Abstract
There is a great, long-term rift in New Zealand foreign policy, between two very different visions of the country and how it should relate to the rest of the world. The tensions between these competing positions are seen repeatedly running down through New Zealand history. Yet, strangely, this rift is rarely addressed directly in foreign policy discussions.
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Notes
- 1.
Sinclair (2014).
- 2.
Reported in The Dominion, 29 December 1972, cited in Michael Bassett, “Kirk, Norman Eric,” Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, accessed 21 February 2019, https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/5k12/kirk-norman-eric.
- 3.
The National Business Review Poll, The National Business Review, October 4, 2002, 16; and February 14, 2003, 16.
- 4.
Helen Clark, “Full Text; Helen Clark’s Statement to Parliament on Iraq,” New Zealand Herald, 23 March 2003, https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=3250841.
- 5.
B.K. Greener, “Peacekeeping Contributor Profile: New Zealand,” Providing for Peacekeeping, accessed 21 February 2019, http://www.providingforpeacekeeping.org/2014/04/03/contributor-profile-new-zealand/.
- 6.
The Army standardisation meetings are called ABCA, the navy meetings AUSCANNZUKUS and the air force meetings ASIC (the Air and Space Interoperability Council).
- 7.
- 8.
The word “stalwart” was used in the Ministry of Defence (2010), which said New Zealand’s security benefited from being an “engaged, active and stalwart partner of the US.”
- 9.
“Full text of the Wellington Declaration”, Stuff, 4 November 2010, http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/4309206/Full-text-of-the-Wellington-Declaration; Wellington Declaration on Defence Cooperation, New Zealand – United States, 19 June 2012, https://www.beehive.govt.nz/sites/default/files/WashingtonDeclaration.pdf.
- 10.
Hager and Stephenson (2017), pp. 112–114.
- 11.
The phrase “Five Eyes” comes from language on intelligence documents, which specifies which countries’ officers are permitted to see (with their eyes) a particular intelligence report. Five eyes refers to documents that are releasable to the officers from the five Anglo-American intelligence allies.
- 12.
Hager (1996), p. 68. The book is downloadable for free from http://www.nickyhager.info/ebook-of-secret-power/.
- 13.
“After its deployment to Afghanistan in the early 2000s, a very secret report was prepared by the Ministry of Defence about the future of the SAS. It recommended expanding the war-fighting role, based on ‘lessons learned from recent operations’. The SAS’s primary future role would be ‘to integrate seamlessly into a coalition with other Tier One Special Forces’—where Tier One strictly meant the English-speaking allies. ‘The US recognises New Zealand as one of only five countries (US, UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand) having “Tier One” Special Operations Forces.’ The SAS would operate globally as ‘part of a coalition package.’” Hager and Stephenson (2017), p. 114.
- 14.
Government Communications Security Bureau (2013), p. 2.
- 15.
Nicky Hager and Ryan Gallagher, “Snowden Revelations: NZ’s Spy Reach Stretches across Globe,” New Zealand Herald, 11 March 2015.
- 16.
Simon Murdoch, “Report to the State Services Commissioner: Intelligence Agencies Review” (October 2009), 20, http://www.ssc.govt.nz/sites/all/files/intelligence-agencies-review.pdf. This report was later declassified under the Official Information Act.
- 17.
- 18.
The GCSB’s alliance partners are the US National Security Agency (NSA), the British Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), the Canadian Communications Security Establishment (CSE) and the Australian Signals Directorate (ASD). The NZSIS alliance partners are the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), British MI5, the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) and the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO). The name CAZAB had not been officially acknowledged and may have been changed since it was mentioned in the memoir of a former British MI5 director: Rimington (2002).
- 19.
Anne-Marie Brady, “Magic Weapons: China’s Political Influence Activities Under Xi Jinping,” https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/magic-weapons-chinas-political-influence-activities-under-xi-jinping.
- 20.
American Embassy Wellington, “The Two Worlds of Middle Earth: New Zealand’s Strategic Policies,” cable 29874, Secret/NOFORN, 1 April 2005. Released by WikiLeaks, quoted in Hager (2011), p. 316.
- 21.
American Embassy Wellington, “Two Worlds,” quoted in Hager (2011), p. 317.
- 22.
American Embassy Wellington, “Two Worlds,” quoted in Hager (2011), p. 323.
- 23.
Hager (2011), p. 321.
- 24.
Curnow (1943).
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Hager, N. (2019). Principled Small Nation or Stalwart Ally? New Zealand’s Independent Foreign Policy. In: Brady, AM. (eds) Small States and the Changing Global Order. The World of Small States, vol 6. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18803-0_21
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