Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pediatric Anesthesia

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Manual of Practice Management for Ambulatory Surgery Centers

  • 638 Accesses

Abstract

Most pediatric surgery and diagnostic procedures are well suited to the ambulatory environment. This chapter takes a close look at which pediatric patients and surgical procedures are appropriate for outpatient surgery. It also describes preoperative considerations for pediatric ambulatory surgery patients, including patient screening, fasting guidelines, prematurity, obstructive sleep apnea, and upper respiratory tract infection unique to outpatient settings. Specific intraoperative and postoperative issues including premedication, parental presence for induction, pain management, and postoperative nausea and vomiting, important for providing quality care and for providing efficient ambulatory surgery center patient experience are discussed. This chapter provides an evidence based overview of particular strategies in anesthesia care that have been utilized to improve the experience for pediatric patients and their families. Finally, this chapter will assist ambulatory surgery programs in developing their approach model to pediatric anesthesia management.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Cullen KA, Hall MJ, Golosinskiy A. Ambulatory surgery in the United States, 2006. Natl Health Stat Report. 2009;28(11):1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Rabbits JA, Groenewald CB, Moriarty JP, et al. Epidemiology of ambulatory anesthesia for children in the United States; 2006 and 1996. Anesth Analg. 2010;111:1011–5.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Boss EF, Marsteller JA, Simon AE. Outpatient tonsillectomy in children: demographic and geographic variation in the United States. J Pediatr. 2012;160(5):814–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Patel RI, Hannallah RS. Anesthetic complications following pediatricambulatory surgery: a 3-yr study. Anesthesiology. 1988;69:1009–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Keenan RL, Shapiro JH, Kane FR, Simpson PM. Bradycardia during anesthesia in infants. An epidemiologic study. Anesthesiology. 1994;80:976–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine. Critical elements for the pediatric perioperative anesthesia environment. Pediatrics. 2015;136(6):1200–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Statement on Practice Recommendations for Pediatric Anesthesia Committee of Origin: Pediatric anesthesia October 19, 2011 and reaffirmed on October 26, 2016. https://www.asahq.org/standards-and-guidelines/statement-on-practice-recommendations-for-pediatric-anesthesia.

  8. Baum VC, Palmisano BW. The immature heart and anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1997;87:1529–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Baraldi E, Filippone M. Chronic lung disease after premature birth. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1946–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Smith LJ, McKay KO, van Asperen PP, et al. Normal development of the lung and premature birth. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2010;11:135–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Cote CJ, Zaslavsky A, Downes J, et al. Postoperative apnea in former preterm infants after inguinal herniorrhaphy. A combined analysis. Anesthesiology. 1995;82:809–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Miano S, Paolino MC, Urbano A, et al. Neurocognitive assessment and sleep analysis in children with sleep disordered breathing. Clin Neurophysiol. 2011;122:311–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Goldbart AD, Levitas A, Greenberg-Dotan S, et al. B-type natriuretic peptide and cardiovascular function in young children with obstructive sleep apnea. Chest. 2010;138:528–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Thompson D, Orr R, Haberkern CM. A survey of pediatric hospitals: admission criteria for ex-prematurely born infants and term newborns following anesthesia. Pediatr Anesth. 2012;12:1139–41.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Davidson AJ, Morton NS, Ampu SJ, et al. Apnea after awake regional and general anesthesia in infants: the General Anesthesia compared to Spinal Anesthesia Study-Comparing Apnea and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes, a Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesthesiology. 2015;123(1):38–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Schwengel DA, Sterni LM, Tunkel DE, et al. Perioperative management of children with obstructive sleep apnea. Anesth Analg. 2009;109:60–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Bandla P, Brooks L, Trimarchi T, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children. Anesthesiol Clin. 2005;23:535–49.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Francis A, Eltaki K, Bash T, et al. The safety of preoperative sedation in children with sleep disordered breathing. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;70:1517–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Cultrara A, Bennett GH, Lazar C, et al. Preoperative sedation in pediatric patients with sleep-disordered breathing. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2002;66:243–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. American Society of Anesthesiologists Committee. Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: application to healthy patients undergoing elective procedures – an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Committee on Standards and Practice Parameters. Anesthesiology. 2011;114:495–511.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Schmitz A, Kellenberger CJ, Liamlahi R, et al. Gastric emptying after overnight fasting and clear fluid intake: a prospective investigation using serial magnetic resonance imaging in healthy children. Br J Anaesth. 2011;107:425–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Schmitz A, Kellenberger CJ, Neuhaus D, et al. Fasting times and gastric content volume in children undergoing deep propofol sedation: an assessment using magnetic resonance imaging. Paediatr Anaesth. 2011;21:685–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Brady M, Kinn S, Ness V, et al. Preoperative fasting for preventing perioperative complications in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;4:CD005285.

    Google Scholar 

  24. August D, Everett L. Pediatric amnulatory anesthesia. Anesthesiol Clin. 2014;32:411–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kahn RL, Stanton MA, Tong-Ngork S, et al. One-year experience with day-of-surgery pregnancy testing before elective orthopedic procedures. Anesth Analg. 2008;106:1127–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Wheeler M, Cote CJ. Preoperative pregnancy testing in a tertiary care children’s hospital: a medico-legal conundrum. J Clin Anesth. 1999;11:56–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Malviya S, D’Errico C, Reynolds P, et al. Should pregnancy testing be routine in adolescent patients prior to surgery? Anesth Analg. 1996;83:854–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Sullivan M, Thompson WK, Hill GD. Succinylcholine-induced cardiac arrest in children with undiagnosed myopathy. Can J Anaesth. 1994;41:497–501.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Yemen TA, McClain C. Muscular dystrophy, anesthesia and the safety of inhala- tional agents revisited; again. Paediatr Anaesth. 2006;16:105–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Segura LG, Lorenz JD, Weingarten TN, et al. Anesthesia and Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy: review of 117 anesthetic exposures. Paediatr Anaesth. 2013;23:855–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Niezgoda J, Morgan PG. Anesthetic considerations in patients with mitochondrial defects. Paediatr Anaesth. 2013;23:785–93.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Kam PC, Cardone D. Propofolinfusion syndrome. Anaesthesia. 2007;62:690–701.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Laquay N, Pouard P, Silicani MA, et al. Early stages of propofol infusion syndrome in paediatric cardiac surgery: two cases in adolescent girls. Br J Anaesth. 2008;101:880–1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Koenig MK. Presentation and diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders in children. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;38:305–13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Saettele AK, Sharma A, Murray DJ. Case scenario: hypotonia in infancy: anesthetic dilemma. Anesthesiology. 2013;119:443–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Driessen J, Willems S, Dercksen S, et al. Anesthesia-related morbidity and mortality after surgery for muscle biopsy in children with mitochondrial defects. Paediatr Anaesth. 2007;17:16–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Von Ungern-Sternberg BS, Boda K, Chambers NA, et al. Risk assessment for respiratory complications in pediatric anesthesia: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2010;376:773–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Tait AR, Malviya S. Anesthesia for the child with an upper respiratory tract infection: still a dilemma? Anesth Analg. 2005;100:59–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Farber JM. Clinical Practice guideline: diagnosis and management of child- hood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Pediatrics. 2002;110:1255–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The international classification of sleep disorders: diagnostic and coding manual. 2nd ed. Westchester, Illinois: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2005. p. 58.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Roland PS, Rosenfeld RM, Brooks LJ, et al. Clinical practice guideline: polysomnography for sleep-disordered breathing prior to tonsillectomy in children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011;145(1 Suppl):S1–S1538.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Tait AR, Bickham R, O'Brien LM, Quinlan M, Voepel-Lewis T. The STBUR questionnaire for identifying children at risk for sleep-disordered breathing and postoperative opioid-related adverse events. Paediatr Anaesth. 2016;26(7):759–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Sanders JC, King MA, Mitchell RB, Kelly JP. Perioperative complications of adenotonsillectomy in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Anesth Analg. 2006;103:1115–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Bhattacharyya N. Ambulatory pediatric otolaryngologic procedures in the United States: characteristics and perioperative safety. Laryngoscope. 2010;120:821–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Roland PS, Rosenfeld RM, Brooks LJ, et al. Clinical practice guideline: polysomnography for sleep-disorderd breathing prior to tonsillectomy in children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011;145:S 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Brown KA, Laferriere A, Lakheeram I, et al. Recurrent hypoxemia in children is associated with increased analgesic sensitivity to opiates. Anesthesiology. 2006;105:665–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Kuehn BM. FDA: no codeine after tonsillectomy for children. JAMA. 2013;309:1100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Cote CJ, Posner KL, Domino KB. Death or neurologic injury after tonsillectomy in children with a focus on obstructive sleep apnea. Houston, we have a problem! Anesth Analg. 2014;118(6):1276–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Marcus CL, Chapman D, Davidson Ward S, McColley SA. Clinical practice guideline: diagnosis and management of childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Section on pediatric pulmonary, subcommittee on obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am Acad Ped Pediatrics. 2002;109:704–12.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Raghavendran S, Bagry H, Detheux G, et al. An anesthetic management protocol to decrease respiratory complications after adenotonsillectomy in children with severe sleep apnea. Anesth Analg. 2010;110:1093–101.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Chundamala J, Wright JG, Kemp SM. An evidence-based review of parental presence during anesthesia induction and parent/child anxiety. Can J Anaesth. 2009;56:57–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Manyande A, Cyna AM, Yip P, Chooi C, Middleton P. Non-pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;14(7):CD006447.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Welborn LG, Hannallah RS, Norden JM, et al. Comparison of emergence and recovery characteristics of sevoflurane, desflurane, and halothane in pediatric ambulatory patients. Anesth Analg. 1996;83:917–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Dubois MC, Piat V, Constant I, et al. Comparision of three techniques for induction of anaesthesia with sevoflurane in children. Pediatr Anesth. 1999;9:19–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Fernandez M, Lejus C, Rivault O, et al. Single-breath vital capacity rapid inhalation induction with sevoflurane: feasibility in children. Pediatr Anesth. 2005;15:307–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Hammer GB, Drover DR, Cao H, Jackson E, Williams GD, Ramamoorthy C, Van Hare GF, Niksch A, Dubin AM. The effects of dexmedetomidine on cardiac electrophysiology in children. Anesth Analg. 2008;106:79–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Arain SR, Egert TJ. The efficacy, side effects, and recovery characteristics of dexmedetomidine versus propofol when used for intraoperative sedation. Anesth Analg. 2002;95:461–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Sato M, Shirakami G, Tazuke-Nishimura M, et al. Effect of single-dose dexmedetomidine on emergence agitation and recovery profiles after sevoflurane anesthesia in pediatric ambulatory surgery. J Anesth. 2010;24:675–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Olutoye OA, Glover CD, Diefenderfer JW, et al. The effect of intraoperative dexmedetomidine on postoperative analgesia and sedation in pediatricpatients undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Anesth Analg. 2010;111:490–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Patel A, Davidson M, Tran MC, et al. Dexmedetomidine infusion for analgesia and prevention of emergence agitation in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Anesth Analg. 2010;111:1004–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Moller PL, Sindet-Pedersen S, Petersen CT, et al. Onset of acetaminophen analgesia: comparison of oral and intravenous routes after third molar surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2005;94:642–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Moiniche S, Romsing J, Dahl JB, Tramer MR. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and the risk of operative site bleeding after tonsillectomy: a quantitative systematic review. Anesth Analg. 2003;96:68–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Kelly LE, Sommer DD, Ramakrishna J, Hoffbauer S, Arbab-Tafti S, Reid D, Maclean J, Koren G. Morphine or Ibuprofen for post-tonsillectomy analgesia: a randomized trial. Pediatrics. 2015;135(2):307–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Lerman JA. Disquisition on sleep-disordered breathing in children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2009;19(Suppl 1):100–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Hong JY, Han SW, Kim WO, et al. Effect of dexamethasone in combination with caudal analgesia on postoperative pain control in day-case paediatric orchiopexy. Br J Anaesth. 2010;105:506–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Blaise G, Roy WL. Postoperative pain relief after hypospadias repair in pediatric patients: regional analgesia versus systemic analgesics. Anesthesiology. 1986;65:84–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Moores MA, Wandless JG, Fell D. Paediatric postoperative analgesia. A comparison of rectal diclofenac with caudal bupivacaine after inguinal herniotomy. Anaesthesia. 1990;45:156–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Breschan C, Jost R, Krumpholz R, Schaumberger F, Stettner H, Marhofer P, et al. A prospective study comparing the analgesic efficacy of levobupivacaine, ropivacaine and bupivacaine in pediatric patients undergoing caudal blockade. Paediatr Anaesth. 2005;15:301–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Jha AK, Bhardwaj N, Yaddanapudi S, Sharma RK, Mahajan JK. A randomized study of surgical site infiltration with bupivacaine or ketamine for pain relief in children following cleft palate repair. Paediatr Anaesth. 2013;23(5):401–6. Engelman E, Salengros JC, Barvais L. How much does pharmacologic prophylaxis reduce postoperative vomiting in children? Calculation of prophylaxis effectiveness and expected incidence of vomiting under treatment using Bayesian meta-analysis. Anesthesiology. 2008;109:1023–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Eberhart LH, Geldner G, Kranke P, et al. The development and validation of a risk score to predict the probability of postoperative vomiting in pediatric patients. Anesth Analg. 2004;99:1630–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Splinter WM, Roberts DJ. Dexamethasone decreases vomiting by children after tonsillectomy. Anesth Analg. 1996;83:913–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Czarnetzki C, Elia N, Lysakowski C, et al. Dexamethasone and risk of nausea and vomiting and postoperative bleeding after tonsillectomy in children: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2008;300:2621–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Elhakim M, Ali NM, Rashed I, Riad MK, Refat M. Dexamethasone reduces postoperative vomiting and pain after pediatric tonsillectomy. Can J Anaesth. 2003;50(4):392–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Hermans V, De Pooter F, De Groote F, De Hert S, Van der Linden P. Effect of dexamethasone on nausea, vomiting, and pain in paediatric tonsillectomy. Br J Anaesth. 2012;109(3):427–3139.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Madan R, Bhatia A, Chakithandy S, et al. Prophylactic dexamethasone for postoperative nausea and vomiting in pediatric strabismus surgery: a dose ranging and safety evaluation study. Anesth Analg. 2005;100:1622–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Gallagher TQ, Hill C, Ojha S, Ference E, Keamy DG, Williams M, Hansen M, Maurer R, Collins C, Setlur J, Capra GG, Brigger MT, Hartnick CJ. Perioperative dexamethasone administration and risk of bleeding following tonsillectomy in children: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012;308(12):1221–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Sadhasivam S, Shende D, Madan R. Prophylactic ondansetron in prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting following pediatric strabismus surgery: a dose-response study. Anesthesiology. 2000;92:1035–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Munro HM, D’Errico CC, Lauder GR, et al. Oral granisetron for strabismus surgery in children. Can J Anaesth. 1999;46:45–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Gan TJ, Diemunsch P, Habib AS, et al. Consensus guidelines for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg. 2014;118:85–113.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Shen YD, Chen CY, Wu CH, Cherng YG, Tam KW. Dexamethasone, ondansetron, and their combination and postoperative nausea and vomiting in children undergoing strabismus surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Paediatr Anaesth. 2014;24:490–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Elgueta MF, Echevarria GC, De la Fuente N, et al. Effect of intravenous fluid therapy on postoperative vomiting in children undergoing tonsillectomy. Br J Anesth. 2013;110:607–14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Goodarzi M, Matar MM, Shafa M, Townsend JE, Gonzalez I. A prospective randomized blinded study of the effect of intravenous fluid therapy on postoperative nausea and vomiting in children undergoing strabismus surgery. Paediatr Anaesth. 2006;16:49–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Fleisher LA, Pasternak LR, Lyles A. A novel index of elevated risk of inpatient hospital admission immediately following outpatient surgery. Arch Surg. 2007;142:263–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Mamie C, Habre W, Delhumeau C, Argiroffo CB, Morabia A. Incidence and risk factors of perioperative respiratory adverse events in children undergoing elective surgery. Paediatr Anaesth. 2004;14:218–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Prough DS, Roy R, Bumgarner J, Shannon G. Acute pulmonary edema in healthy teenagers following conservative doses of intravenous naloxone. Anesthesiology. 1984;60:485–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Abdallah C. Chapter 4: Delayed emergence. In: Butz S, editor. Perioperative-drill based crisis management, Pub 11/19/2015. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Press; 2015. p. 23–32.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Naguib M, Brull SJ. Update on neuromuscular pharmacology. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2009;22(4):483–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Naguib M, Dexter F, Brull SJ. Neuromuscular monitoring as the art of probability. Anesth Analg. 2017;124(5):1400–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Tobias JD. Current evidence for the use of sugammadex in children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2017;27(2):118–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Ammar AS, Mahmoud KM, Kasemy ZA. A comparison of sugammadex and neostigmine for reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade in children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2017;61(4):374–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Bhananker SM, Ramamoorthy C, Geiduscheck JM, et al. Anesthesia-related cardiac arrest in children: update from the Pediatric Perioperative Cardiac Arrest Registry. Anesth Analg. 2007;105:344–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Statham MM, Elluru RG, Buncher R, Kalra M. Adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in young children: prevalence of pulmonary complications. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;132:476–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Gerber ME, O’Connor DM, Adler E, Myer CM 3rd. Selected risk factors in pediatric adenotonsillectomy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996;122:811–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Blum RH, McGowan FX Jr. Chronic upper airway obstruction and cardiac dysfunction: anatomy, pathophysiology and anesthetic implications. Paediatr Anaesth. 2004;14:75–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Fricke BL, Donnelly LF, Shott SR, et al. Comparison of lingual tonsil size as depicted on MR imaging between children with obstructive sleep apnea despite previous tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy and normal controls. Pediatr Radiol. 2006;36:518–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Przybylo HJ, Martini DR, Mazurek AJ, et al. Assessing behavior in children emerging from anaesthesia: can we apply psychiatric diagnostic techniques? Pediatr Anesth. 2003;13:609–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Sikich N, Lerman J. Development and psychometric evaluation of the pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium scale. Anesthesiology. 2004;100:1138–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Kurth CD, Tyler D, Heitmiller E, et al. National pediatric anesthesia safety quality improvement program in the United States. Anesth Analg. 2014;119(1):112–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Rosen HD, Mervitz D, Cravero JP. Pediatric emergence delirium: Canadian Pediatric Anesthesiologists’ experience. Paediatr Anaesth. 2016;26(2):207–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. William G, Muffy M, et al. Reporting of perioperative adverse events by pediatric anesthesiologists at a tertiary children’s hospital: targeted interventions to increase the rate of reporting. Anesth Analg. 2017;12:1515–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Tjia I, Rampersad S, Varughese A, et al. Wake Up Safe and root cause analysis: quality improvement in pediatric anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2014;119:122–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Emory University School of Medicine, Satellite Blvd. Ambulatory Surgery Center, Division of Pediatric and Ambulatory Anesthesiology, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Chhaya Patel

  2. The George Washington University Medical Center, Division of Anesthesiology, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, USA

    Claude Abdallah

Authors
  1. Chhaya Patel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Claude Abdallah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Claude Abdallah .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State Health, Hershey, PA, USA

    Niraja Rajan

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Patel, C., Abdallah, C. (2020). Pediatric Anesthesia. In: Rajan, N. (eds) Manual of Practice Management for Ambulatory Surgery Centers. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19171-9_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19171-9_13

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-19170-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-19171-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation