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Dental Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine: Emerging Trends and Prospects in the Era of Bioinformatics

  • Saravanan Ramaswamy
  • Kavitha Odathurai Marusamy
  • Gauthaman KalamegamEmail author
Chapter
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Abstract

The craniofacial skeleton comprising the teeth, gums and tongue is an excellent model of organogenesis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) present within various zones of the oro-dental tissue exhibit exceptional regeneration potential and contribute to tissue restoration and regeneration following infection/inflammation or trauma. Oro-dental disorders are multifactorial and encompass a wide array of diseases involving tooth germ formation, tooth shape, number, size and alignment. Oral microbial pathogens and their colonization as biofilm largely remain a threat to oral and dental health. Biofilms are associated with dental caries, periodontitis and peri-implantitis which often leads to oral disorders, tissue loss and dental implant failures. Scientific advancements have led to the identification of newer nanomaterials which can resist biofilms. Parallelly, isolation and differentiation of MSCs from within the dental structures and its adnexa offer great promise for dental restoration/regeneration. Robust screening systems are available today and provide an opportunity to screen pathogen susceptibility, properties of nanomaterials, stem cell plasticity, and gene, protein and cellular interactions. High-throughput technologies and availability of vast information from transcriptomics, epigenetics, genomics, proteomics and metabolomics studies will enable in-depth understanding of the oro-dental disorders as well as the regenerative/differentiation potential of the dental stem cells. Insights from HTS will pave way for successful utilization and effective clinical translation of the dental stem cells and bring about a paradigm shift in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications in relation to dentistry.

Keywords

Dental Biofilms Nanomaterials Stem cells Regeneration Omics 

Abbreviations

APC

Adenomatous polyposis coli

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate

BLAST

Basic local alignment search tool

CCAP

Cancer Chromosome Aberration Project

CGAP

Cancer Genome Anatomy Project

cGMP

Current Good Manufacturing Practice

COMS

Complementary metal oxide semiconductor

CT

Computed tomography

DAVID

Database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid

dNTPs

Deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates

DPSCs

Dental pulp stem cells

EBI

European Bioinformatics Institute

EMBL

European molecular biology laboratory

ESCs

Embryonic stem cells

G-CSF

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

GEO

Gene expression omnibus

GO

Gene ontology

HCS

High-content screening

HGBASE

Human genic biallelic sequences

HGP

Human Genome Project

HTS

High-throughput screening

IKB

Immunome knowledge base

iPSCs

Induced pluripotent stem cells

KEGG

Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes

miRNA

MicroRNA

MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging

MSCs

Mesenchymal stem cells

MSD

Macromolecular structure database

NCBI

National Center for Biotechnology Information

NIH

National Institutes of Health

NM

Nanomaterial

OMIM

Online Mendelian inheritance in man

ORF Finder

Open reading frame finder

PCR

Polymerase chain reaction

PDLSCs

Periodontal ligament stem cells

RefSeq

Reference sequence

RNA

Ribonucleic acid

SAGE

Serial analysis of gene expression

SCAP

Stem cells from apical papilla

SGSCs

Salivary gland stem cells

SMRT

Single-molecule real time

SMS

Single-molecule sequencing

SNP

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms

SOLiD

Sequencing oligonucleotides by ligation and detection

UniProt

Universal Protein resource

UniRef

UniProt Reference

ZMW

Zero-mode waveguides

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Notes

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the grant (13-MED2437-03) funding provided by the National Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation (MAARIFAH), King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. They also acknowledge with thanks the Science and Technology Unit (STU), King Abdulaziz University for their excellent technical support.

Statement of Conflicts of Interest 

All authors have no conflicts of interests.

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© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019

Authors and Affiliations

  • Saravanan Ramaswamy
    • 1
  • Kavitha Odathurai Marusamy
    • 1
  • Gauthaman Kalamegam
    • 2
    • 3
    Email author
  1. 1.Faculty of DentistryIbn Sina National College for Medical SciencesAl Mahjar, JeddahSaudi Arabia
  2. 2.Stem Cell Research Unit, Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine ResearchKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
  3. 3.Faculty of MedicineAIMST UniversitySemeling, BedongMalaysia

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