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Epidemiology and Prevention of Burns Throughout the World

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Handbook of Burns Volume 1

Abstract

Injury is the physical damage that results when a human body is suddenly subjected to energy in amounts that exceed the threshold of physiologic tolerance [1]. Injury is a significant public health problem—injuries caused 8.5% of all deaths worldwide in 2015 [2]. Injuries are the fourth leading cause of death in men throughout the world (11% of total deaths) after cardiovascular, infectious, and neoplastic diseases. Although progress is being made against many illnesses, the incidence of injuries is decreasing at a rate slower than the reduction in illness in high-income countries (HIC). In low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), both death and disability from injuries are increasing very rapidly. In LMIC of the Americas, Europe, and the Eastern Mediterranean Region, the cause of more than 30% of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs, the loss due to either death or disability of the equivalent of 1 year of good health) among men aged 15–44 years in 2004 was from injury [3].

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Income categories for 2004 as defined by the World Bank by 2004 gross national income per capita. Low, US$285 or less; lower middle, US$285–3255; upper middle, US$3256–10,065; high, US$10,066 or more.

  2. 2.

    The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) is a family of health care databases and related tools for research and decision-making sponsored by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The four Shriners hospitals for burned children do not generally contribute data to their respective states’ HCUP databases, and thus approximately 10% of the estimated 10,000 children admitted for burn care in the United States each year were not included in this study. Therefore, the collective incidence and related charges of pediatric burn admissions may be underestimated by approximately 10% in this study [60].

  3. 3.

    The 2016 report of the National Burn Repository reviews the combined data set of acute burn admissions for the period 2006–2015. Ninety-six hospitals (including 65 verified by the ABA as centers of excellence) from 36 states plus the District of Columbia contributed to this report, totaling 205,033 records. Data were not dominated by any single center and appeared to represent a reasonable cross section of the US hospitals.

  4. 4.

    The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) includes 29 countries which produce two thirds of the world’s goods and services. The OECD member countries, as of December 2000, are Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America [110].

  5. 5.

    Flashover is defined as a transitional phase in the development of a compartment fire in which surfaces exposed to thermal radiation reach ignition temperature more or less simultaneously and fire spreads rapidly throughout the space resulting in full room involvement or total involvement of the compartment or enclosed area [306].

  6. 6.

    Photoelectric detectors pass a beam of light above a sensor. Under normal conditions, the light beam passes above the sensor with no deflection of light to the sensor, which is positioned at 90 degrees from the light beam. However, when smoke particles in the air cause some of the light to scatter, some of the light is dispersed to the sensor, which then triggers the alarm. Photoelectric alarms respond sooner to fires that begin with a long period of smoldering without flames.

    Ionizing detectors contain a small amount of Americium-241, which emits alpha particles. The Americium ionizes the oxygen and nitrogen in the air of the ionization chamber, causing a small current to flow between the two plates in the chamber. The presence of smoke in the chamber disrupts this current flow, which is then detected and triggers the alarm. Ionizing detectors respond quickly in flaming fires.

  7. 7.

    “Sleepwear” is defined as any article of clothing intended to be worn primarily for sleeping or activities related to sleeping. “Daywear” is defined as clothing designed to be worn during the day. However, it is now common to see daywear used at night in place of pajamas, nightgowns, or other traditional night clothes.

  8. 8.

    Current requirements are published in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 16, Parts 1615 and 1616.

  9. 9.

    Although difficult to quantify, the clothing industry’s perception of consumers was that sleepwear treated for reduction in flammability was less comfortable (and therefore less popular) than untreated cotton, such as that found in T-shirts.

  10. 10.

    Daywear is subject to the Standard for the Flammability of Clothing Textiles, but is not subject to the flame-resistant requirements of the Standards for the Flammability of Children’s Sleepwear.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to express their gratitude to Belinda Gabbe, David Meddings, Andrea Sattinger, and Hilary Wallace for their assistance.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Arizona Burn Center, Maricopa Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA

    Michael D. Peck

  2. University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA

    Michael D. Peck

  3. Division of Community, Environment and Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, USA

    Michael D. Peck

  4. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, The Alfred Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Jason Thomas Toppi

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Correspondence to Michael D. Peck .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Ross Tilley Burn Centre Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Marc G. Jeschke

  2. Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

    Lars-Peter Kamolz

  3. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

    Folke Sjöberg

  4. Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA

    Steven E. Wolf

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Peck, M.D., Toppi, J.T. (2020). Epidemiology and Prevention of Burns Throughout the World. In: Jeschke, M., Kamolz, LP., Sjöberg, F., Wolf, S. (eds) Handbook of Burns Volume 1. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18940-2_2

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