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Novikova, S. I., He, F., Bai, J., Cutrufello, N. J., Lidow, M. S., & Undieh, A. S. (2008). Maternal cocaine administration in mice alters DNA methylation and gene expression in hippocampal neurons of neonatal and prepubertal offspring. PLoS One, 3, e1919.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Oei L. J., et al. Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome and High School Performance. Pediatrics. February 2017, VOLUME 139/ ISSUE 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Opioids. (2018, October). Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/opioids.

  • Ostby, Y., Tamnes, C. K., Fjell, A. M., Westlye, L. T., Due-Tonnessen, P., & Walhovd, K. B. (2009). Heterogeneity in subcortical brain development: a structural magnetic resonance imaging study of brain maturation from 8 to 30 years. Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 11772–11782.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ozgur, K., Isikoglu, M., Seleker, M., & Donmez, L. (2005). Semen quality of smoking and non-smoking men in infertile couples in a Turkish population. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 271, 109–112.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pani, P. P., et al. (2010, January). Disulfiram for the treatment of cocaine dependence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Review, 20(1), CD007024.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paradise, J. (2014). Electronic cigarettes: smoke-free laws, sale restrictions, and the public health. American Journal of Public Health, 104, e17–e18.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pasqualotto, F. F., Sobreiro, B. P., Hallak, J., Pasqualotto, E. B., & Lucon, A. M. (2006). Cigarette smoking is related to a decrease in semen volume in a population of fertile men. BJU International, 97, 324–326.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paus, T. (2010). Growth of white matter in the adolescent brain: Myelin or axon? Brain and Cognition, 72, 26–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pétursson, H. (1994). The benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome. Addiction, 89(11), 1455–1459.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, E., Walker, M., Grace, J., & Perry, R. (1999). Acetylcholine in mind: a neurotransmitter correlate of consciousness?. Trends in neurosciences, 22(6), 273–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettinati, H. M., Anton, R. F., & Willenbring, M. L. (2006). The COMBINE study-: An overview of the largest pharmacotherapy study to date for treating alcohol dependence. Psychiatry (Edgmont (Pa.: Township)), 3(10), 36–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pharmacologic mechanisms of crystal meth. (2008). CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l’Association medicale canadienne, 178(13), 1679–1682.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ponomarev, I. (2018). Epigenetic control of gene expression in the alcoholic brain. Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 35(1). Retrieved November 17, 2018, from https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arcr351/69-76.htm.

  • Racial and Ethnic Minority Populations. Retrieved August 16, 2018, from https://www.samhsa.gov/specific-populations/racial-ethnic-minority.

  • Rawson, R. A., Gonzales, R., Obert, J. L., McCann, M. J., & Brethen, P. (2005). Methamphetamine use among treatment-seeking adolescents in Southern California: Participant characteristics and treatment response. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 29, 67–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reneman, L., Booij, J., Schmand, B., et al. (2000). Memory disturbances in “ecstasy” users are correlated with an altered brain serotoninneurotransmission. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 148, 322–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ricuarte, G. A., McCann, U. D., Szabo, Z., & Scheffel, U. (2000). Toxicodynamics and long-term toxicity of the recreational drug, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine(MDMA, “ecstasy”). Toxicology Letters, 113, 143–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, J. E., et al. (2013). Adapting smoking cessation treatment according to initial response to precessation nicotine patch. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 860–867.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz, P., Strain, E. C., & Lowinson, J. H. (2011). Lowinson and Ruiz’s substance abuse: A comprehensive textbook. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salo, R., Flower, K., Kielstein, A., Leamon, M. H., Nordahl, T. E., & Galloway, G. P. (2011). Psychiatric comorbidity in methamphetamine dependence. Psychiatry Research, 186, 356–361.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • SBIRT: Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment. Retrieved November 20, 2018, from https://www.integration.samhsa.gov/clinical-practice/sbirt.

  • Schmid, Y., Enzler, F., Gasser, P., Grouzmann, E., Preller, K. H., Vollenweider, F. X., et al. (2015). Acute effects of lysergic acid diethylamide in healthy subjects. Biological Psychiatry, 78, 544–553.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, J. C., Woods, S. P., Matt, G. E., Meyer, R. A., Heaton, R. K., Atkinson, J. H., et al. (2007). Neurocognitive effects of methamphetamine: A critical review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychology Review, 17, 275–297.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slotkin, T. A., & Seidler, F. J. (2009). Nicotine exposure in adolescence alters the response of serotonin systems to nicotine administered subsequently in adulthood. Developmental Neuroscience, 31, 58–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slotkin, T. A., Card, J., & Seidler, F. J. (2014). Nicotine administration in adolescence reprograms the subsequent response to nicotine treatment and withdrawal in adulthood: sex-selective effects on cerebrocortical serotonergic function. Brain Research Bulletin, 102, 1–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sofikitis, N., Miyagawa, I., Dimitriadis, D., Zavos, P., Sikka, S., & Hellstrom, W. (1995). Effects of smoking on testicular function, semen quality and sperm fertilizing capacity. Journal of Urology, 154, 1030–1034.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sowell, E. R., Delis, D., Stiles, J., & Jernigan, T. L. (2001). Improved memory functioning and frontal lobe maturation between childhood and adolescence: a structural MRI study. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 7, 312–322.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sowell, E. R., Thompson, P. M., Holmes, C. J., Batth, R., Jernigan, T. L., & Toga, A. W. (1999). Localizing age-related changes in brain structure between childhood and adolescence using statistical parametric mapping. Neuroimage, 9, 587–597.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spear, L. P. (2000). The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 24(4), 417–463.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spear, L. P., & Varlinskaya EI. (2005). Adolescence. Alcohol sensitivity, tolerance, and intake. Recent Dev Alcohol. 17, 143–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, S. A. (2005). The effects of benzodiazepines on cognition. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 66(Suppl 2), 9–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strajhar, P., Schmid, Y., Liakoni, E., Dolder, P. C., Rentsch, K. M., Kratschmar, D. V., et al. (2016). Acute effects of lysergic acid diethylamide on circulating steroid levels in healthy subjects. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 28, 12374.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Squeglia, L. M., Jacobus, J., & Tapert, S. F. (2009). The influence of substance use on adolescent brain development. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience, 40(1), 31–38.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Squeglia, L. M., Sorg, S. F., Schweinsburg, A. D., et al. (2011). Binge drinking differentially affects adolescent male and female brain morphometry. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 220, 529–539.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Squeglia, L. M., Jacobus, J., & Tapert, S. F. (2014). The effect of alcohol use on human adolescent brain structures and systems. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 125, 501–510.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Szyf, M. (2013). The genome- and system-wide response of DNA methylation to early life adversity and its implication on mental health. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 58, 697–704.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szyf, M. (2015). Nongenetic inheritance and transgenerational epigenetics. Trends in Molecular Medicine, 21, 134–144.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szutorisz, H., & Hurd, Y. L. (2015). Epigenetic effects of cannabis exposure. Biological Psychiatry, 79(7), 586–594.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Teicher, M. H., et al. (1995). Evidence for dopamine receptor pruning between adolescence and adulthood in striatum but not nucleus accumbens. Developmental Brain Research, 89, 167–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-3806(95)00109-Q.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tomasiewicz, H. C., Jacobs, M. M., Wilkinson, M. B., Wilson, S. P., Nestler, E. J., & Hurd, Y. L. (2012). Proenkephalin mediates the enduring effects of adolescent cannabis exposure associated with adult opiate vulnerability. Biological Psychiatry, 72, 803–810.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. (2016). Department of Health, and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease, Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. E-Cigarette Use Among Youth And Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General—Executive Summary.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2014). The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, Atlanta, GA, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Batenburg-Eddes, T., Lee, N. C., Weeda, W. D., Krabbendam, L., & Huizinga, M. (2014). The potential adverse effect of energy drinks on executive functions in early adolescence. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 457. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00457.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vassoler, F. M., Byrnes, E. M., & Pierce, R. C. (2013). The impact of exposure to addictive drugs on future generations: Physiological and behavioral effects. Neuropharmacology, 76 Pt B(0 0), 269–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venners, S. A., Wang, X., Chen, C., Wang, L., Chen, D., Guang, W., et al. (2004). Paternal smoking and pregnancy loss: a prospective study using a biomarker of pregnancy. American Journal of Epidemiology, 159, 993–1001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Volkow, N. D., et al. (2001). Association of Dopamine Transporter Reduction With Psychomotor Impairment in Methamphetamine Abusers. The American Journal of Psychiatry.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, D. M., et al. (2017, November 8). Adolescence and reward: making sense of neural and behavioral changes amid the chaos. The Journal of Neuroscience, 37(45), 10855–10866.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wachman, E. M., et al. (2013). Association of OPRM1 and COMT single-nucleotide polymorphisms with hospital length of stay and treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome. JAMA, 309(17), 1821.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J., Zhou, M., Wang, X., Yang, X., Wang, M., Zhang, C., et al. (2014). Impact of ketamine on learning and memory function, neuronal apoptosis and its potential association with miR-214 and PTEN in adolescent rats. PLoS One, 9(6), e99855. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099855.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Whelan, P. J., et al. (2012 January–April). Buprenorphine versus methadone treatment A review of evidence in both developed and developing worlds. Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice, 3(1), 45–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolverton, W. L., & Trost, R. C. (1978). Cocaine as a discriminative stimulus for responding maintained by food in squirrel monkeys. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 8, 627–630.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, Z., Seidler, F. J., Cousins, M. M., Slikker, W., Jr., & Slotkin, T. A. (2002). Adolescent nicotine administration alters serotonin receptors and cell signaling mediated through adenylyl cyclase. Brain Research, 951, 280–292.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, X., Hegde, V. L., Rao, R., Zhang, J., Nagarkatti, P. S., & Nagarkatti, M. (2014). Histone modifications are associated with Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol-mediated alterations in antigen-specific T cell responses. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 289, 18707–18718.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yazigi, R. A., Odem, R. R., & Polakoski, K. L. (1991). Demonstration of specific binding of cocaine to human spermatozoa. JAMA, 266, 1956–1959.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, M., Cross, S. J., Loughlin, S. E., & Leslie, F. M. (2015). Nicotine and the adolescent brain. The Journal of Physiology, 593(16), 3397–3412.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zapata, L. B., Hillis, S. D., Marchbanks, P. A., Curtis, K. M., & Lowry, R. (2008). Methamphetamine use is independently associated with recent risky sexual behaviors and adolescent pregnancy. Journal of School Health, 78, 641–648.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zou, X., Patterson, T. A., Sadovova, N., Twaddle, N. C., Doerge, D. R., Zhang, X., et al. (2009). Potential neurotoxicity of ketamine in the developing rat brain. Toxicological Sciences: An Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology, 108(1), 149–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zweben, J. E., Cohen, J. B., Christian, D., Galloway, G. P., Salinardi, M., Parent, D., et al. (2004). Psychiatric symptoms in methamphetamine users. The American Journal on Addictions 13, 181–190.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alisha Moreland-Capuia .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Moreland-Capuia, A. (2019). Substances of Abuse and the Brain. In: Training for Change. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19208-2_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics