Essentials of Bioinformatics, Volume II pp 119-150 | Cite as
Dental Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine: Emerging Trends and Prospects in the Era of Bioinformatics
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Abstract
The craniofacial skeleton comprising the teeth, gums and tongue is an excellent model of organogenesis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) present within various zones of the oro-dental tissue exhibit exceptional regeneration potential and contribute to tissue restoration and regeneration following infection/inflammation or trauma. Oro-dental disorders are multifactorial and encompass a wide array of diseases involving tooth germ formation, tooth shape, number, size and alignment. Oral microbial pathogens and their colonization as biofilm largely remain a threat to oral and dental health. Biofilms are associated with dental caries, periodontitis and peri-implantitis which often leads to oral disorders, tissue loss and dental implant failures. Scientific advancements have led to the identification of newer nanomaterials which can resist biofilms. Parallelly, isolation and differentiation of MSCs from within the dental structures and its adnexa offer great promise for dental restoration/regeneration. Robust screening systems are available today and provide an opportunity to screen pathogen susceptibility, properties of nanomaterials, stem cell plasticity, and gene, protein and cellular interactions. High-throughput technologies and availability of vast information from transcriptomics, epigenetics, genomics, proteomics and metabolomics studies will enable in-depth understanding of the oro-dental disorders as well as the regenerative/differentiation potential of the dental stem cells. Insights from HTS will pave way for successful utilization and effective clinical translation of the dental stem cells and bring about a paradigm shift in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications in relation to dentistry.
Keywords
Dental Biofilms Nanomaterials Stem cells Regeneration OmicsAbbreviations
- APC
Adenomatous polyposis coli
- ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
- BLAST
Basic local alignment search tool
- CCAP
Cancer Chromosome Aberration Project
- CGAP
Cancer Genome Anatomy Project
- cGMP
Current Good Manufacturing Practice
- COMS
Complementary metal oxide semiconductor
- CT
Computed tomography
- DAVID
Database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery
- DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
- dNTPs
Deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates
- DPSCs
Dental pulp stem cells
- EBI
European Bioinformatics Institute
- EMBL
European molecular biology laboratory
- ESCs
Embryonic stem cells
- G-CSF
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
- GEO
Gene expression omnibus
- GO
Gene ontology
- HCS
High-content screening
- HGBASE
Human genic biallelic sequences
- HGP
Human Genome Project
- HTS
High-throughput screening
- IKB
Immunome knowledge base
- iPSCs
Induced pluripotent stem cells
- KEGG
Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
- miRNA
MicroRNA
- MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging
- MSCs
Mesenchymal stem cells
- MSD
Macromolecular structure database
- NCBI
National Center for Biotechnology Information
- NIH
National Institutes of Health
- NM
Nanomaterial
- OMIM
Online Mendelian inheritance in man
- ORF Finder
Open reading frame finder
- PCR
Polymerase chain reaction
- PDLSCs
Periodontal ligament stem cells
- RefSeq
Reference sequence
- RNA
Ribonucleic acid
- SAGE
Serial analysis of gene expression
- SCAP
Stem cells from apical papilla
- SGSCs
Salivary gland stem cells
- SMRT
Single-molecule real time
- SMS
Single-molecule sequencing
- SNP
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms
- SOLiD
Sequencing oligonucleotides by ligation and detection
- UniProt
Universal Protein resource
- UniRef
UniProt Reference
- ZMW
Zero-mode waveguides
Notes
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the grant (13-MED2437-03) funding provided by the National Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation (MAARIFAH), King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. They also acknowledge with thanks the Science and Technology Unit (STU), King Abdulaziz University for their excellent technical support.
Statement of Conflicts of Interest
All authors have no conflicts of interests.
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