Abstract
This chapter discusses four specific areas of gender segregation—segregation in politics, segregation in entrepreneurship, segregation in STEM and segregation in communist and post-communist economies. While in the first three areas, although significant improvements are evident, we continue to encounter lower participation and engagement by women because of the many barriers imposed upon them, a communist ideology (either from the past for post-communist countries or still present for contemporary communist countries) declaratively prescribes equality for women in all living and working spheres.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ådnanes, M. (2000). Youth and Gender in Post-communist Bulgaria. Journal of Youth Studies, 4(1), 25–40.
Baluta, I. (2014). Child Care in Post-communist Romania between Familialist Ideology, Labour Market and Gender Roles. Revista de cercetare si interventie sociala, 46, 227–242.
Brainerd, E. (2000). Women in Transition: Changes in Gender Wage Differentials in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 54(1), 138–162.
Codiroli Mcmaster, N. (2017). Who Studies STEM Subjects at a Level and Degree in England? An Investigation into the Intersections between Students’ Family Background, Gender and Ethnicity in Determining Choice. British Educational Research Journal, 43(3), 528–553.
Costa, C., Caçador, S., Carvalho, I., Breda, Z., & Costa, R. (2014). Future Higher Education in Tourism Studies and the Labor Markets: Gender Perspectives on Expectations and Experiences. In D. Prebežac, C. Schott, & P. J. Sheldon (Eds.), The Tourism Education Futures Initiative (pp. 193–213). New York, NY: Routledge.
Cuberes, D., & Teignier, M. (2016). Aggregate Effects of Gender Gaps in the Labor Market: A Quantitative Estimate. Journal of Human Capital, 10(1), 1–32.
Efthymiou, I., Vitsilakis, C., & Cakis, D. (2012). Horizontal and Vertical Gender Segregation in the ICT Sector: A Greek Case Study. Journal of Critical Studies in Business & Society, 3(1), 77–111.
England, P. (2010). The Gender Revolution: Uneven and Stalled. Gender and Society, 24(2), 149–166.
European Institute for Gender Equality. (2017). Gender Equality Index 2017—Measuring Gender Equality in the European Union 2005–2015. Vilnius: European Institute for Gender Equality.
Freidenvall, L. (2015). Women’s Descriptive and Substantive Representation in Nordic Politics. In W. Hofmaister, M. Sarmah, & D. Kaur (Eds.), Women, Policy and Political Leadership—Regional Perspectives in Today’s World (pp. 95–102). Singapore: Konrad Adenauer Stiftung.
Gayles, J. G., & Ampaw, F. (2014). The Impact of College Experiences on Degree Completion in STEM Fields at Four-Year Institutions: Does Gender Matter? The Journal of Higher Education, 85(4), 439–468.
Gundert, S., & Mayer, K. U. (2010). Gender Segregation in Training and Social Mobility of Women in West Germany. European Sociological Review, 28(1), 59–81.
Haukanes, H. (2001). Anthropological Debates on Gender and the Post-communist Transformation. NORA—Nordic Journal of Women’s Studies, 9(1), 5–20.
Hofmaister, W., Sarmah, M., & Kaur, D. (Eds.). (2015). Women, Policy and Political Leadership—Regional Perspectives in Today’s World. Singapore: Konrad Adenauer Stiftung.
Korovushkina, I. (1999). Paradoxes of Gender: Writing History in Post-communist Russia 1987–1998. Gender & History, 11(3), 659–582.
Kovář, J., & Kovář, K. (2014). Representation of Women in Second-Order Elections: The Czech Republic and Slovakia Compared. Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 15(1), 1–18.
Levanon, A., & Grusky, D. B. (2016). The Persistence of Extreme Gender Segregation in the Twenty-first Century. American Journal of Sociology, 122(2), 573–619.
Lühiste, M., & Kenny, M. (2016). Pathways to Power: Women’s Representation in the 2014 European Parliament Elections. European Journal of Political Research, 55(3), 626–641.
Ma, Y. (2011). Gender Differences in the Paths Leading to a STEM Baccalaureate. Social Science Quarterly, 92(5), 1169–1190.
McDaniel, A. (2016). The Role of Cultural Contexts in Explaining Cross-National Gender Gaps in STEM Expectations. European Sociological Review, 32(1), 122–133.
McDonald, C. (2018). Focus: Men for Women in Tech. Retrieved July 2, 2018, from http://1sno3247bpch20c2dq23iqpy-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/Focus_men_for_women_in_tech.pdf
McKinsey & Company. (2018). Bridging the Talent gap in Denmark—Insights from Female Representation in STEM. Retrieved October 9, 2018, from https://innovationsfonden.dk/sites/default/files/2018-10/gender-diversity-in-denmark.pdf
Metcalfe, B. D., & Afanassieva, M. (2005). Gender, Work, and Equal Opportunities in Central and Eastern Europe. Women in Management Review, 20(6), 397–411.
Morais Maceira, H. (2017). Economic Benefits of Gender Equality in the EU. Intereconomics, 52(3), 178–183.
OECD. (2017). The Pursuit of Gender Equality: An Uphill Battle. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Oprica, V. (2008). Gender Equality and Conflicting Attitudes Toward Women in Post-communist Romania. Human Rights Review, 9(1), 29–40.
Perrons, D. (2017). Gender and Inequality: Austerity and Alternatives. Intereconomics, 52(1), 28–33.
Pološki Vokić, N., & Bulat, I. (2012). Što žene lideri unose u visoku politiku—psihološka i radna obilježja, stil vođenja, interesi i perspective [What Do Women Leaders Bring to Politics?—Psychological and Work Characteristics, Leadership Style, Interests and Perspectives]. In Proceedings of PAR International Leadership Conference—PILC ‘Women’s Leadership’ (pp. 25–35). Rijeka: Visoka poslovna škola PAR.
Rashkova, E. R., & Zankina, E. (2015). Women in Politics in Eastern Europe: A Changing Outlook. In W. Hofmaister, M. Sarmah, & D. Kaur (Eds.), Women, Policy and Political Leadership—Regional Perspectives in Today’s World (pp. 87–93). Singapore: Konrad Adenauer Stiftung.
Rubery, J. (2015). Austerity and the Future for Gender Equality in Europe. ILR Review, 68(4), 715–741.
Ruminska-Zimny, E. W. (2002). Gender Aspects of Changes in the Labour Markets in Transition Economies. Retrieved August 2, 2018, from http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/commission/2002/Ruminska-Zimny.pdf
Šarić, M. (2017). Ravnopravnost je šifra za uspjeh—Diskriminacija blokira društveni razvoj [Equality Is a Code for Success—Discrimination Blocks Societal Development]. Retrieved July 2, 2018, from https://www.onenastupaju.hr/2017/06/15/ravnopravnost-je-sifra-za-uspjeh-diskriminacija-blokira-drustveni-razvoj/
Selectio. (2017). Sve manje žena u upravama vodećih hrvatskih tvrtki [Less and Less Women in Boards of Croatian Companies]. Retrieved July 2, 2018, from https://www.selectio.hr/sve-manje-zena-u-upravama-vodecih-hrvatskih-tvrtki/
Sen, G. (1996). Gender, Markets and States: A Selective Review and Research Agenda. World Development, 24(6), 821–830.
Štěpán, J. (2005). Gender Segregation and Wage Gap: An East-West Comparison. Journal of the European Economic Association, 3(2/3), 598–607.
Tellhed, U., Bäckström, M., & Björklund, F. (2017). Will I Fit in and Do Well? The Importance of Social Belongingness and Self-efficacy for Explaining Gender Differences in Interest in STEM and HEED Majors. Sex Roles, 77(1), 86–96.
Thomas, S. (1991). The Impact of Women on State Legislative Policies. The Journal of Politics, 53(4), 958–976.
Valenduc, G. (2011). Not a Job for Life? Women’s Progression, Conversion, and Dropout in ICT Professions. International Journal of Gender, Science and Technology, 3(2), 483–500.
van de Werfhorst, H. G. (2017). Gender Segregation across Fields of Study in Post-Secondary Education: Trends and Social Differentials. European Sociological Review, 33(3), 449–464.
van Langen, A. (2015). Girls and STEM Choice in Dutch Education: The Strong Gender Segregation and the Good Practice of the Stimulation Policy. Gender Studies and Research, 13, 26–39.
Vehviläinen, M., Vuolanto, P., & Ylijoki, O.-H. (2010). Gender Equality in Interface Organizations Between Science, Technology and Innovation. Journal of Technology Management & Innovation, 5(1), 64–74.
Wang, M.-T., & Degol, J. L. (2017). Gender Gap in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM): Current Knowledge, Implications for Practice, Policy, and Future Directions. Educational Psychology Review, 29(1), 119–140.
Wängnerud, L. (2009). Women in Parliaments: Descriptive and Substantive Representation. Annual Review of Political Science, 12, 51–69.
White, D. (2018). 2017 Midwest Sociological Society Presidential Address: Trump’s Election, Women’s Marches, and the Enduring Quest for Gender Equity in Politics. The Sociological Quarterly, 59(1), 5–16.
Williams, J. C. (2015). The 5 Biases Pushing Women Out of STEM. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved July 2, 2018, from https://hbr.org/2015/03/the-5-biases-pushing-women-out-of-stem
Wirth, L. (2001). Breaking Through the Glass Ceiling—Women in Management. Geneva: International Labour Office (ILO).
Žvinklienė, A. (2016). Innovations in Gender Equality Politics in the Baltic States: From Woman to Gender Mainstreaming. Filosofija, sociologija, 27(4), 353–363.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pološki Vokić, N., Obadić, A., Sinčić Ćorić, D. (2019). Gender Inequality: Specific Areas of Gender Segregation. In: Gender Equality in the Workplace. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18861-0_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18861-0_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Pivot, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-18860-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-18861-0
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)