Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Tuberculosis in Animals: An African Perspective pp 89–126Cite as

Epidemiology of Bovine Tuberculosis in Africa

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

There is a substantial amount of epidemiological information available about tuberculosis in cattle, other domestic animals, and wild animals in Africa. However, the information is often incomplete, fragmented, historical, contradictory, and difficult to access. The purpose of this chapter is to collate the available information, highlighting the contradictions, signposting the direction of further studies, and making the existing knowledge more readily available to those with an interest in the epidemiology and control of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in Africa. It is clear that chronic diseases such as BTB are difficult to investigate because animals with the disease can survive for years with, and often without, clinical signs. Its wide host range is another challenge, as are the varying interspecies transmission patterns and the marked variation in susceptibility of various host species. The Epidemiologic Problem Oriented Approach (EPOA) methodology was applied to examine the complexity of the epidemiology of BTB, with special reference to Africa, and this information is presented in this chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Acevedo P, Vicente J, Höfle U et al (2007) Estimation of European wild boar relative abundance and aggregation: a novel method in epidemiological risk assessment. Epidemiol Infect 135(3):519–527

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adams AP, Bolin SR, Fine AE et al (2013) Comparison of PCR versus culture for detection of M. bovis after experimental inoculation of various matrices held under environmental conditions for extended periods. Appl Environ Microbiol 79(20):6501–6506

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Alhaji I (1976) Bovine tuberculosis: a general review with special reference to Nigeria. Vet Bull 46(11):829–839

    Google Scholar 

  • Aliyu MM, Adamu JY, Bilyaminu YA (2009) Current prevalence of tuberculous lesions among slaughtered cattle in northeastern states of Nigeria. Revue Élev Méd vét Pays Trop 62(1):13–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen GM (1988) Tuberculosis in sheep—a very rare disease. Surveillance 15(5):8–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon (1994) Livestock disease eradication evaluation of the cooperative state–federal bovine tuberculosis eradication program. Committee on Bovine Tuberculosis. National Academy Press, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon (2007a) Report of the meeting of bovine tuberculosis sub-group of the task force for monitoring animal disease eradication held in Seville, Spain, 14–15 November 2007. European Commission Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon (2007b) Bovine TB: the scientific evidence. Final report of the independent scientific group on cattle TB. Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon (2013) Bovine tuberculosis scheme manual (Interim). Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Republic of South Africa. pp 80

    Google Scholar 

  • Asseged B, Lübke-Becker A, Lemma E et al (2000) Bovine tuberculosis: a cross-sectional and epidemiological study in and around Addis Ababa. Bull Anim Health Prod Afr 48:71–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Asseged B, Tamiru B, Habtemariam T (2014) Status and control of bovine tuberculosis in Ethiopia. In: Thoen CO, Steel JH, Kaneene JB (eds) Zoonotic tuberculosis: Mycobacterium bovis and other pathogenic mycobacteria, 3rd edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, IA, pp 109–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Awad FI (1962) Studies on type-determination and epidemiology of tuberculosis among cattle in Sudan. Transbound Emerg Dis 9(9):890–898

    Google Scholar 

  • Awah-Ndukum J, Kudi AC, Bradley G et al (2010) Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in abattoirs of the littoral and western highland regions of Cameroon: a cause for public health concern. Vet Med Int 2010:495015. p8. https://doi.org/10.4061/2010/495015

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Awah-Ndukum J, Kudi AC, Bradley GI et al (2012) Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in the highlands of Cameroon based on the detection of lesions in slaughtered cattle and tuberculin skin tests of live cattle. Vet Med 57(2):59–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aylate A, Shah SN, Aleme H et al (2013) Bovine tuberculosis: prevalence and diagnostic efficacy of routine meat inspection procedure in Woldiya municipality abattoir north Wollo zone, Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod (3):855–864

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bala AN, Garba AE, Yazah AJ (2011) Bacterial and parasitic zoonoses encountered at slaughter in Maiduguri abattoir, Northeastern Nigeria. Vet World 4(10):437–443

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barlow ND, Kean JM, Hickling G et al (1997) A simulation model for the spread of bovine tuberculosis within New Zealand cattle herds. Prev Vet Med 32:57–75

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barlow ND, Kean JM, Caldwell NP et al (1998) Modelling the regional dynamics and management of bovine tuberculosis in New Zealand cattle herds. Prev Vet Med 36:25–38

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bedard BG, Martin SW, Chinombo D (1993) A prevalence study of bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis in Malawi. Prev Vet Med 16(3):193–205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bengis RG, Kriek NPJ, Keet DF et al (1996) An outbreak of bovine tuberculosis in a free-living African buffalo (Syncerus caffer Sparrman) population in the Kruger National Park: a preliminary report. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 63:15–18

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berg S, Garcia-Pelayo MC, Muller B et al (2011) African 2, a clonal complex of M. bovis epidemiologically important in East Africa. J Bacteriol 193(3):670–678

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernard F, Vincent C, Matthieu L et al (2005) Tuberculosis and brucellosis prevalence survey on dairy cattle in Mbarara milk basin (Uganda). Prev Vet Med 67:267–281

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berrada J (1993) Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle in Morocco: preparation and evaluation of chemical extracts for use in detection of immune responses. PhD Thesis, Iowa State University

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyi AF, Gezahegne KZ, Mussa A et al (2014) Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in dromedary camels and awareness of pastoralists about its zoonotic importance in Eastern Ethiopia. J Vet Med Anim Health 6(4):109–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biet F, Boschiroli ML, Thorel MF et al (2005) Zoonotic aspects of M. bovis and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC). Vet Res 36:411–436

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonsu OA, Laing E, Akanmori BD (2000) Prevalence of tuberculosis in cattle in the Dangme-West district of Ghana, public health implications. Acta Tropica 76:9–14

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boukary AR, Thys E, Rigouts L et al (2012) Risk factors associated with bovine tuberculosis and molecular characterization of M. bovis strains in urban settings in Niger. Trans Emerg Dis 59(6):490–502

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brahmbhatt DP, Fosgate GT, Dyason E et al (2012) Contacts between domestic livestock and wildlife at the Kruger National Park interface of the Republic of South Africa. Prev Vet Med 103:16–21

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brosch R, Gordon SV, Marmiesse M et al (2002) A new evolutionary scenario for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99(6):3684–3689

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brush OF (1898) The association of human and bovine tuberculosis. Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford Co. Printers, New York, p 140

    Google Scholar 

  • Cadmus SIB, Atsanda NN, Oni SO et al (2004) Bovine tuberculosis in one cattle herd in Ibadan in Nigeria. Vet Med Czech 49(11):406–412

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carmichael J (1937) A brief note on tuberculosis in Tropical Africa with special reference to Uganda. JCPT 50:383–385

    Google Scholar 

  • Carmichael JL (1938) Tuberculosis of sheep in Uganda. Vet Rec 50:1138–1147

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassidy JP, Bryson DG, Pollock JM et al (1998) Early lesion formation in cattle experimentally infected with M. bovis. J Comp Pathol 119:2744

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cleaveland S, Shaw DJ, Mfinanga SG et al (2007) Mycobacterium bovis in rural Tanzania: risk factors for infection in human and cattle populations. Tubercle 87:30–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collins CH, Grange JM (1983) The bovine tubercle bacillus: a review. J Appl Bacteriol 55:13–29

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collins D, Radford AJ, de Lisle GW et al (1994) Diagnosis and epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis using molecular biological approaches. Vet Microbiol 40:83–94

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cook AJC, Tuchili LM, Buvet A et al (1996) Human and bovine tuberculosis in the Monze District of Zambia—a cross-sectional study. Br Vet J 152:37

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cordes DO, Bullians JA, Lake DE et al (1981) Observations on tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis in sheep. N Z Vet J 29:60–62

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corner LAL (2006) The role of wild animal populations in the epidemiology of tuberculosis in domestic animals: how to assess the risk. Vet Microbiol 112:303–312

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cosivi O, Grange JM, Daborn CJ et al (1998) Zoonotic tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in developing countries. Emerg Infect Dis 4(1):59–70

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Costello E, Doherty ML, Monaghan TML et al (1998) A study of cattle-to-cattle transmission of M. bovis infection. Vet J 155:245–250

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Costello E, O’Grady D, Flynn O et al (1999) Study of restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and spoligotyping for epidemiological investigation of M. bovis infection. J Clin Microbiol 37(10):3217–3222

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cousins D (2001) Mycobacterium bovis infection and control in domestic livestock. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz 20(1):71–85

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cowie CE, Marreos N, Gortázar C et al (2014) Shared risk factors for multiple livestock diseases: a case study of bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis. Res Vet Sci 97:491–449

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daborn CJ, Grange JM (1993) HIV/AIDS and its implications for the control of animal tuberculosis. Br Vet J 149:405–417

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dailloux MC, Laurain C, Weber M et al (1999) Water and nontuberculous mycobacteria. Water Res 33(10):2219–2228

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Damina MS, Owoludun OA, Chukwukere S et al (2011) The use of deletion analysis in the detection of Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium africanum among slaughtered cattle in Plateau State, north central Nigeria. Niger Vet J 32(1):9–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniel ZRH, Evans S, Rolfe R et al (2009) Outbreak of tuberculosis caused by M. bovis in golden Guernsey goats in Great Britain. Vet Rec 165:335–342

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson RM, Alley MR, Beatson NS (1981) Tuberculosis in a flock of sheep. N Z Vet J 29:1–2

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Klerk-Lorist L-M (2004) The evaluation of a BCG vaccine against bovine tuberculosis in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). MSc dissertation. University of Pretoria

    Google Scholar 

  • Deresa B, Conraths FJ, Ameni G (2013) Abattoir-based study on the epidemiology of caprine tuberculosis in Ethiopia using conventional and molecular tools. Acta Vet Scand 55(1):15

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • de Vos V, Bengis RG, Kriek NPJ et al (2001) The epidemiology of tuberculosis in free-ranging African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 68:119–130

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Di Marco V, Mazzone P, Capucchio MT et al (2012) Epidemiological significance of the domestic black pig (Sus scrofa) in maintenance of bovine tuberculosis in Sicily. J Clin Microbiol 50(4):1209–1218

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Drewe JA, Pfeiffer DU, Kaneene JB (2014) Epidemiology of M. bovis. In: Thoen CO, Steele JH, Kaneene JB (eds) Zoonotic tuberculosis: M. bovis and other pathogenic mycobacteria, 3rd edn. Wiley, Oxford, pp 63–77

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Driscoll EE, Hoffman JI, Green LE et al (2011) A preliminary study of genetic factors that influence susceptibility to bovine tuberculosis in the British cattle herd. PLoS One 6(4):e18806

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Duffield BJ, Young DA (1985) Survival of Mycobacterium bovis in defined environmental conditions. Vet Microbiol 10:193–197

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Durnez L, Sadiki H, Katakweba A et al (2009) The prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis infection and atypical mycobacterioses in cattle in and around Morogoro, Tanzania. Trop Anim Health Prod 41:1653–1659

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Du Toit PJ (1936) Bovine tuberculosis in South Africa. Tuberculosis 5:421–422

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards DS, Johnston AM, Mead GC (1997) Meat inspection: an overview of present practices and future trends. Vet J 154:135–147

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ejeh EF, Adeshokan HK, Raji MA et al (2014) Current status of bovine tuberculosis in Otukpo, Nigeria. J Anim Prod Adv 4(8):501–507

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elias K, Hussein D, Asseged B et al (2008) Status of bovine tuberculosis in Addis Ababa dairy farms. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz 27(3):915–923

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elmossalami E, Siam MA, Sergany ME (1971) Studies on tuberculous-like lesions in slaughtered camels. Zoonoses Public Health 18:253–261

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Olemy GM, El-Bassiouni AAA, Negm S (1985) Tuberculosis in Toukh-Tanbisha, Menufia, Egypt. In: Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on veterinary epidemiology and economics. www.sciquest.org.nz

  • El Sanousi SM, Omer EE (1985) Bovine tuberculosis in Benghazi Cow Project (Libya). Int J Zoonoses 12(3):203–206

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evangelista TBR, De Anda JH (1996) Tuberculosis in dairy calves: risk of Mycobacterium spp. exposure associated with management of colostrum and milk. Prev Vet Med 27:23–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fine AE, O’Brien DJ, Winterstein SR et al (2011) An effort to isolate M. bovis from environmental substrates during investigations of bovine tuberculosis transmission sites (cattle farms and wildlife areas) in Michigan, USA. ISRN Vet Sci. p 11. https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/787181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Firdessa R, Tschopp R, Wubete A et al (2012) High prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in dairy cattle in central Ethiopia: implications for the dairy industry and public health. PLoS One 7(12):e52851

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald SD, Kaneene JB (2012) Wildlife reservoirs of bovine tuberculosis worldwide: hosts, pathology, surveillance, and control. Vet Pathol 50(3):488–499

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Francis J (1950) Control of infection with the bovine tubercle bacillus. Lancet 255(6593):34–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fullerton AGR (1902) A case of tuberculosis in a sheep. J Comp Pathol 15:102–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher J, Macadam I, Sayer J et al (1972) Pulmonary tuberculosis in free-living lechwe antelope in Zambia. Trop Anim Health Prod 4:204–213

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gathogo SM, Kuria JKN, Ombui JN (2012) Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in slaughter cattle in Kenya: a postmortem, microbiological and DNA molecular study. Trop Anim Health Prod 44:1739–1744

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gray DF, Graham-Smith H, Noble JL (1960) Variations in natural resistance to tuberculosis. J Hyg Camb 58:215–227

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin JM, Hahesy T, Lynch K et al (1993) The association of cattle husbandry practices, environmental factors and farmer characteristics with the occurrence of chronic BTB in dairy herds in the Republic of Ireland. Prev Vet Med 17:145–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin JM, Martin SW, Thorburn MA et al (1996) A case-control study on the association of selected risk factors with the occurrence of bovine tuberculosis in the Republic of Ireland. Prev Vet Med 27:75–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guilbride PDL, Rollinson DHL, Mcanulty EG et al (1963) Tuberculosis in the free living African (Cape) Buffalo (Syncerus caffer caffer. Sparrman). J Comp Pathol 73:337–348

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gumi B, Schelling E, Firdessa R et al (2012) Low prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in Somali pastoral livestock, southeast Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 44(7):1445–1450

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Habtemariam T (1989) Utility of epidemiologic simulation models in the planning of trypanosomiasis control programs. Ann de la Societe Belge de. Med Trop 69:109–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiko A, Agga GE (2011) First-time detection of Mycobacterium species from goats in Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 43:133–139

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Humblet MF, Boschiroli ML, Saegerman C (2009) Classification of worldwide bovine tuberculosis risk factors in cattle: a stratified approach. Vet Res 40:1–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim S, Cadmus SIB, Umoh JU et al (2012) Tuberculosis in humans and cattle in Jigawa State, Nigeria: risk factors analysis. Vet Med Int. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/865924

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inangolet FO, Demelash B, Oloya J et al (2008) A cross-sectional study of BTB in the transhumant and agro-pastoral cattle herds in the border areas of Katakwi and Moroto districts, Uganda. Trop Anim Health Prod 40:501–508

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins AO, Cadmus SIB, Venter EH (2011) Molecular epidemiology of human and animal tuberculosis in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria. Vet Microbiol 151:139–147

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jiwa SFH, Kazwala RR, Aboud AAO et al (1997) Bovine tuberculosis in the Lake Victoria Zone of Tanzania and its possible consequences for human health in the HIV/AIDS era. Vet Res Commun 21:533–539

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston AJK, Conlan CA, Donnelly JLN et al (2011) Recurrence of bovine tuberculosis breakdowns in Great Britain: risk factors and prediction. Prev Vet Med 102:22–29

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jolles AE, Cooper DV, Levin SA (2005) Hidden effects of chronic tuberculosis in African buffalo. Ecology 86(9):2258–2264

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jori F, Mokospasetso M, Etter E et al (2013) Preliminary assessment of bovine tuberculosis at the livestock/wildlife interface in two protected areas of northern Botswana. Trans Emerg Dis 60(Suppl. 1):28–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kassa GM, Abebe F, Worku Y et al (2012) Tuberculosis in goats and sheep in Afar pastoral region of Ethiopia and isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from goat. Vet Med Int 2012: 8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/869146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karolemeas K, McKinle TJ, Clifton-Hadley RS et al (2010) Predicting prolonged bovine tuberculosis breakdowns in Great Britain as an aid to control. Prev Vet Med 97:183–190

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karolemeas K, McKinle TJ, Clifton-Hadley RS et al (2011) Recurrence of bovine tuberculosis breakdowns in Great Britain: risk factors and prediction. Prev Vet Med 102:22–29

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katale BZ, Mbugi EV, Karimuribo ED et al (2009) The prevalence of M. bovis infection and atypical mycobacterioses in cattle in and around Morogoro. BMC Vet Res 9:267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katale BZ, Mbugi EV, Kendal S et al (2012) Bovine tuberculosis at the human-livestock-wildlife interface: is it a public health problem in Tanzania? A review. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 79(2):463. https://doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v79i2.463

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazwala RR, Daborn CJ, Kusiluka LJ et al (1998) Isolation of Mycobacterium species from raw milk of pastoral cattle of the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. Trop Anim Health Prod 30(4):233–239

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kinne J, Johnson B, Jahans KL et al (2006) Camel tuberculosis—a case report. Trop Anim Health Prod 38:207–213

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Langmuir AD (1961) Epidemiology of airborne infection. Bacteriol Rev 25(3):173–181

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Laval G, Ameni G (2004) Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in Zebu cattle under traditional animal husbandry in Boji district of western Ethiopia. Rev Med Vet (Toulouse) 155:494–499

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis PA, Sanderson ES (1927) The histological expression of the natural resistance of rabbits to infection with human and bovine type tubercle bacilli. J Exp Med 45(2):291–304

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lönnroth K, Jaramillo E, Williams BG et al (2009) Drivers of tuberculosis epidemics: the role of risk factors and social determinants. Soc Sci Med 68:2240–2246

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lurie MB (1930) Experimental epidemiology of tuberculosis: the effect of crowding upon tuberculosis in guinea pigs, acquired by contact and by inoculation. J Exp Med 51(5):729–741

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Maddock ECG (1934) Further studies on the survival time of the bovine tubercle bacillus in soil, soil and dung, in dung and on grass, with experiments on feeding guinea pigs and calves on grass artificially infected with bovine tubercle bacilli. J Hygiene 34(3):372–379

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magnus K (1966) Epidemiological basis of tuberculosis eradication: 3. Risk of pulmonary tuberculosis after human and bovine infection. Bull World Health Organ 35:483–508

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Malone E, Wilson EC, Pollock JM et al (2003) Investigations into an outbreak of tuberculosis in a flock of sheep in contact with tuberculous cattle. J Vet Med B 50:500–504

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mamo G, Kassaye A, Sanni M et al (2009) A cross sectional study of camel tuberculosis in Ethiopia. Bull Anim Health Prod Afr 57:13–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Mamo G, Bayleyegn G, Sisay TT (2011) Pathology of camel tuberculosis and molecular characterization of its causative agents in pastoral regions of Ethiopia. PLoS One 6(1):15862

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manley FH (1929) A Note on bovine tuberculosis in tropical Africa (British Cameroons). J Comp Pathol Therap 42:276–277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marangon S, Martini M, Dalla PM et al (1998) A case-control study on bovine tuberculosis in the Veneto Region (Italy). Prev Vet Med 34:87–95

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marianelli C, Cifani N, Capucchio MT et al (2010) A case of generalized bovine tuberculosis in a sheep. J Vet Diagn Invest 22:445–448

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mason FE (1912) Some observations on tuberculosis in camels in Egypt. J Comp Pathol Ther 25:109–111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mason FE (1917) Tuberculosis in camels. J Comp Pathol Ther 30:80–84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCluskey B, Lombard J, Strunk S et al (2014) Mycobacterium bovis in California dairies: a case series of 2002–2013 outbreaks. Prev Vet Med 115:205–216

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McFadyean J (1900) Tuberculosis of the sheep. J Comp Pathol 13:59–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menzies FD, Neill SD (2000) Cattle-to-cattle transmission of bovine tuberculosis. Vet J 160:92–106

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Michel AL (2008) Tuberculosis in wild and domestic animals in South Africa. PhD thesis, Universiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Michel AL, Bengis RG (2012) The African buffalo: a villain for inter-species spread of infectious diseases in southern Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 79(2):453. https://doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v79i2.453

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Michel AL, Bengis RG, Keet DF et al (2006) Wildlife tuberculosis in South African conservation areas: implications and challenges. Vet Microbiol 112:91–100

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Michel AL, de Klerk L-M, van Pittius NCG et al (2007) Bovine tuberculosis in African buffaloes: observations regarding M. bovis shedding into water and exposure to environmental mycobacteria. BMC Vet Res 3(1):23

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Michel AL, Hlokwe TM, Coetzee ML et al (2008) High M. bovis genetic diversity in a low prevalence setting. Vet Microbiol 126:151–159

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moiane I, Machado A, Santos N et al (2014) Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and risk factor assessment in cattle in rural livestock areas of Govuro District in the southeast of Mozambique. PLoS One 9(3):e91527

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris RS, Pfeiffer DU, Jackson R (1994) The epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis infections. Vet Microbiol 40:153–177

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moustafa H, Mostafa AMB, Zayed I (1964) Some observations on the incidence and histopathology of pneumonia in Egyptian sheep with special reference to two cases with tuberculosis. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 11(3):231–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Müller BM, Hilty S, Berg MC et al (2009) African 1, an epidemiologically important clonal complex of M. bovis dominant in Mali, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Chad. J Bacteriol 191(6):1951–1960

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munroe FA, Dohoo IR, McNab WB et al (1999) Risk factors for the between-herd spread of Mycobacterium bovis in Canadian cattle and cervids between 1985 and 1994. Prev Vet Med 41:119–133

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munyeme M, Muma JB, Skjerve E et al (2008) Risk factors associated with bovine tuberculosis in traditional cattle of the livestock/wildlife interface areas in the Kafue basin of Zambia. Prev Vet Med 85:317–328

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munyeme M, Muma JB, Munang’andu HM (2011) Failure to detect tuberculosis in Black lechwe antelopes (Kobus leche smithemani) in Zambia. BMC Res Notes 4:233. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/4/233

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Munyeme M, Munang’andu HM, Nambota A et al (2012) The nexus between bovine TB and fasciolosis infections in cattle of the Kafue Basin ecosystem in Zambia: implications on abattoir surveillance. Vet Med Int. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/921869

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muwonge A, Kankya C, Godfroid J et al (2010) Prevalence and associated risk factors of mycobacterial infections in slaughter pigs from Mubende district in Uganda. Trop Anim Health Prod 42:905–913

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muwonge A, Johansen TB, Vigdis E et al (2012) Mycobacterium bovis infections in slaughter pigs in Mubende district, Uganda: a public health concern. BMC Vet Res 8:168

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mwakapuja RS, Makondo ZE, Malakalinga J et al (2013) Molecular characterization of M. bovis isolates from pastoral livestock at Mikumi-Selous ecosystem in the eastern Tanzania. Tuberculosis 93:668–674

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Napp S, Allepuz A, Mercader I et al (2013) Evidence of goats acting as domestic reservoirs of bovine tuberculosis. Vet Rec 172:663

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neill SD, Hanna J, O’Brien JJ et al (1988) Excretion of Mycobacterium bovis by experimentally infected cattle. Vet Rec 123:340–343

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neill SD, O’Brien JJ, Hanna J (1991) A mathematical model for M. bovis excretion from tuberculous cattle. Vet Microbiol 28:103–109

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ngandolo BNR, Müller B, Diguimbaye-Djaïbe C et al (2009) Comparative assessment of fluorescence polarization and tuberculin skin testing for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in Chadian cattle. Prev Vet Med 89:81–89

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson MJ, Butterworth MH (1986) A guide to condition scoring of zebu cattle. ILRI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

    Google Scholar 

  • Nugent G (2011) Maintenance, spillover and spillback transmission of bovine tuberculosis in multi-host wildlife complexes: a New Zealand case study. Vet Microbiol 151:34–42

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okeke LA, Cadmus S, Okeke IO et al (2014) Prevalence and risk factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex infection in slaughtered cattle at Jos South Abattoir, Plateau State, Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J 18(S1):5. https://doi.org/10.11694/pamj.supp.2014.18.1.3841

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oloya J, Opuda-Asibo J, Djønne B et al (2006) Responses to tuberculin among Zebu cattle in the transhumance regions of Karamoja and Nakasongola district of Uganda. Trop Anim Health Prod 38:275–283

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oloya J, Muma JB, Opuda-Asibo J et al (2007) Risk factors for herd-level BTB seropositivity in transhumant cattle in Uganda. Prev Vet Med 80:318–329

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Opara M (2005) Pathological conditions of condemned bovine lungs from abattoirs in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Anim Res Int 2(2):314–318

    Google Scholar 

  • Opie EL (1931) The epidemiology of tuberculosis of Negroes. Tubercle 12(5):207–214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Opuda-Asibo J (1995) Regional and Country Status Reports, Uganda. In: Thoen CO, Steel JH (eds) Mycobacterium bovis infection in animals and humans, 1st edn. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, pp 299–303

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Reilly L, Daborn CJ (1995) The epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis infections in animals and man: a review. Tuber Lung Dis 7:1–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paine R, Martinaglia G (1929) Tuberculosis in wild buck living under natural conditions. J Comp Pathol Ther 42:1):1–1):8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer MV (2013) Mycobacterium bovis: characteristics of wildlife reservoir hosts. Trans Emerg Dis 60:1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer MV, Waters WR, Whipple DL (2004) Investigation of the transmission of M. bovis from deer to cattle through indirect contact. Am J Vet Res 65:1483–1489

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pesciaroli M, Alvarez J, Boniotti MB et al (2014) Tuberculosis in domestic animal species. Res Vet Sci 97:S78–S85

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips CJ, Foster CR, Morris PA et al (2002) Genetic and management factors that influence the susceptibility of cattle to Mycobacterium bovis infection. Anim Health Res Rev 3(1):3–13

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips CJC, Foster CRW, Morris P et al (2003) The transmission of Mycobacterium bovis infection to cattle. Rev Res Vet Sci 74:1–15

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pittler DR, Steel JH (1995) Germany: regional and country status reports. In: Thoen CO, Steel JH (eds) M. bovis infection in animals and humans. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA

    Google Scholar 

  • Ranney F (1958) Status of federal-state cooperative tuberculosis eradication. Dis Chest 34(6):577–585

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Renwick R, White PCL, Bengis RG (2007) Bovine tuberculosis in southern African wildlife: a multi-species host-pathogen system. Epidemiol Infect 135:529–540

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro-Lima J, Enns EA, Thompson B et al (2015) From network analysis to risk analysis—An approach to risk-based surveillance for bovine tuberculosis in Minnesota, US. Prev Vet Med 118(4):328–340

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodwell TC, Whyte IJ, Boyce WM (2001) Evaluation of population effects of bovine tuberculosis in free-ranging African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). J Mammal 82(1):231–238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan TJ, Livingstone PG, Ramsey DSL et al (2006) Advances in understanding disease epidemiology and implications for control and eradication of tuberculosis in livestock: the experience from New Zealand. Vet Microbiol 112:211–219

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sahraoui N, Müller B, Guetarni D et al (2009) Molecular characterization of M. bovis strains isolated from cattle slaughtered at two abattoirs in Algeria. BMC Vet Res 5:4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746–6148-5-4

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sahraoui N, Müller B, Mamache B et al (2011) Tuberculosis in cattle and goats in the north of Algeria. Vet Res 4(4):100–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakamoto K (2012) The pathology of M. tuberculosis infection. Vet Pathol 49(3):423–439

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheik-Mohamed A, Velema JP (1999) Where health care has no access: the nomadic populations of sub-Saharan Africa. Trop Med Int Health 4(10):695–707

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shirima GM, Kazwala RR, Kambarage DM (2003) Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in different farming systems in the eastern zone of Tanzania. Prev Vet Med 57:167–172

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skuce RA, Allen AR, McDowell SWJ (2012) Herd-level risk factors for bovine tuberculosis: a literature review. Vet Med Int 2012:10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/621210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith T (1898) A comparative study of bovine tubercle bacilli and of human bacilli from sputum. J Exp Med 3:451–511

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Smith NH (2012) The global distribution and phylogeography of M. bovis clonal complexes. Infect Gen Evol 12:857–865

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sulieman M, Hamid ME (2002) Identification of acid-fast bacteria from caseous lesions in cattle in Sudan. J Vet Med B 49:415–418

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swai SE, Schoonman L (2012) Differences in prevalence of tuberculosis in indigenous and crossbred cattle under extensive and intensive management systems in Tanga Region of Tanzania. Trop Anim Health Prod 44:459–465

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tadayon K, Mosavari N, Feizabadi MM (2013) An epidemiological perspective on bovine tuberculosis spotlighting facts and dilemmas in Iran, a historically Zebu-dominant farming country. Iranian J Microbiol 5(1):1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Tafess K, Dawo F, Sori T et al (2011) Prevalence of caprine tuberculosis in Mid-Rift Valley area of Oromia, Ethiopia. Afr J Microbiol Res 5(12):1473–1478

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tag el Din MH, el Nour Gamaan I (1982) Tuberculosis in sheep in the Sudan. Trop Anim Health Prod 14(1):26

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tanner M, Michel AL (1999) Investigation of the viability of M. bovis under different environmental conditions in the Kruger National Park. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 66:185–190

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tanner M, Inlameia O, Michel A et al (2014) Bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis in cattle and African buffalo in the Limpopo National Park, Mozambique. Transbound Emerg Dis 62(6):632–638

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tarnagda Z, Kanyala E, Zingué D et al (2014) Prevalence of tuberculosis in bovine carcasses in two slaughterhouses of Burkina Faso. Int J Microbiol Immunol Res 2(6):92–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Tschopp R, Schelling E, Hattendorf J et al (2010) Repeated cross-sectional skin testing for bovine tuberculosis in cattle kept in a traditional husbandry system in Ethiopia. Vet Rec 167:250–256

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tschopp R, Bobosha K, Aseffa A et al (2011) Bovine tuberculosis at a cattle-small ruminant-human interface in Meskan, Gurage region, Central Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 11(1):318

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tschopp R, Abera B, Sourou SY et al (2013) Bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis prevalence in cattle from selected milk cooperatives in Arsi zone, Oromia region, Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 9(1):163

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Unger F, Münstermann S (2004) Assessment of the impact of zoonotic infections (bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis) in selected regions of the Gambia, Senegal, Guinea, and Guinea Bissau. - A scoping study - DFID Animal Health Programme. Banjul, the Gambia

    Google Scholar 

  • Vekemans M, Cartoux M, Diagbouga S et al (1999) Potential source of human exposure to Mycobacterium bovis in Burkina Faso, in the context of the HIV epidemic. Clin Microbiol Infect 5:617–621

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whipple DL, Bolin CA, Mille JM (1996) Distribution of lesions in cattle infected with Mycobacterium bovis. J Vet Diagn Invest 8:351–354

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilesmith JW, Little TWA, Thompson HV et al (1982) Bovine tuberculosis in domestic and wild mammals in an area of Dorset. I. Tuberculosis in cattle. J Hyg 89:195–210

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Woodford MH (1982) Tuberculosis in wildlife in the Ruwenzori National Park, Uganda (Part II). Trop Anim Health Prod 14(3):155–160

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA

    Asseged B. Dibaba

  2. Tigoni Veterinary Services (TVS), Nairobi, Kenya

    C. J. Daborn

Authors
  1. Asseged B. Dibaba
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. C. J. Daborn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Asseged B. Dibaba .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicince, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA

    Asseged B. Dibaba

  2. Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa

    Nicolaas P. J. Kriek

  3. Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA

    Charles O. Thoen

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Dibaba, A.B., Daborn, C.J. (2019). Epidemiology of Bovine Tuberculosis in Africa. In: Dibaba, A., Kriek, N., Thoen, C. (eds) Tuberculosis in Animals: An African Perspective. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18690-6_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation