Abstract
King offers a necessary synthesis of how archaeology, history, and anthropology have investigated outlaws and disorder. Focusing on Africa, the chapter highlights relevant primary sources (texts, artefacts, environments) in this research, and explores the methodological implications of this evidence. King suggests that disciplinary frameworks condition scholars’ expectations of what disorder looked and felt like in the past, and that exploring outlaws in southern Africa demands breaking out of disciplinary silos. King concludes with an examination of several key inter-disciplinary concepts in this literature—including anxiety, affect, and epistemic objects—that can be used to follow habits of what she calls ‘thinking archaeologically’ through the book. This chapter also offers notes on spelling, orthography, and nomenclature used in the book.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Cape Archives, A.6-‘79, ‘Minutes of Evidence: Committee on Basutoland Hostilities’. Cape Parliamentary Papers.
- 2.
These collaborations are the subjects of not only the conference proceedings of the 500 Year Initiative (Swanepoel et al. 2008), but also special issues of the South African Historical Journal (2010, vol. 62), African Studies (2010, vol. 69), and the Journal of Southern African Studies (2012, vol. 38).
References
Barnard, A. (2006). Kalahari revisionism, Vienna and the ‘indigenous peoples’ debate. Social Anthropology, 14, 1–16.
Barnard, A. (2007). Anthropology and the bushman. Oxford: Berg.
Bayart, J. F. (1993). The state in Africa: The politics of the belly (M. Harper, C. Harrison, & E. Harrison, Trans.). London: Longman.
Boeyens, J., & Hall, S. (2009). Tlokwa oral traditions and the interface between history and archaeology at Marothodi. South African Historical Journal, 61, 457–481.
Bourke, J. (2003). Fear and anxiety: Writing about emotion in modern history. History Workshop Journal, 55, 111–133.
Braun, L. F. (2014). Colonial survey and native landscapes in rural South Africa, 1850–1913. Leiden: Brill.
Burman, S. (1981). Chiefdom politics and alien law: Basutoland under cape rule, 1871–1884. London: Macmillan.
Casella, E. C. (2000). Doing trade’: A sexual economy of nineteenth-century Australian female convict prisoners. World Archaeology, 32, 209–221.
Casella, E. C. (2011). Little bastard felons: Childhood, affect, and labour in the penal colonies of nineteenth-century Australia. In B. L. Voss & E. C. Casella (Eds.), The archaeology of colonialism: Intimate encounters and sexual effects (pp. 31–48). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Challis, S. (2008). The impact of the horse on the AmaTola ‘Bushmen’: New identity in the Maloti-Drakensberg Mountains of southern Africa. PhD dissertation, University of Oxford.
Challis, S. (2012). Creolisation on the nineteenth-century frontiers of southern Africa: A case study of the AmaTola ‘Bushmen’ in the Maloti-Drakensberg. Journal of Southern African Studies, 38, 265–280.
Challis, S. (2014). Binding beliefs: The creolisation process in a ‘Bushman’ raider group in nineteenth-century southern Africa. In J. Deacon & P. Skotnes (Eds.), The courage of Kabbo. Celebrating the 100th anniversary of the publication of ‘specimens of bushman folklore’ (pp. 247–265). Cape Town: UCT Press.
Challis, S. (2016). Re-tribe and resist: The ethnogenesis of a creolised raiding band in response to colonialism. In C. Hamilton & N. Leibhammer (Eds.), Tribing and untribing the archive. Critical enquiry into the traces of the Thukela-Mzimkhulu region from the early Iron age until c. 1910 (pp. 282–299). Pietermaritzburg: UKZN Press.
Comaroff, J. L., & Comaroff, J. (2006). Law and disorder in the postcolony: An introduction. In J. Comaroff & J. L. Comaroff (Eds.), Law and disorder in the postcolony (pp. 1–56). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Crais, C. (1992). White supremacy and black resistance in pre-industrial South Africa: The making of the colonial order in the eastern Cape, 1770–1865. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Croucher, S. K. (2011). Exchange values: Commodities, colonialism, and identity on nineteenth century Zanzibar. In S. K. Croucher & L. M. Weiss (Eds.), The archaeology of capitalism in colonial contexts: Postcolonial historical archaeologies (pp. 165–192). New York: Springer.
Dawdy, S. L. (2006). The burden of Louis Congo and the evolution of savagery in colonial Louisiana. In S. Pierce & A. Rao (Eds.), Discipline and the other body: Correction, corporeality, colonialism (pp. 61–89). Durham: Duke University Press.
Dawdy, S. L. (2008). Building the Devil’s empire: French colonial New Orleans. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Dawdy, S. L. (2011). Sexualizing space: The colonial leer and the genealogy of Storyville. In B. L. Voss & E. C. Casella (Eds.), The archaeology of colonialism: Intimate encounters and sexual effects (pp. 271–289). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dawdy, S. L., & Bonni, J. (2012). Towards a general theory of piracy. Anthropological Quarterly, 85, 673–699.
de Luna, K. M. (2013). Affect and society in precolonial Africa. International Journal of African Historical Studies, 46, 123–150.
de Luna, K. M., Fleisher, J. B., & McIntosh, S. K. (2012). Thinking across the African past: Interdisciplinarity and early history. African Archaeological Review, 29, 75–94.
Delius, P., & Marks, S. (2012). Rethinking South Africa’s past: Essays on history and archaeology. Journal of Southern African Studies, 38, 247–255.
Delius, P., & Schoeman, M. H. (2010). Reading the rocks and reviewing red herrings. African Studies, 69, 235–254.
Delius, P., Maggs, T., & Schoeman, M. H. (2011). Forgotten world: The stone-walled settlements of the Mpumalanga escarpment. Johannesburg: Wits University Press.
Delius, P., Maggs, T., & Schoeman, M. H. (2012). Bokoni: Old structures, new paradigms? Rethinking pre-colonial society from the perspective of the stone-walled sites in Mpumalanga. Journal of Southern African Studies, 38, 399–414.
Douglas, M. (1966). Purity and danger: An analysis of concepts of pollution and taboo. London: Routledge & Keegan Paul.
Eldredge, E. A. (2007). Power in colonial Africa: Conflict and discourse in Lesotho, 1870–1960. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Esterhuysen, A., Schoeman, M. H., Swanepoel, N. J., & Wright, J. B. (2008). Introduction. In N. Swanepoel, A. Esterhuysen, & P. Bonner (Eds.), Five hundred years rediscovered: Southern African precedents and prospects. 500 year initiative 2007 conference proceedings (pp. 1–19). Johannesburg: Wits University Press.
Etherington, N. (2001). The great treks: The transformation of southern Africa, 1918–1854. London: Longman.
Etherington, N. (2004). A false emptiness: How historians may have been misled by early nineteenth century maps of South-Eastern Africa. Imago Mundi, 56, 67–86.
Etherington, N. (2011). Barbarians ancient and modern. American Historical Review, 116, 31–57.
Fleisher, J. (2004). Behind the sultan of Kilwa’s ‘rebellious conduct’: Local perspectives on an international East African town. In A. Reid & P. Lane (Eds.), African historical archaeologies (pp. 91–124). New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Fleisher, J., & Norman, N. (2015). Archaeologies of anxiety: The materiality of anxiousness, worry, and fear. In J. Fleisher & N. Norman (Eds.), The archaeology of anxiety: The materiality of anxiousness, worry, and fear (pp. 1–20). New York: Springer.
Fredriksen, P. D. (2015). What kind of science is archaeology? Iron age studies in southern Africa. In S. Wynne-Jones & J. B. Fleisher (Eds.), Theory in Africa, Africa in theory: Locating meaning in archaeology (pp. 156–172). London: Routledge.
Freud, S. (1952). A general introduction to psychoanalysis. New York: Garden City.
Giliomee, H. (2003). The Afrikaners: Biography of a people. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
González-Ruibal, A. (2014). An archaeology of resistance: Materiality and time in an African borderland. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
González-Ruibal, A. (2016). Archaeology and the time of modernity. Historical Archaeology, 50, 144–164.
Gosden, C. (2004). Archaeology and colonialism: Cultural contact from 5000 BC to the present. Cambridge: University Press.
Gray, D. F. (2011). Incorrigible vagabonds and suspicious spaces in nineteenth-century New Orleans. Historical Archaeology, 45, 55–73.
Hall, M. (2000). Archaeology and the modern world: Colonial transcripts in South Africa and the Chesapeake. London: Routledge.
Hamilton, C. (1998). Terrific majesty: The powers of Shaka Zulu and the limits of historical intervention. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Hamilton, C. (2002). ‘Living by fluidity’: Oral histories, material custodies, and the politics of archiving. In C. Hamilton, V. Harris, J. Taylor, M. Pickover, G. Reid, & R. Saleh (Eds.), Refiguring the archive (pp. 209–228). New York: Springer.
Hamilton, C. (2011). Backstory, biography, and the life of the James Stuart archive. History in Africa, 38, 319–341.
Hamilton, C., & Hall, S. (2012). Reading across the divides: Commentary on the political co-presence of disparate identities in two regions of South Africa in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Journal of Southern African Studies, 38, 281–290.
Harris, O. J. T., & Sørenson, T. F. (2010). Rethinking emotion and material culture. Archaeological Dialogues, 17, 145–163.
Hart, K. (1973). Informal income opportunities and urban employment in Ghana. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 11, 61–89.
Hartnett, A., & Dawdy, S. L. (2013). The archaeology of illegal and illicit economies. Annual Review of Anthropology, 42, 37–51.
Hoag, C. B. (2016). Stability and change in African environments: An historical ecology of rangelands in Lesotho. PhD dissertation, Aarhus University.
Jeater, D. (2007). Law, language, and science: The invention of the ‘native mind’ in southern Rhodesia, 1890–1930. Portsmouth: Heinemann.
Jolly, P. (2014). Sonqua: Southern San history and art after contact. An illustrated synthesis. Cape Town: Pieter Jolly.
Keegan, T. (1988). The making of the Orange Free State, 1846–54: Sub-imperialism, primitive accumulation and state formation. Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 17, 26–54.
Keegan, T. (1996). Colonial South Africa and the origins of the racial order. London: Leicester University Press.
Kelly, J. (2018). To swim with crocodiles: Land, violence, and belonging in South Africa, 1800–1996. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.
Ketz, K. A., Abel, E. J., & Schmidt, A. J. (2005). Public image and private reality: An analysis of differentiation in a nineteenth-century St. Paul bordello. Historical Archaeology, 39, 74–88.
King, R. (2017a). Cattle, raiding and disorder in southern African history. Africa, 87, 607–630.
King, R. (2017b). Living on edge: New perspectives on anxiety, refuge, and colonialism in southern Africa. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 27, 533–551.
King, R. (2017c). Primary historical sources in archaeology: Methods. In T. Spear (Ed.), Oxford research encyclopedia of African history. Online. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.214.
King, R. (2018). In praise of outlaws. Archaeological Dialogues, 25, 105–133.
King, R. (forthcoming). Mis-apprehensions: Outlaws and anxiety in southern Africa’s archaeological past. In A. Grant & Y. Pringle (Eds.), Anxiety in and about Africa. Athens: Ohio University Press.
King, R., & Challis, S. (2017). The ‘interior world’ of the nineteenth-century Maloti-Drakensberg Mountains. The Journal of African History, 58, 213–237.
King, R., & McGranaghan, M. (2018). The archaeology and materiality of mission in southern Africa. Journal of Southern African Studies, 44, 629–639.
Kusimba, C. M. (2004). Archaeology of slavery in East Africa. African Archaeological Review, 21, 59–88.
Landau, P. S. (2010). Popular politics in the history of South Africa, 1400–1948. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Lane, P. (2011). Slavery and slave trading in eastern Africa: Exploring the intersections of historical sources and archaeological evidence. In P. Lane & K. MacDonald (Eds.), Slavery in Africa: Archaeology and memory (pp. 281–316). Oxford: British Academy.
Lane, P. (2016). New directions for historical archaeology in eastern Africa? The Journal of African History, 57, 173–181.
Lane, P., & MacDonald, K. (2011). Introduction: Slavery, social revolutions, and enduring memories. In I. P. Lane & K. MacDonald (Eds.), Slavery in Africa: Archaeology and memory (pp. 281–315). Oxford: British Academy.
Lester, A. (2005). Imperial networks: Creating identities in nineteenth-century South Africa and Britain. London: Routledge.
Marks, S. (1972). Khoisan resistance to the Dutch in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The Journal of African History, 13, 55–80.
Marshall, L. W. (2014). Marronage and the politics of memory. Fugitive slaves, interaction, and integration in nineteenth-century Kenya. In L. W. Marshall (Ed.), The archaeology of slavery: A comparative approach to captivity and coercion (pp. 276–299). Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
Martindale, A. (2009). Entanglement and tinkering: Structural history in the archaeology of the northern Tsimshian. Journal of Social Archaeology, 9, 59–91.
Meyer, M. D., Gibson, E. S., & Costello, J. G. (2005). City of angels, city of sin: Archaeology in the Los Angeles red-light district ca. 1900. Historical Archaeology, 39, 107–125.
Mitchell, P. (1996). Prehistoric exchange and interaction in southeastern southern Africa: Marine shells and ostrich eggshell. African Archaeological Review, 13, 35–76.
Mitchell, P. (2009). Gathering together a history of the people of the eland: Towards an archaeology of Maloti-Drakensberg hunter gatherers. In P. Mitchell & B. Smith (Eds.), The eland’s people: New perspectives in the rock art of the Maloti-Drakensberg Bushmen. Essays in memory of Patricia Vinnicombe (pp. 99–136). Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
Monroe, J. C., & Ogundiran, A. (2012). Power and landscape in Atlantic West Africa. In J. C. Monroe & A. Ogundiran (Eds.), Power and landscape in Atlantic West Africa: Archaeological perspectives (pp. 1–48). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Moshenska, G., & Myers, A. (2011). An introduction to archaeologies of internment. In A. Myers & G. Moshenska (Eds.), Archaeologies of internment (pp. 1–20). New York: Springer.
Newton-King, S. (1999). Masters and servants on the Cape eastern frontier, 1760–1803. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ogundiran, A. (2009). Material life and domestic economy in a frontier of the Oyo empire during the mid-Atlantic age. International Journal of African Historical Studies, 42, 351–385.
Orser, C. E. (2004). Race and practice in archaeological interpretation. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Parkington, J. (1984). Soaqua and Bushmen: Hunters and robbers. In C. Schrire (Ed.), Past and present in hunter-gatherer studies (pp. 151–174). New York: Academic Press.
Parsons, N. (1995). The time of troubles’: Difaqane in the interior. In C. Hamilton (Ed.), The Mfecane aftermath: Reconstructive debates in southern African history (pp. 301–306). Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
Penn, N. (1999). Rogues, rebels and runaways: Eighteenth-century Cape characters. Cape Town: David Philip.
Penn, N. (2005). The forgotten frontier: Colonist and Khoisan on the Cape’s northern frontier in the 18th century. Cape Town: Double Storey Books.
Penn, N. (2016). Murderers, miscreants and mutineers: Early colonial Cape lives. Johannesburg: Jacana.
Rao, A., & Pierce, S. (2006). Discipline and the other body: Humanitarianism, violence, and the colonial exception. In S. Pierce & A. Rao (Eds.), Discipline and the other body: Correction, corporeality, colonialism (pp. 1–35). Durham: Duke University Press.
Reid, R. (2011). Past and presentism: The ‘precolonial’ and the foreshortening of African history. The Journal of African History, 52, 135–155.
Reid, R. (2012). Warfare in African history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Richard, F. G. (2010). Recharting Atlantic encounters. Object trajectories and histories of value in the Siin (Senegal) and Senegambia. Archaeological Dialogues, 17, 1–27.
Robertshaw, P. (2000). Sibling rivalry? The intersection of archaeology and history. History in Africa, 27, 261–286.
Robertshaw, P. (2018). Rivals no more: Jan Vansina, precolonial African historiography, and archaeology. History in Africa, First View. https://doi.org/10.1017/hia.2018.14.
Rosenberg, S., & Weisfelder, R. F. (2013). Historical dictionary of Lesotho. Plymouth: Scarecrow Press.
Ross, R. (1975). The! Kora wars on the Orange River, 1830–1880. The Journal of African History, 16, 561–576.
Sanders, P. (2011). ‘Throwing down white man’: Cape rule and misrule in colonial Lesotho 1871–1884. Morija: Morija Museum and Archives.
Schoenbrun, D. (2006). Conjuring the modern in Africa: Durability and rupture in histories of public healing between the Great Lakes of East Africa. American Historical Review, 111, 1403–1439.
Scott, J. (2009). The art of not being governed: An anarchist history of upland Southeast Asia. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Seifert, D. J., & Balicki, J. (2005). Mary Ann Hall’s house. Historical Archaeology, 39, 59–73.
Showers, K. (2005). Imperial gullies: Soil erosion and conservation in Lesotho. Athens: Ohio University Press.
Skotnes, P. (Ed.). (1996). Miscast: Negotiating the presence of the Bushmen. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press.
Spencer-Wood, S. M., & Matthews, C. N. (2011). Impoverishment, criminalization, and the culture of poverty. Historical Archaeology, 45, 1–10.
Stahl, A. B. (2001). Making history in Banda: Anthropological visions of Africa’s past. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stahl, A. B. (2002). Colonial entanglements and practices of taste: An alternative to logocentric approaches. American Anthropologist, 104, 827–845.
Stoler, A. L. (2008). Epistemic politics: Ontologies of colonial common sense. The Philosophical Forum, 39, 349–361.
Stoler, A. L. (2009). Along the archival grain: Epistemic anxieties and colonial common sense. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Swanepoel, N. (2009). Every periphery is its own Centre’: Sociopolitical and economic interactions in nineteenth-century northwestern Ghana. International Journal of African Historical Studies, 42, 411–432.
Swanepoel, N., Esterhuysen, A., & Bonner, P. (Eds.). (2008). Five hundred years rediscovered: Southern African precedents and prospects. 500 year initiative 2007 conference proceedings. Johannesburg: Wits University Press.
Tarlow, S. (2012). The archaeology of emotion and affect. Annual Review of Anthropology, 41, 169–185.
Theal, G. M. (2002). In M. Thabane (Ed.), Basutoland records, volumes IV-VI. Roma: Institute for Southern African Studies.
Tomaselli, K. G. (2014). Who owns what? Indigenous knowledge and struggles over representation. Critical Arts, 28, 631–647.
Trouillot, M.-R. (1995). Silencing the past: Power and the production of history. Boston: Beacon Press.
Vansina, J. (1995). Historians, are archaeologists your siblings? History in Africa, 22, 369–408.
Wessels, M. (2014). San representation: An overview of the field. Critical Arts, 28, 465–471.
Winter, S. (2013). Legislation, ideology and personal agency in the Western Australian penal colony. World Archaeology, 45, 797–815.
Witmore, C. (2013). Which archaeology? A question of chronopolitics. In A. González-Ruibal (Ed.), Reclaiming archaeology: Beyond the tropes of modernity (pp. 130–144). London: Routledge.
Wright, J. B. (1971). Bushman raiders of the Drakensberg, 1840–1870. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press.
Wright, J. B. (1996). Sonqua, Bosjesmans, Bushmen, abaThwa: Comments and queries on pre-modern identifications. South African Historical Journal, 35, 16–29.
Wright, J. B. (2007). Bushman raiders revisited. In P. Skotnes (Ed.), Claim to the country: The archive of Lucy Lloyd and Wilhelm Bleek (pp. 119–129). Johannesburg: Jacana.
Wylie, A. (1992). The interplay of evidential constraints and political interests: Recent archaeological research on gender. American Antiquity, 57, 15–35.
Wylie, A. (2002). Thinking from things: Essays in the philosophy of archaeology. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
King, R. (2019). Introduction: The Slow Regard of Unruly Things. In: Outlaws, Anxiety, and Disorder in Southern Africa. Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18412-4_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18412-4_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-18411-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-18412-4
eBook Packages: HistoryHistory (R0)