Skip to main content

Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer and Cutaneous Melanoma in the Pediatric Population

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer and Cutaneous Melanoma

Abstract

Melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer in children and adolescents are extremely rare, and the literature guiding the international pediatric medical community remains limited. The oncologic treatment of pediatric skin cancer continues to be extrapolated from the adult literature. A combination of biologic materials and advanced cosmetic reconstructive techniques continues to evolve in an attempt to achieve satisfactory oncologic outcomes while avoiding potentially disfiguring and catastrophic results. The purpose of this chapter is to comprehensively review the most prevalent cutaneous cancers affecting this pediatric population including melanoma, spitzoid melanoma, and squamous and basal cell carcinomas, in addition to the fundamental principles, techniques, and functional outcomes regarding cosmetic reconstruction surgery.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Balk SJ. Council on Environmental Health; Section on Dermatology. Ultraviolet radiation: a hazard to children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2011;127(3):e791–817.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Senerchia AA, Ribeiro KB, Rodriguez-Galindo C. Trends in incidence of primary cutaneous malignancies in children, adolescents, and young adults: a population-based study. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2014;61(2):211–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Jung GW, Weinstock MA. Clinicopathological comparisons of index and second primary melanomas in paediatric and adult populations. Br J Dermatol. 2012;167(4):882–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Maguire-Eisen M. Skin cancer: a growing health problem for children. Semin Oncol Nurs. 2013;29(3):206–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Wong JR, Harris JK, Rodriguez-Galindo C, et al. Incidence of childhood and adolescent melanoma in the United States: 1973–2009. Pediatrics. 2013;131(5):846–54.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Baade PD, Youlden DR, Valery PC, et al. Trends in incidence of childhood cancer in Australia, 1983–2006. Br J Cancer. 2010;102(3):620–6.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Magnanti BL, Dorak MT, Parker L, et al. Sex-specific incidence and temporal trends in solid tumours in young people from Northern England, 1968–2005. BMC Cancer. 2008;8:89.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. de Vries E, Steliarova-Foucher E, Spatz A. Skin cancer incidence and survival in European children and adolescents (1978–1997). Report from the Automated Childhood Cancer Information System project. Eur J Cancer. 2006;42(13):2170–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Ferrari A, Bisogno G, Cecchetto G, et al. Cutaneous melanoma in children and adolescents: the Italian rare tumors in pediatric age project experience. J Pediatr. 2014;164(2):376–382.e1-2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Handfield-Jones SE, Smith NP. Malignant melanoma in childhood. Br J Dermatol. 1996;134(4):607–16.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Hamm H, Höger PH. Skin tumors in childhood. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2011;108(20):347–53.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Children’s Oncology Group (COG). Melanoma. Available at: www.childrensoncologygroup.org/index/melanoma. Accessed 30 May 2014

  13. Strouse JJ, Fears TR, Tucker MA, et al. Pediatric melanoma: risk factor and survival analysis of the surveillance, epidemiology and end results database. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(21):4735–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Austin MT, Xing Y, Hayes-Jordan AA, et al. Melanoma incidence rises for children and adolescents: an epidemiologic review of pediatric melanoma in the United States. J Pediatr Surg. 2013;48(11):2207–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Hawryluk EB, Liang MG. Pediatric melanoma, moles, and sun safety. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2014;61(2):279–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Bleyer A, Budd T, Montello M. Adolescents and young adults with cancer: the scope of the problem and criticality of clinical trials. Cancer. 2006;107(7 Suppl):1645–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Reed D, Kudchadkar R, Zager JS, et al. Controversies in the evaluation and management of atypical melanocytic proliferations in children, adolescents, and young adults. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2013;11(6):679–86.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Chao MM, Schwartz JL, Wechsler DS, et al. High-risk surgically resected pediatric melanoma and adjuvant interferon therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2005;44(5):441–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Moscarella E, Zalaudek I, Cerroni L, et al. Excised melanocytic lesions in children and adolescents: a 10-year survey. Br J Dermatol. 2012;167(2):368–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Ceballos PI, Ruiz-Maldonado R, Mihm MC Jr. Melanoma in children. N Engl J Med. 1995;332(10):656–62.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Mones JM, Ackerman AB. Melanomas in prepubescent children: review comprehensively, critique historically, criteria diagnostically, and course biologically. Am J Dermatopathol. 2003;25(3):223–38.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Downard CD, Rapkin LB, Gow KW. Melanoma in children and adolescents. Surg Oncol. 2007;16(3):215–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Mills O, Messina JL. Pediatric melanoma: a review. Cancer Control. 2009;16(3):225–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Pappo AS. Melanoma in children and adolescents. Eur J Cancer. 2003;39(18):2651–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Neier M, Pappo A, Navid F. Management of melanomas in children and young adults. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2012;34(Suppl 2):S51–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Braam KI, Overbeek A, Kaspers GJ. Malignant melanoma as second malignant neoplasm in long-term childhood cancer survivors: a systematic review. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2012;58(5):665–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health. Melanoma (PDQ®). Available at: http://www.cancer.gov. Accessed 30 May 2014

  28. Matsumura Y, Ananthaswamy HN. Toxic effects of ultraviolet radiation on the skin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2004;195(3):298–308.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Godar DE, Urbach F, Gasparro FP. UV doses of young adults. Photochem Photobiol. 2003;77(4):453–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. D’Orazio J, Jarrett S, Amaro-Ortiz A. UV radiation and the skin. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14(6):12222–48.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Geller AC, Colditz G, Oliveria S. Use of sunscreen, sunburning rates, and tanning bed use among more than 10 000 US children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2002;109(6):1009–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Lazovich D, Vogel RI, Berwick M. Indoor tanning and risk of melanoma: a case-control study in a highly exposed population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010;19(6):1557–68.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Meyskens FL Jr, Farmer P, Fruehauf JP. Redox regulation in human melanocytes and melanoma. Pigment Cell Res. 2001;14(3):148–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Corona R, Mele A, Amini M. Interobserver variability on the histopathologic diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma and other pigmented skin lesions. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14(4):1218–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Ito S, Wakamatsu K. Quantitative analysis of eumelanin and pheomelanin in humans, mice, and other animals: a comparative review. Pigment Cell Res. 2003;16(5):523–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Uribe P, Wistuba II, Solar A. Comparative analysis of loss of heterozygosity and microsatellite instability in adult and pediatric melanoma. Am J Dermatopathol. 2005;27(4):279–85.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Friedman RJ, Rigel DS, Kopf AW. Early detection of malignant melanoma: the role of physician examination and self-examination of the skin. CA Cancer J Clin. 1985;35(3):130–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Cordoro KM, Gupta D, Frieden IJ. Pediatric melanoma: results of a large cohort study and proposal for modified ABCD detection criteria for children. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;68(6):913–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Slade AD, Austin MT. Childhood melanoma: an increasingly important health problem in the USA. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2014;26(3):356–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Balch CM, Gershenwald JE, Soong SJ. Final version of 2009 AJCC melanoma staging and classification. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(36):6199–206.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Pollock PM, Meltzer PS. A genome-based strategy uncovers frequent BRAF mutations in melanoma. Cancer Cell. 2002;2(1):5–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Breslow A. Thickness, cross-sectional areas and depth of invasion in the prognosis of cutaneous melanoma. Ann Surg. 1970;172(5):902–8.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Livestro DP, Kaine EM, Michaelson JS. Melanoma in the young: differences and similarities with adult melanoma: a case-matched controlled analysis. Cancer. 2007;110(3):614–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Lewis KG. Trends in pediatric melanoma mortality in the United States, 1968 through 2004. Dermatol Surg. 2008;34(2):152–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Ferrari A, Bono A, Baldi M, et al. Does melanoma behave differently in younger children than in adults? A retrospective study of 33 cases of childhood melanoma from a single institution. Pediatrics. 2005;115(3):649–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Lange JR, Balch CM. Melanoma in children: heightened awareness of an uncommon but often curable malignancy. Pediatrics. 2005;115(3):802–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Moore-Olufemi S, Herzog C, Warneke C, et al. Outcomes in pediatric melanoma: comparing prepubertal to adolescent pediatric patients. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1211–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Mu E, Lange JR, Strouse JJ. Comparison of the use and results of sentinel lymph node biopsy in children and young adults with melanoma. Cancer. 2012;118(10):2700–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Navid F, Furman WL, Fleming M, et al. The feasibility of adjuvant interferon alpha-2b in children with high-risk melanoma. Cancer. 2005;103(4):780–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Spitz S. Melanomas of childhood. Am J Pathol. 1948;24(3):591–609.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Casso EM, Grin-Jorgensen CM, Grant-Kels JM. Spitz nevi. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;27:901–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Tom WL, Hsu JW, Eichenfield LF, et al. Pediatric “STUMP” lesions: evaluation and management of difficult atypical Spitzoid lesions in children. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;64(3):559–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Miteva M, Lazova R. Spitz nevus and atypical spitzoid neoplasm. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2010;29(3):165–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Wititsuwannakul J, Mason AR, Klump VR, et al. Neuropilin-2 as a useful marker in the differentiation between Spitzoid malignant melanoma and Spitz nevus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;68(1):129–37.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Kirkwood JM, Jukic DM, Averbook BJ, et al. Melanoma in pediatric, adolescent, and young adult patients. Semin Oncol. 2009;36(5):419–31.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Schmoeckel C, Wildi G, Schäfer T. Spitz nevus versus malignant melanoma: spitz nevi predominate on the thighs in patients younger than 40 years of age, melanomas on the trunk in patients 40 years of age or older. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;56(5):753–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Pratt CB, Palmer MK, Thatcher N, et al. Malignant melanoma in children and adolescents. Cancer. 1981;47(2):392–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Ferrara G, Argenziano G, Soyer HP, et al. The spectrum of Spitz nevi: a clinicopathologic study of 83 cases. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141(11):1381–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Marghoob AA. Practice gaps. Underuse of dermoscopy in assessing Spitz nevi in children: comment on “Spitz nevi: beliefs, behaviors, and experiences of pediatric dermatologists”. JAMA Dermatol. 2013;149(3):291–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Barnhill RL. The Spitzoid lesion: rethinking Spitz tumors, atypical variants, ‘Spitzoid melanoma’ and risk assessment. Mod Pathol. 2006;19(Suppl 2):S21–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Massi G. Melanocytic nevi simulant of melanoma with medicolegal relevance. Virchows Arch. 2007;451(3):623–47.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Elder DE, Murphy GF. Spindle and epithelioid cell melanocytic tumors/nevi in melanocytic tumors of the skin. In: AFIP atlas of tumor pathology, 4th series, fascicle 12. Washington, DC: American Registry of Pathology; 2010. p. 83–114.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Crotty KA, Scolyer RA, Li L, et al. Spitz naevus versus Spitzoid melanoma: when and how can they be distinguished? Pathology. 2002;34(1):6–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Barnhill RL, Argenyi ZB, From L, et al. Atypical Spitz nevi/tumors: lack of consensus for diagnosis, discrimination from melanoma, and prediction of outcome. Hum Pathol. 1999;30(5):513–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Barnhill RL. The spitzoid lesion: the importance of atypical variants and risk assessment. Am J Dermatopathol. 2006;28(1):75–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. McNutt NS, Urmacher C, Hakimian J, et al. Nevoid malignant melanoma: morphologic patterns and immunohistochemical reactivity. J Cutan Pathol. 1995;22(6):502–17.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Smith KJ, Barrett TL, Skelton HG 3rd, et al. Spindle cell and epithelioid cell nevi with atypia and metastasis (malignant Spitz nevus). Am J Surg Pathol. 1989;13(11):931–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Palazzo J, Duray PH. Typical, dysplastic, congenital, and Spitz nevi: a comparative immunohistochemical study. Hum Pathol. 1989;20(4):341–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Bergman R, Shemer A, Levy R, et al. Immunohistochemical study of p53 protein expression in Spitz nevus as compared with other melanocytic lesions. Am J Dermatopathol. 1995;17(6):547–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Bergman R, Dromi R, Trau H, et al. The pattern of HMB-45 antibody staining in compound Spitz nevi. Am J Dermatopathol. 1995;17(6):542–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Ribé A, McNutt NS. S100A6 protein expression is different in Spitz nevi and melanomas. Mod Pathol. 2003;16(5):505–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Kanter-Lewensohn L, Hedblad MA, Wejde J, et al. Immunohistochemical markers for distinguishing Spitz nevi from malignant melanomas. Mod Pathol. 1997;10(9):917–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Li LX, Crotty KA, McCarthy SW, et al. A zonal comparison of MIB1-Ki67 immunoreactivity in benign and malignant melanocytic lesions. Am J Dermatopathol. 2000;22(6):489–95.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Bergman R, Malkin L, Sabo E, et al. MIB-1 monoclonal antibody to determine proliferative activity of Ki-67 antigen as an adjunct to the histopathologic differential diagnosis of Spitz nevi. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44(3):500–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Niemann TH, Argenyi ZB. Immunohistochemical study of Spitz nevi and malignant melanoma with use of antibody to proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Am J Dermatopathol. 1993;15(5):441–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Tu P, Miyauchi S, Miki Y. Proliferative activities in Spitz nevus compared with melanocytic nevus and malignant melanoma using expression of PCNA/cyclin and mitotic rate. Am J Dermatopathol. 1993;15(4):311–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Kapur P, Selim MA, Roy LC, et al. Spitz nevi and atypical Spitz nevi/tumors: a histologic and immunohistochemical analysis. Mod Pathol. 2005;18(2):197–204.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Nagasaka T, Lai R, Medeiros LJ, et al. Cyclin D1 overexpression in Spitz nevi: an immunohistochemical study. Am J Dermatopathol. 1999;21(2):115–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Innocenzi D, Alò PL, Balzani A, et al. Fatty acid synthase expression in melanoma. J Cutan Pathol. 2003;30(1):23–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Kaleem Z, Lind AC, Humphrey PA, et al. Concurrent Ki-67 and p53 immunolabeling in cutaneous melanocytic neoplasms: an adjunct for recognition of the vertical growth phase in malignant melanomas? Mod Pathol. 2000;13(3):217–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Sparrow LE, Eldon MJ, English DR, et al. p16 and p21WAF1 protein expression in melanocytic tumors by immunohistochemistry. Am J Dermatopathol. 1998;20:255–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. George E, Polissar NL, Wick M. Immunohistochemical evaluation of p16INK4A, E-cadherin, and cyclin D1 expression in melanoma and Spitz tumors. Am J Clin Pathol. 2010;133:370–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Al Dhaybi R, Agoumi M, Gagne I, et al. p16 expression: a marker of differentiation between childhood malignant melanomas and Spitz nevi. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;65:357–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Rappa G, Fodstad O, Lorico A. The stem cell-associated antigen CD133 (Prominin-1) is a molecular therapeutic target for metastatic melanoma. Stem Cells. 2008;26(12):3008–17.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. Al Dhaybi R, Sartelet H, Powell J, et al. Expression of CD133+ cancer stem cells in childhood malignant melanoma and its correlation with metastasis. Mod Pathol. 2010;23(3):376–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. King MS, Porchia SJ, Hiatt KM. Differentiating Spitzoid melanomas from Spitz nevi through CD99 expression. J Cutan Pathol. 2007;34:576–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Wilkerson AE, Glasgow MA, Hiatt KM. Immunoreactivity of CD99 in invasive malignant melanoma. J Cutan Pathol. 2006;33(10):663–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Ingves C, Jemec GB. Combined imiquimod and acitretin for non-surgical treatment of basal cell carcinoma. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 2003;37(5):293–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health. Nonmelanoma skin cancer (PDQ®). Available at: http://www.cancer.gov. Accessed 30 May 2014

  90. de la Luz Orozco-Covarrubias M, Tamayo-Sanchez L, Duran-McKinster C, et al. Malignant cutaneous tumors in children. Twenty years of experience at a large pediatric hospital. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994;30(2 Pt 1):243–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Kuvat SV, Gücin Z, Keklik B, et al. Basal cell carcinoma in a child. J Skin Cancer. 2011:752901.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Sasson M, Mallory SB. Malignant primary skin tumors in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. 1996;8(4):372–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Efron PA, Chen MK, Glavin FL, et al. Pediatric basal cell carcinoma: case reports and literature review. J Pediatr Surg. 2008;43(12):2277–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Awan BA, Alzanbagi H, Samargandi OA, et al. Scalp squamous cell carcinoma in xeroderma pigmentosum. N Am J Med Sci. 2014;6(2):105–6.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Bradford PT, Goldstein AM, Tamura D, et al. Cancer and neurologic degeneration in xeroderma pigmentosum: long term follow-up characterises the role of DNA repair. J Med Genet. 2011;48(3):168–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Roozeboom MH, Lohman BG, Westers-Attema A, et al. Clinical and histological prognostic factors for local recurrence and metastasis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: analysis of a defined population. Acta Derm Venereol. 2013;93(4):417–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Veness MJ, Palme CE, Morgan GJ. High-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: results from 266 treated patients with metastatic lymph node disease. Cancer. 2006;106(11):2389–96.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Ramirez CC, Federman DG, Kirsner RS. Skin cancer as an occupational disease: the effect of ultraviolet and other forms of radiation. Int J Dermatol. 2005;44(2):95–100.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Reszko A, Aasi SZ, Wilson LD, et al. Cancer of the skin. In: De Vita Jr VT, Lawrence TS, Rosenberg SA, editors. Cancer: principles and practice of oncology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011. p. 1610–33.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Ping XL, Ratner D, Zhang H, et al. PTCH mutations in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. J Invest Dermatol. 2001;116(4):614–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Byrd DR, Compton CC, et al. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and other cutaneous carcinomas. In: Edge SB, editor. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 7th ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2010. p. 301–14.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Posso-De Los Rios CJ, Lara-Corrales I, Ho N. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans in pediatric patients: a report of 17 cases. J Cutan Med Surg. 2014;18(3):180–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Jafarian F, McCuaig C, Kokta V, et al. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans in childhood and adolescence: report of eight patients. Pediatr Dermatol. 2008;25(3):317–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Cottel WI, Proper S. Mohs’ surgery, fresh-tissue technique. Our technique with a review. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1982;8(7):576–87.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Brodland DG, Zitelli JA. Surgical margins for excision of primary cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;27(2. Pt 1):241–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Ratner D. Skin grafting. From here to there. Dermatol Clin. 1998;16(1):75–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Earle SA, Marshall DM. Management of giant congenital nevi with artificial skin substitutes in children. J Craniofac Surg. 2005;16(5):904–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Burke JF, Yannas IV, Quinby WC. Successful use of a physiologically acceptable artificial skin in the treatment of extensive burn injury. Ann Surg. 1981;194:413–28.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  109. Moiemen NS, Staiano JJ, Ojeh NO, et al. Reconstructive surgery with a dermal regeneration template: clinical and histologic study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;108(1):93–103.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Abai B, Thayer D, Glat PM. The use of a dermal regeneration template (Integra) for acute resurfacing and reconstruction of defects created by excision of giant hairy nevi. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;114:162–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Fang P, Engrav LH, Gibran NS, et al. Dermatome setting for autografts to cover Integra. J Burn Care Rehabil. 2002;23:327–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Chou TD, Chen SL, Lee TW, et al. Reconstruction of burn scar of the upper extremities with artificial skin. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;108:378–84.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Dantzer E, Braye FM. Reconstructive surgery using an artificial dermis (Integra): results with 39 grafts. Br J Plast Surg. 2001;54:659–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Stiefel D, Schiestl CM, Meuli M. The positive effect of negative pressure: vacuum-assisted fixation of Integra artificial skin for reconstructive surgery. J Pediatr Surg. 2009;44(3):575–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Kayser M. Surgical flaps. SRPS. 1999;9(2):1–63.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Carriquiry C, Costa MA, Vasconez LO. An anatomic study of the septocutaneous vessels of the leg. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1985;76:354–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Lin CH, Mardini S, Wei FC, et al. Free flap reconstruction of foot and ankle defects in pediatric patients: long-term outcome in 91 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117(7):2478–87.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Upton J, Guo L, Labow BI. Pediatric free-tissue transfer. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;124(6 Suppl):e313–26.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Van Landuyt K, Hamdi M, Blondeel P, et al. Free perforator flaps in children. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;116:159–69.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Hurvitz KA, Rosen H, Meara JG. Pediatric cervicofacial tissue expansion. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2005;69(11):1509–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Radovan C. Tissue expansion in soft-tissue reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1984;74:482–92.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Vergnes P, Taieb A, Maleville J, et al. Repeated skin expansion for excision of congenital giant nevi in infancy and childhood. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993;91:450–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Bauer BS, Vicari FA, Richard ME. The role of tissue expansion in pediatric plastic surgery. Clin Plast Surg. 1990;17:101–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Adler N, Dorafshar AH, Bauer BS, et al. Tissue expander infections in pediatric patients: management and outcomes. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;124(2):484–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Han D, Zager JS, Han G, et al. The unique clinical characteristics of melanoma diagnosed in children. Ann Surg Oncol. 2012;19(12):3888–95.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  126. National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health. Skin Cancer Treatment (PDQ®). Available at: http://www.cancer.gov. Accessed May 30, 2014.

  127. Rowe DE, Carroll RJ, Day CL Jr. Long-term recurrence rates in previously untreated (primary) basal cell carcinoma: implications for patient follow-up. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1989;15(3):315–28. Review

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. LeSueur BW, Silvis NG, Hansen RC. Basal cell carcinoma in children: report of 3 cases. Arch Dermatol. 2000;136(3):370–2. Review

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Turner CD, Shea CR, Rosoff PM. Basal cell carcinoma originating from a nevus sebaceus on the scalp of a 7-year-old boy. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2001;23(4):247–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Motley R, Kersey P, Lawrence C. British Association of Dermatologists; British Association of Plastic Surgeons; Royal College of Radiologists, Faculty of Clinical Oncology. Multiprofessional guidelines for the management of the patient with primary cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol. 2002;146(1):18–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Varan A, Gököz A, Akyüz C, et al. Primary malignant skin tumors in children: etiology, treatment and prognosis. Pediatr Int. 2005;47(6):653–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Terzis JK, Konofaos P. Experience with 60 adult patients with facial paralysis secondary to tumor extirpation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;130(1):51e–66e.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Terzis JK, Konofaos P. Reanimation of facial palsy following tumor extirpation in pediatric patients: our experience with 16 patients. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2013;66(9):1219–29.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Pajulo OT, Pulkki KJ, Alanen MS, et al. Duration of surgery and patient age affect wound healing in children. Wound Repair Regen. 2000;8:174–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Hogg NJ. Primary and secondary management of pediatric soft tissue injuries. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2012;24(3):365–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Kung TA, Gosain AK. Pediatric facial burns. J Craniofac Surg. 2008;19:951–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Tsao SS, Dover JS, Arndt KA. Scar management: keloid, hypertrophic, atrophic and acne scars. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2002;21:46–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Arnez ZM, Hanel DP. Free tissue transfer for reconstruction of traumatic limb injuries in children. Microsurgery. 1991;12:207–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Konttila E, Koljonen V, Kauhanen S, et al. Microvascular reconstruction in children-a report of 46 cases. J Trauma. 2010;68(3):548–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Friedman RM, Ingram AE, Rohrich RJ, et al. Risk factors for complications in pediatric tissue expansion. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996;98:1242–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Pisarski GP, Mertens D, Warden GD, et al. Tissue expander complications in the pediatric burn patient. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;102:1008–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to John A. Sandoval .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Malkan, A.D., Konofaos, P., Wallace, R.D., Sandoval, J.A. (2020). Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer and Cutaneous Melanoma in the Pediatric Population. In: Papadopoulos, O., Papadopulos, N.A., Champsas, G. (eds) Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer and Cutaneous Melanoma. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18797-2_20

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18797-2_20

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-18795-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-18797-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics