Abstract
The present chapter proposes the outlining and identification of the main instances of the concept of heterotopia as it has been employed and observed in the field of architecture and urban planning , or in other words, the conceptualisation of alterity and the methods in which it is employed. Thus, whether it is a design methodology or an architectural composition technique, it is deliberately employed so as to create alterity ; it can also operate as a device for compatibility or interconnectivity, as a centralizing formula, or simply not only as a go-to solution for creating iconic objects, but also as a mnemonic dispositif . The attempts to identify an architectural heterotopic profile have managed to pinpoint as heterotopic either architectural typologies , specific architectural languages or certain functions, either have led to the condensation of specific design methodologies (deliberate creation of alterity ), engaging numerous advocates (Porphyrios, Jencks, Teyssot, Tafuri). From a strictly formal reading of heterotopia , as a deliberately created architectural discontinuity (volumetric, spatial)—as seen in Porphyrios—the approaches gradually steer towards a more nuanced interpretation—as seen in Jencks, the heterotopia as an organism (architectural and urban form as well as functioning). The annulment of alterity is discussed in the context of urban planning . Throughout the chapter, the relations developed by the heritage space as well as by the heritage object have been steadily observed, be it a built object, built ensemble of the area and recognized or not within the official heritage frame. The heterotopic spaces are finally identified in the stance of the heritage object. These approaches reflect different degrees of relating to and intervening in the historic fabric, yet all sharing the necessity of its conservation , for its capacity to act as a reference point, as a source for its own postmodern expressions (local/regional typologies) and as the already crystallized context in which the postmodern intervention must be accommodated. Shifting the focus onto heritage , the issue of authenticity is discussed, in relation to the postmodern architectural search and expression of traditional types. Assimilated and similar until indiscernible, the intervention in the heritage built fabric , the very context it values and it invokes as model and source. This sensitive issue of the heritage object and fabric is discussed in relation to the architectural production and the discourse of postmodern architecture (Quinlan Terry, Christopher Alexander and others) as well as through the connected issue of authenticity or reconstruction . Based on these, the research has pursued the identification of the heterotopic character of the heritage space, along Foucault ’s coordinates and through the restoration intervention —which ultimately reflects the perception and conceptualisation of heritage . The analysis of the various interpretations of alterity and of the concept of heterotopia unfolded in this chapter, focus on the identification of a space-oriented and heritage -oriented reading. The evolution of the attitudes towards heritage as well as its perceptions—given its transition towards a more objective “gaze”, the accumulation of meanings, the creation of and the relationship with the heritage ideal , the impact of the official status previously analysed—can explain the way in which the heritage object and the heritage space acquire heterotopic coordinates .
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Notes
- 1.
Urbach, Henry, Writing architectural heterotopia , The Journal of Architecture , Volume 3, Winter 1998, 347–345, 347.
- 2.
Urbach, Writing architectural heterotopia , 347.
- 3.
Urbach, Writing…, 347.
- 4.
Urbach, Writing…, 347.
- 5.
Foucault and Rabinow 1984, 178–9.
- 6.
Boyer, Christine, M., The many mirrors of Foucault and their architectural reflections, 53–73, in Heterotopia and the City: Public Space in a Postcivil Society, eds. Dehaene Michiel, De Cauter, Lieven, Routledge, 2008, 57.
- 7.
Boyer, The many mirrors…, 57.
- 8.
Urbach, H., Writing architectural heterotopia , 347.
- 9.
Dehaene Michiel, De Cauter, Lieven, Heterotopia in a postcivil society, in Heterotopia and the City: Public Space in a Postcivil Society, eds. Dehaene Michiel, De Cauter, Lieven, Routledge, 2008, 4.
- 10.
Urbach, H., Writing…, 349.
- 11.
Urbach, 349.
- 12.
Idem.
- 13.
Jencks, Charles, The Story of Post-Modernism: Five Decades of the Ironic, Iconic and Critical in Architecture , ed. John Wiley and Sons, 2012, via Google Books, no pg no.
- 14.
Jencks, Ch., The Story…, no p. no.
- 15.
Idem.
- 16.
Idem.
- 17.
Jencks, The Story…, no p. no.
- 18.
Slater, Tom, Rose Street and Revolution: A Tribute to Neil Smith (1954–2012), Edinburgh, October 4th 2012 School of Geosciences, The University of Edinburgh online article, available at: http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/homes/tslater/tributetoNeilSmith.html, accessed January 2014.
- 19.
Downs, Anthony, Downs, A. (1982) “The necessity of neighborhood deterioration,” New York Affairs 7, 2: 35–38, 1982, 35, apud. Smith, Neil, The new Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City, Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005, 189.
- 20.
DeGiovanni, Displacement Pressures in the Lower East Side, working paper, Community Service Society of New York, 1987, apud. Smith, Neil, The new Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City, Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005, 192. Full quote: A detailed survey of building conditions and an assessment of building deterioration levels might also reveal important information regarding the onset of reinvestment, but it is important to remember that reinvestment may begin substantially in advance of a building’s physical upgrading. Indeed, in a detailed survey of displacement pressures in the Lower East Side, DeGiovanni (1987: 32, 35) found strong evidence that physical deterioration may actually be “an integral part of the reinvestment process” as some landlords actually foster adverse physical conditions “to clear buildings of the current tenants” before undertaking major refurbishment or resale.
- 21.
Despite this, in numerous large cities the gentrification induced degradation of the built fabric is paradoxically facilitated by the existing legislation and the economic freedom of the real estate market. Examples range from the abandoned contemporary buildings of Bishop’s Avenue, London (or Billionaire’s Row), to historical houses and estates—see Ipswich city hall (abandoned after acquisition by a private investor), Hendrefoilan House, Swansea, or the neo-Romanian villas of Bucharest, Romania, listed and protected although boarded up and left to decay, in hopes of recovering the land for later larger scale development. Another case along similar lines is the city of Delhi: in 2015 the city’s candidature for the UNESCO status was withdrawn on grounds that such a degree of protection status would restrict the urban development.
- 22.
Smith, Neil, The new Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City, 216.
- 23.
Harvey, David, The condition of Post-modernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change, Wiley, 1989, 115.
- 24.
Jencks, Ch., A Genealogy of Post-Modern Architecture , Architectural Design 47, 1977, 269, apud. Berten, Hand, The Idea of the Postmodern, Routledge, 1994, 56.
- 25.
Harvey, The condition of Post-modernity, 80.
- 26.
Harvey, The condition of Post-Modernity, 80.
- 27.
Harvey, The condition…, 77.
- 28.
Term coined by Bourdieu in The Forms of Capital (1989), apud. Harvey, The Condition…, 77.
- 29.
Harvey, The condition…, 77.
- 30.
Venturi et al., apud. Harvey, The condition…, 83.
- 31.
Harvey, D., The Condition of Postmodernity : An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change, Blackwell, 1992, 85.
- 32.
Jameson, Jameson, F. (1984b): ‘Postmodernism, or the cultural logic of late capitalism.’ New Left Review, 146, 53–92, apud. Harvey, D., The Condition of Postmodernity …, 88.
- 33.
Ellin, Nan, Postmodern Urbanism, revised edition, Princeton Architectural Press, New York, 1996, 22.
- 34.
Ellin, Postmodern…23.
- 35.
Ellin, Postmodern…24.
- 36.
Idem.
- 37.
See Lynch, K., Image of the city.
- 38.
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- 39.
Venturi, Complexity and Contradiction, 103, apud Mallgrave, Goodman, An Introduction…, 19.
- 40.
Idem.
- 41.
Some of the most often cited examples of this category are replicas of monuments from the international repertoire, from Las Vegas (the Eiffel Tower and the banks of the Seine, the Arc de Triomphe, Venice with the Rialto Bridge and Piazza San Marco, the Egyptian pyramids and the Sphinx, fragments of New York, including the Statue of Liberty, the Soldiers and Sailors Monument, Whitney Museum of American Art, the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, the Brooklyn Bridge, Grand Central Terminal, Greenwich Village, etc.);
- 42.
Scott Brown, Venturi, Learning from Las Vegas, apud Mallgrave, Goodman, An Introduction…, 21.
- 43.
From the modernist perspective, the ornament becomes the essence of ugliness and the representation of cultural backwardness (as stated in Loos’ iconic modernist essay, Ornament and crime): “not only is ornament produced by criminals but also a crime is committed through the fact that ornament inflicts serious injury on people’s health, on the national budget and hence on cultural evolution”. Although the denial of the ornament stems from the revolt against the decorative ‘folía’ of art nouveau, the rejection is en masse, and includes in the ‘prohibited category’ the historical ornament and thus the historical styles as well. The architectural ideal is defined by a radical aesthetic purism and austerity. Loos, Adolf, Ornament et crime et autres textes, trans. Sabine Corneille, Philippe Ivernel, ed. Payot & Rivages, 2003, 71–87, 78.
- 44.
Mallgrave, Harry Francis, Goodman, David, An Introduction to Architectural Theory 1968 to the Present, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, 2011, 24.
- 45.
Portoghezi, P. apud Ellin, Postmodern…, 27.
- 46.
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- 47.
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- 48.
Lynch, Kevin, Image of the city, MIT Press, MA, USA, 1960, 92.
- 49.
Lynch, Image…, 92–3.
- 50.
Idem.
- 51.
Lynch, Image…, 46.
- 52.
Lynch, Image…, 46.
- 53.
Lynch, Image…, 92–3
- 54.
Caciuc, Supra-teoretizarea arhitecturii, 108.
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Frampton apud Ellin, Postmodern…25.
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Krier, L., The reconstruction …, 41.
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Krier, L., The reconstruction …, 41.
- 67.
Idem.
- 68.
Krier, L., The reconstruction …, 42.
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Krier, L., Culot, Manifesto: The Reconstruction of the European City or Anti-Industrial Resistance as a Global Project, ed. Counterprojects, Bruxelles, AAM, 1980, apud Ellin, N., Postmodern…, 30.
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- 73.
Krier, R. et al., Amiens…, 47–48.
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Krier, R., et al., Amiens…, 48.
- 75.
One of the largest cathedrals of the thirteenthth century, the Cathedral of Amiens is among the few examples of a restoration , completion or reconstruction project carried out in a uniform style, with relatively few interventions, and of a reduced scale. According to the UNESCO listing, its current aspect is identical with the one from the late Middle Ages. The cathedral was proposed and accepted as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981. Cathédrale d’Amiens, Département de Somme, Picardie, http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/162/, accessed in April 2014.
- 76.
Krier, R. et al., Amiens…, 48.
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Krier, R. et al., Amiens…, 52.
- 78.
Krier, R. et al., Le Nouvel Amiens, Institut français d’architecture , Collection Ville, ed. P. Mardaga, 1989, 433.
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Ellin, Postmodern…, 35.
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Ellin, Postmodern…, 35.
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Krier, Léon, The architecture of community, eds. Dhiru Thadani, Peter J. Hetzel, Island Press, Washington, 2009b, 169.
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Krier, L., How Industrial Society Destroys Culture (1982), published as “The Reconstruction of the European City”, in RIBA Transactions, vol. 1, no. 2, 1982, 36–44.
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Krier, L., The Architecture of Community, Island Press, 2009a, 26.
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Krier, L., Contemporary Perspectives, in Building Cities, Norman Crowe, Richard Economakis, and Michael Lykoudis, (eds.), Artmedia Press, London, 1999, 40–41.
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Krier, L., Contemporary…, 40–1.
- 92.
Krier also repeatedly draws attention to the incorrect use of the two terms, modernism and modernity. “Modern merely indicates time and period, whereas modernist has unequivocal ideological connotations.” Krier, L., Tradition—Modernity—Modernism: some necessary explanations, Architectural Design, vol. 57, 1987, Jan–Feb, 38–43.
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Krier, L., How Industrial Society Destroys Culture (1982), published as “The Reconstruction of the European City”, in RIBA Transactions, vol. 1, no. 2, 1982, 36–44.
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Krier, Tradition…, 38–43.
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Idem.
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Idem.
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Beatley, T., Green Cities of Europe: Global Lessons on Green Urbanism, editor Beatley, Timothy, in: Introduction, Island Press, 2012, 2.
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Postmodern neoclassicism—also dubbed as ‘new classicism’, ‘new historicism’, ‘contemporary classicism’ or ‘contemporary neoclassicism’, ‘academicism’, the ‘classical revivalism’, ‘romantic classicism’ or ‘neosocial-realist megaclassicism’ (Ellin, Postmodern…, 37, apud Frampton)—uses the vocabulary of classical architecture ; not to be confused with the neoclassical architecture of the nineteenth century.
- 104.
Ellin, N., Postmodern…, 37.
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Bouman, Ole, van Toorn, Roemer, O Tempora, O Mores! On the work of Léon Krier, chapter: Vector of interest: Durée, The Invisible in Architecture , eds. Roemer van Toorn, Ole Bouman, Academy Editions & Ernst and Sohn, 1994, 36–43, 40.
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Bouman, Ole, van Toorn, Roemer, Classical Architecture is no Saviour, The Invisible in Architecture , eds. Roemer van Toorn, Ole Bouman, Academy Editions & Ernst and Sohn, 1994, 74–85, 85.
- 107.
Its representatives include Raymond Erith and Quinlan Francis Terry, Robert Adam, Robert Franklin (Great Britain), Demetri Porphyrios (Greece), Christopher Doyle (Austria), Fridtjof Felix M. Herzog, Marc Kocher, Christoph Kohl and Rob Krier (Germany), Pier Carlo Bontempi (Italy), Rafael Martos (Spain).
- 108.
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Watkin, A New Order…
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- 115.
Barber, Shock of the old…
- 116.
Terry, Quinlan, Seven Misunderstandings about Classical Architecture , essay published online, http://www.qftarchitects.com/essays/essay-seven-misunderstandings/, accessed in May 2014.
- 117.
Bouman, Ole, van Toorn, Roemer, Classical Architecture is no Saviour, The Invisible in Architecture , eds. Roemer van Toorn, Ole Bouman, Academy Editions & Ernst and Sohn, 1994, 74–85, 83.
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Bouman, van Toorn, Classical Architecture is…, 83.
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Terry, Q., Seven Misunderstandings about Classical Architecture , essay published online, http://www.qftarchitects.com/essays/essay-seven-misunderstandings/.
- 120.
Krier, L., Architectura Patriae or The Destruction of Germany’s Architectural Heritage , Architectural Design, volume 54 (1984), Jul–Aug, 101–102.
- 121.
Krier, L., The Reconstruction of the European City, in Léon Krier: Drawings, Archives d’Architecture Moderne, Brussels, 1980, p. xxv–xxxi.
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Krier, L., The Reconstruction of the European City, in Léon Krier: Drawings, Archives d’Architecture Moderne, Brussels, 1980, p. xxv–xxxi.
- 123.
Krier, The Reconstruction …,.
- 124.
Krier, The Reconstruction …,.
- 125.
Idem.
- 126.
Alexander, Christopher, The Timeless Way of Building, Oxford University Press, 1979, Foreword.
- 127.
Alexander, Christopher, The Oregon Experiment, Oxford University Press, 1975, 2.
- 128.
Alexander, The Timeless Way…, ix.
- 129.
Idem.
- 130.
Alexander, Ch., Ishikawa, Sara, Silverstein, Murray, A Pattern Language, Oxford University Press, 1977, x.
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Alexander, Ishikawa, Silverstein, A Pattern Language, xi.
- 132.
Alexander, Ishikawa, Silverstein, A Pattern Language, xvii.
- 133.
Alexander, Ishikawa, Silverstein, A Pattern Language, xiii.
- 134.
Idem, xiv.
- 135.
Idem, xv.
- 136.
Alexander, Christopher, The Timeless Way of Building, Oxford University Press, 1979, 182.
- 137.
Alexander, Ishikawa, Silverstein, A Pattern Language, xix–xxiii.
- 138.
Alexander, Ishikawa, Silverstein, A Pattern Language, xxiii–xxiv.
- 139.
Alexander, A Pattern…, xxv.
- 140.
These micro-level patterns include “alcoves”, “storage spaces between rooms”, “internal windows”, “half-open walls”, “open shelves”, etc. Alexander, A Pattern…, xxx-xxxi.
- 141.
Alexander, A Pattern…, 459.
- 142.
Jacobs, Allan, Appleyard, Donald, Toward an urban design manifesto, Institute of Urban & Regional Development, University of California, 1982, apud Ellin, Postmodern Urbanism, Princeton Architectural Press, New York, 1996, 61.
- 143.
Alexander, The Timeless Way…, 7.
- 144.
Gleye, Paul H., A Breath of History, PhD, UCLA, 1983, apud Ellin, Postmodern Urbanism, 82.
- 145.
Ellin, Postmodern…, 82.
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Gleye, Paul H., A Breath…, apud Ellin, Postmodern…, 82.
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Ellin, Postmodern…, 82.
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Halbwachs, Maurice, On Collective Memory, ed. Lewis A. Coser, University of Chicago Press, 1992, and Halbwachs apud. Jonker, Gerdien, The Topography of Remembrance: The Dead, Tradition and Collective Memory in Mesopotamia, BRILL, 1995, 177. The concept “includes the building skills and other architectural interference of previous generations who determined the townscape and landscape and constituted, by their presence, a permanent representation of the past”; based on his particular subject, Jonker identifies “the physical objects which people come into contact with daily”, or the “hoses, streets, towns, monuments, ruins and landscapes [that] are only slightly, or not at all, likely to change”—as parts of this material framework, a necessary condition for the functioning of collective memory (Jonker, 35).
- 149.
Wilson, Chris, Living traditions: the vernacular, revivalism and reurbanization, ed. Nezar AlSayyad, TDSR—Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review, Special Edition, The Myth of Tradition, XXIV, I, The International Association for the Study of Traditional Environments (IASTE), Berkley, 2012, 12.
- 150.
Muschamp, Fear, Hope and Changing of the guard, New York Times, November 14:H37, apud Ellin, Postmodern Urbanism, 81.
- 151.
Lasansky, Medina, Introduction, in eds. Lasansky, Medina, McLaren, Brian, Architecture and Tourism: Perception, Performance and Place, Berg, 2004, 1.
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Lasansky, Architecture and Tourism…, 1.
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Harvey, David, The Art of Rent: Globalization, Monopoly and the Commodification of Culture, The Socialist Register 2002: A World of Contradictions, vol. 38, 2002, 94.
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Harvey, The Art of Rent…, 95.
- 155.
Due to its uniqueness, the object may gain added attraction and thus commercial potential as well. However, if it is ‘too unique’, it also may completely lose its potential for commercialization. Harvey, The Art of Rent…, 93–95.
- 156.
Harvey, The Art of Rent…, 96.
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Harvey, The Art of Rent…, 96.
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Harvey, The Art of Rent…, 103.
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Harvey, The Art of Rent:…, 103.
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Harvey, The Art of Rent:…, 108.
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Harvey, The Art of Rent:…, 109.
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The term ‘industrial product’ is used in referring to all categories determined by the ordering principles of TICCIHI: “industrial sites, buildings and architecture , plant, machinery and equipment—as well as housing, industrial settlements, industrial landscapes, products and processes, and documentation of the industrial society”, http://ticcih.org/about/about-ticcih/, accessed in February 2014.
- 163.
Michale Stratton, Industrial Building Conservation and Regeneration, Taylor & Francis, 2013, 9.
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The term industrial product is used here as a more condensed form to identify the built architectural object.
- 165.
The negative impact of industrialization was illustrated in public discourse by actors as varied as Charles Dickens, Benjamin Disraeli, Elizabeth Gaskell, Octavia Hill, Harriet Martineau, Florence Nightingale, Victor Hugo, Honoré de Balzac, Louis Blanc, and Émile Zola. Friedrich Engels’ study on the working and living conditions of the poorer classes in the industrial city of Manchester in 1844 deserves special mention. Garner observes, however, that the negative reaction to effects of industrialization has created a distorted perspective: “In both lyric and literature, the hardships that really did occur have been romanticized”. Garner, John S., The Company Town . Architecture and Society in the Early Industrial Age, ed. John Garner, Oxford University Press, 6.
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In 1959, the British Archaeological Council urged the government to establish standards for registering and protecting national industrial monuments. Light, J. D., Industrial Archaeology, Archaeology—Vol. I, UNESCO-EOLSS.
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ICOMOS The Dublin Principles, 17th ICOMOS General Assembly, 28 November 2011, 2.
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Industrial Archaeology. Future Directions. Eds. Eleanor Conlin Casella and James Symonds, Springer, 2005, ix.
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According to Iamandescu, the industrial heritage of Romania is all the more interesting because it presents all the stages of technological progress—from the preindustrial to the social-industrial—, as well as due to its conservation state, since many of its elements are still functioning (especially interesting for the preindustrial and nineteenth-century components, with a particularly strong presence); hence, in the south-eastern European context, the Romanian industrial heritage presents a special situation both from the perspective of periodized representation and conservation . http://www.cimec.ro/patrimoniuindustrial/, accessed in February 2014.
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The interventions on the historical monuments of the period may be included in two categories, both based on the directing principle of stylistic unity: respect for the original style of the construction leads to interventions perpetuating, whether justified or not, the dominant style of the monument; “the elimination of parasitic additions” in other styles than the dominant one: the mediaeval monuments are “purged” of Baroque, neoclassical and Renaissance features, considered as alterations and even degradations of the original monument’s value.
- 194.
Viollet-le-Duc apud Jokilehto, A History…, 151.
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Jokilehto, A History…, 106.
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Glendinning, Miles, The Conservation Movement: A History of Architectural Preservation . Antiquity to modernity, Routledge, ISBN: 978-0-203-08039-9 (e-book), 2013, 155.
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Kühl, Beatriz Mugayar, Os Restauradores e o Pensamento de Camillo Boito sobre a Restauração, in Boito, Camillo, Os Restauradores, ed. Filho, Plinio Martins, trad. Kühl, Paulo Mugayar, and Kühl, Beatriz Mugayar, Atelie Editorial, ISBN 85-7480-112-7, 2008 (3rd edition), 20.
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Glendinning, M., The Conservation Movement…, 155.
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Colavitti, Anna Maria, Urban Heritage Management. Planning with History, Springer, ISBN 978-3-319-72338-9 (e-book), 2018, 20.
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Jukka Jokilehto, A History…, 174.
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Sidney Colvin, Restoration and Anti-Restoration , 1877, 460, and Morris, W., The Decorative Arts, 1877, published in 1878 apud Jokilehto, A History…, 183, 185.
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Ruskin apud Jokilehto, A History…, 179.
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Dvorak apud Jokilehto, A History…, 219.
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The mentioning and inclusion of urban areas under heritage protection was legislated in 1938 in Italy. In 1939, a law was published for the conservation of objects of historical interest and another for the protection of natural sites. Jokilehto, A History…, 222–3.
- 210.
This technique implies the demolition of the monument’s adjacent or neighbouring fabric—‘external’ additions gained over time or simply the result of the surrounding urban fabric’s evolution—which are perceived as obstructions of the monument’s true value inhibiting its ‘true perception’; the demolition of early mediaeval or pre-mediaeval (and sometimes nineteenth century) constructions attached to the great cathedrals is one of the most notable examples, argued as a means to “highlighting monuments by clearing vast spaces around them spaces around them”. (Glendinning, Miles, The Conservation Movement.., 155.).
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Argan, Brandi apud Jokilehto, A History…, 224.
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Nicholas Bullock, Luc Verpoest, Introduction, Living with History, 1914–1964: la Reconstruction en Europe Après la Première Et la Seconde Guerre Mondiale Et Le Rôle de la Conservation Des Monuments Historiques, eds. Nicholas Bullock, Luc Verpoest, Leuven University Press, 2011, 9.
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Reconstruction in its initial, pre-war form was officially imposed in Belgia by the law of 10 May 1919. Jokilehto, A History…, 282.
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Smets, Marcel, The Reconstruction of Historical Cores in Belgian Cities after their destruction in The First World War, in Old cultures in new worlds. 8th ICOMOS General Assembly and International Symposium. Programme report—Compte rendu, US/ICOMOS, Washington, 776–783.
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Jokilehto, A History…, 282.
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The technique used is facadism or facadization, consisting—according to the Larousse definition—in “demolishing the building and preserving only its street façade”. Aguiar offers a more general definition, with direct reference to the context of built heritage , as the “demolishing the inside of old buildings and replacing them with new constructions, causing major typological, volumetric, structural and constructive modifications, while preserving the old façade (in a radically aleatoric manner), which can thus be reconstructed through a forced imitation of the old one” [“Démolition de l’intérieur des bâtiments anciens et leur remplacement par de nouvelles constructions, entraînant, de profondes altérations typologiques, volumétriques, structurels et constructives, avec préservation de l’ancienne façade (d’une manière critiquement aléatoire), celle-ci pourrait être reconstruite moyennant une imitation forcée de l’ancienne.], Aguiar, Jose, Façadisme est la peur architecturale de son propre temps, Le Façadisme dans les capitales européennes, Bruxelles, 19–29 March, Colocviu ICOMOS, 1998.
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Smets, Marcel, The Reconstruction of…, 776.
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Smets, Marcel, The Reconstruction of Historical Cores in Belgian Cities after their destruction in The First World War, in Old cultures in new worlds. 8th ICOMOS General Assembly and International Symposium. Programme report—Compte rendu, US/ICOMOS, Washington, 776–783.
- 224.
Smets, Marcel, The Reconstruction of…, 777.
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Smets, Marcel, The Reconstruction of…, 781.
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The law of 17 April 1919 on the destructions of war, apud Daniele Voldman, La France d`un modele de reconstruction a l`autre, 1918–1945, in Nicholas Bullock, Luc Verpoest, eds., Living with History, 1914–1964…, 63.
- 227.
Daniele Voldman, La France d`un modele de reconstruction a l`autre, 1918–1945, in Nicholas Bullock, Luc Verpoest, eds., Living with History, 1914–1964…, 63.
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Daniele Voldman, La France d`un modele de reconstruction a l`autre, 1918–1945, in Nicholas Bullock, Luc Verpoest, eds., Living with History, 1914–1964…, 63.
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The evaluation sheet of Warsaw’s historical center, Evaluations of Cultural Properties, World Heritage Convention, World Heritage Committee, 32nd Ordinary Session, 2–10 July 2008, Quebec, Canada, drafted by the International Council on Monuments and Sites, http://whc.unesco.org/archive/2008, accessed in February 2014.
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WHC report, CC-80/CONF.017/04, 1980, http://whc.unesco.org/en/documents, accessed in February 2014.
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WHC report, CC-80/CONF.017/04, 1980, http://whc.unesco.org/en/documents, accessed in February 2014; original quote: “[…] symbole de la réussite exceptionnelle d’une reconstruction à l’identique d’un bien culturel qui est associe a des évènements ayant une signification historique considérable”.
- 233.
Jacek Friedrich, Heritage , Ideology, and Identity in Central and Eastern Europe, ed. Rampley, Matthew, Heritage , Ideology, and Identity in Central and Eastern Europe, Boydell Press, 123.
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G. J. Ashworth, J. E. Tunbridge, Old cities, new pasts: Heritage planning in selected cities of Central Europe, Kluwer Academic Publishers, GeoJournal 49: 105–116, 1999, 113.
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Jacek Friedrich, Polish and German Heritage in Danzig/Gdansk: 1918, 1945 and 1989, 115–30, in Rampley, Matthew, ed., Heritage , Ideology, and Identity in Central and Eastern Europe, Boydell Press, 123.
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The director of the Reconstruction Bureau of Gdansk stated in 1945: “Plans will move towards the direction of (…) polonizing the character of the town (…) maintaining at the same time, if possible, the imperishable value of the monumental buildings”), Jacek, F., Polish and German Heritage …, 123.
- 237.
Jacek Friedrich mentions such an example: the reconstruction of the Dlugi Targ Square introduced a new building front, based on a typology characteristic for the Polish Renaissance, which, although not present in the original pre-war urban layout, represented the “golden age” of Polish culture, thus being consistent with the Polish nationalist political discourse. Jacek Friedrich, Polish and German Heritage in Gdansk/Danzig, 1918, 1945 and 1989, in Heritage , Ideology, and Identity in Central and Eastern Europe, 115–130, ed. Matthew Rampley, Boydell Press, 2012, 123–4.
- 238.
Jacek Friedrich, Polish and German Heritage in Gdansk/Danzig, 1918, 1945 and 1989, in Heritage , Ideology, and Identity in Central and Eastern Europe, 115–130, ed. Matthew Rampley, Boydell Press, 2012, 123–4.
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Jacek Friedrich, Polish and German Heritage …, 123–4.
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Mayr, Vincent, Design of New Additions in Rothenburg after the Year 1945, in: Old cultures in new worlds. 8th ICOMOS General Assembly and International Symposium, Programme report US/ICOMOS, 103–110, Washington, 1987, 105.
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Mayr, Design of New Additions…, 106.
- 242.
Georg Gottfried Dehio (1850–1936), professor and art historian of Estonian origin, “whose name has practically become a by-word as the author and initiator of the series of standard manuals for historic buildings in German-speaking countries [Handbook of German Cultural Monuments (1899, published in 1901)]. He has also been considered the founder of the modern approach in German conservation ” [a supporter, along with Alois Reigl, of the age value accumulated in the object]. Jokilehto, A History…, 197, and www.dictionaryofarthistorians.org, accessed in February 2014.
- 243.
The buildings’ increase in height is due to the adaptation to modern standards regarding the individual height of building levels, higher air volume, better lighting and housing quality, etc.
- 244.
Mayr, Design of New Additions…, 106.
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Mayr, Design of New Additions…, 103.
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Structure dated 1309, painting dated 1323 and 1494.
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Almevik, Gunnar, Melin, Karl-Magnus, Traditional Craft Skills as a Source of Historical Knowledge. Reconstruction in the Ashes of the Mediaeval Wooden Church of Södra Råda, MIRATOR 72–102, 16:1/2015, online source http://www.glossa.fi/mirator/index_en.html, last consulted 16.01.2018.
- 248.
Almevik, Melin, Traditional Craft Skills…, 75.
- 249.
The project is authorized in 1997 and the building site is opened to the public one year later. Guédelon: Ils bâtissent un château fort, Dossier de presse 2015, www.guedelon.fr, 09.12.2016, last consulted 14.03.2018.
- 250.
Guédelon: Ils bâtissent un château fort, official site, Architectural and Historical Context, https://www.guedelon.fr/en/architectural-and-historical-context_81.html, 09.12.2016, last consulted 14.03.2018.
- 251.
The aim at Guédelon would no longer be to simply produce a finished castle, but rather to observe, in the finest detail, each phase of the construction.”, Guédelon’s building plans, https://www.guedelon.fr/en/guedelon-s-building-plans_82.html, 09.12.2016, last consulted 14.03.2018.
- 252.
Plutarch, Plutarch’s Lives. Theseus and Romulus. Lycurgus and Numa. Solon and Publicola., Volume 1, (THESEUS, xxn. 5-xxni. 2), translated by Bernadotte Perrin, The Loeb Classical Library, edited by E. H. Warmington, Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press/ London, William Heinemann Ltd., first printed 1914 reprinted 1967, 49.
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Hume, David, A Treatise of Human Nature Being. An Attempt to Introduce the Experimental Method of Reasoning into Moral Subjects, Book 1, chapter IV. Of the Sceptical and Other Systems of Philosophy, Sect. VI. Of Personal Identity, 1739, https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/h/hume/david/h92t/index.html, accessed February 2019.
- 254.
Su, X., Song, C., Sigley, G., The Uses of Reconstructing Heritage in China: Tourism, Heritage Authorization, and Spatial Transformation of the Shaolin Temple, Sustainability 2019, Special Issue: Heritage Tourism, 11(2), https://doi.org/10.3390/su11020411.
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Erica Avrami, Randall Mason, Marta de la Torre, Values and Heritage Conservation , Research Report, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 2000, 6.
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Berlin, Cologne, Leipzig, Dortmund, Hanau, Magdeburg, Hamburg, Kiel, Lübeck, Münster, Munich, Frankfurt, Würzburg, Mainz, Nuremberg, Xanten, Worms, Brunswick, Hanover, Freiburg, Dresda, Aachen, Rotterdam, Magdeburg, Munchen, Stuttgart, Bremen. Le Havre, Caen, and Saint Lo (considered to have been completely destroyed), Paris, Orleans, Amiens, Beauvais, Brest, Caudebec-en-Caux, Dunkerque, Lisieux, Lorient, Neufchatel-en-Bray, Saint-Die, Saint-Nazarre, Rouen, Valencienes, Vire, Marsilia, Saint-Malo, Louvain (the first two destroyed in the First World War as well), Helsinki, London, Exter, Bath, Norwich, York, Canterbury (destroyed during the Baedeker Blitz, the raid for which the targets—historically and culturally relevant cities—were selected by the Luftwaffe on the basis of their ratings in the Baedeker tourist guides), and Hiroshima—as the most frequently cited examples, due to their size (mid-sized and large cities), the magnitude of value loss or the proportion of the damages.
- 257.
Jokilehto, A History…, 227.
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Jokilehto, A History…, 228.
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Ciccone, Patrick, Introduction, Space, Time, and Preservation , Future Anterior, Volume IV, Number 1, 2007.
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Aljawabra, Alkindi (2018) Heritage , Conflict and Reconstructions: From Reconstructing Monuments to Reconstructing Societies. ICOMOS University Forum, 1. pp. 1–18, 2, ISSN 2616-6968 [Article] (Unpublished), http://openarchive.icomos.org/1907/1/180825_Aljawabra_ICOMOS%20Article_with%20images.pdf, accessed October 2018.
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Soufan, Anas (2018) Post-war Reconstruction , Authenticity and Development of Cultural Heritage in Syria. ICOMOS University Forum, 1. pp. 1–18. ISSN 2616-6968 [Article], http://openarchive.icomos.org/1908/1/SOUFAN%20Anas_ICOMOS_Authenticity_SEPT-%20Sent%20to%20Maureen.pdf, accessed October 2018.
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Sulfaro, Nino (2018) Reconstruction And Conservation In The Post-Truth Era. Historical Lies, Authenticity , Material Evidence. ICOMOS University Forum. pp. 1–11. ISSN 2616-6968 [Article], 3, http://openarchive.icomos.org/1859/, accessed October 2018.
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Sulfaro, N. (2018) Reconstruction And Conservation In The Post-Truth Era…, 4.
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Nguyen, Ivy, True Colours: Trends in Conservation , Cross-Sections blog of the art conservation department at Cantor Arts Center, Stanford University, March 17, 2011, accessed in April 2014.
- 265.
There are a series of such definitions in European legislation: “conservation means all the processes of looking after a place so as to retain its cultural significance”, while “restoration means returning a place to a known earlier state by removing accretions or by reassembling existing elements without the introduction of new material”—The Burra Charta, 1979 (Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance); conservation may be defined as “all operations designed to understand a property, know its history and meaning, ensure its material safeguard, and, if required, its restoration and enhancement”—Nara Document of Authenticity , 1994; the most similar to the Romanian framework are the definitions supplied by ICOM-CC (International Council of Museums—Committee for Conservation ), “preventive conservation ”, “remedial conservation ”, and “restoration ”, which together constitute “conservation ” of the tangible cultural heritage ; “preventive conservation —all measures and actions aimed at avoiding and minimizing future deterioration or loss. They are carried out within the context or on the surroundings of an item, but more often a group of items, whatever their age and condition. These measures and actions are indirect—they do not interfere with the materials and structures of the items. They do not modify their appearance”; “remedial conservation —all actions directly applied to an item or a group of items aimed at arresting current damaging processes or reinforcing their structure. These actions are only carried out when the items are in such a fragile condition or deteriorating at such a rate, that they could be lost in a relatively short time. These actions sometimes modify the appearance of the items”; “restoration —all actions directly applied to a single and stable item aimed at facilitating its appreciation, understanding and use. These actions are only carried out when the item has lost part of its significance or function through past alteration or deterioration. They are based on respect for the original material. Most often such actions modify the appearance of the item”. Encompassing these categories, conservation refers to “all measures and actions aimed at safeguarding tangible cultural heritage while ensuring its accessibility to present and future generations. (…) All measures and actions should respect the significance and the physical properties of the cultural heritage item.” Resolution adopted at the 15th Triennial Conference held in New Delhi in September 2008 by the members of ICOM-CC.
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Government Decree No. 1546, 18 December 2003, Chap. 1, Art. 2.
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Brandi, Cesare, Teoria del Restauro, Vol. 318, Piccola biblioteca Einaudi, Ed. di Storia e Letteratura (1963) 1977, 62.
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Brandi, Cesare, Teoria del Restauro, Piccola biblioteca Einaudi, Ed. Giulio Einaudi, 1977, 36.
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Jokilehto, A History…, 235.
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Jokilehto, A History…, 235.
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Jokilehto, A History…, 232.
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Jokilehto, A History…, 290.
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In 1871, a draft law was proposed regarding the protection of cultural goods without being adopted (“Law for the conservation of Romanian culture”, V. A. Urechia and Cezar Bollia); in 1874, the Public Monuments Commission Regulation was adopted through Royal Decree No. 754; in March 1892, the “Law for the conservation and restoration of public monuments” was promulgated through the High Royal Decree No. 3658, with the “Implementing Regulation” of the law following in January next year.
- 274.
Some of the examples cited by Curinschi Vorona: Bistrița Monastery, 1840, total reconstruction , Tismana Monastery (Gorj), partial reconstruction of the ensemble; Arnota Monastery (Vâlcea), 1856, partial reconstruction (one of the wings of the architectural ensemble); Antim Monastery, neo-Gothic insertion; the Royal Court of Târgoviște and the Brâncoveanu Palace of Mogoșoaia—partial reconstruction ; the Curtea Veche (Old Princely Court) Church (Bucharest)—extensions; Radu Vodă Church (Bucharest)—transformation of the facade and of its proportions through the plating of the entire building; the Hunyadi Castle (Hunedoara), 1857—neo-Gothic insertions; St. Michael’s Church (Cluj), 1837–1859—neo-Gothic insertion (tower); Curinschi Vorona, Gheorghe, prof., dr., arch., Arhitectură. Urbanism. Restaurare, Editura Tehnică, București, 1996, 156–72.
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Opriș, Ioan, Ocrotirea patrimoniului cultural, ed. Meridiane, București, RSR, 1986, 36.
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Opriș, I., Ocrotirea…, 37.
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Curinschi Vorona, Gheorghe, Arhitectură. Urbanism. Restaurare, Editura Tehnică, București, 1996, 170.
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Opriș quotes architect F. Rebhuhn, “the most renowned landscape architect of the interwar period, often consulted for issues regarding the harmonization of monuments with their surroundings”, Opriș, I., Ocrotirea…, 77.
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For more information, see Cantacuzino, G.M., Despre o estetică a reconstrucției, ed. Paideia, ‘Spații Imaginate’ series, ed. Ioan, Augustin, București, 2001.
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Bloemers, Tom (J.H.F.), The Cultural Landscape and Heritage Paradox. Protection and Development of the Dutch Archaeological-Historical Landscape and its European Dimension, in The Cultural Landscape & Heritage Paradox, ed. Bloemers, Tom (J.H.F.), Kars, Henk, van der Valk, Arnold, Wijnen, Mies, Amsterdam University Press, 2010, 6.
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Curinschi Vorona, Arhitectură…, 178.
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Archives of the Historical Monuments Commission, Fund 5.02, Curtea Veche (Old Princely Court) Dossier, 1929–1933, apud Opriș, I., Ocrotirea…, 117.
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Curinschi Vorona, Arhitectură…, 177.
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One such example is the Roman Catholic Church of St. Bartholomew in Sebeș: at its most recent restoration , the stone surfaces on the edge areas (the Gothic buttresses of the altar as well as the framings of the empty spaces) have been isolated and rendered in contrast through the plastering. A technically correct intervention with regard to the materials used (lime plaster) and even a sensitive approach to the elements hidden by the historical changes (uncovering the ogives and the traceries of the old Gothic openings) thus becomes subjective and aestheticizing—i.e. a stylistic restoration —due to the use of the lime plaster that stops, even with a difference in thickness, at the contours of the stone block at the edges of the buttresses.
- 285.
Curinschi Vorona, Arhitectură…, 181.
- 286.
Curinschi Vorona offers the example of the Potlogi Palace’s reconstruction , completed between 1954 and 1956, by architects Ștefan Balș and Radu Udroiu, who have applied the technique of analogy for the missing parts, following a strongly modified model (the Mogoșoaia Palace), leading to an idealized and non-existent purity of style that was wrongly attributed and distorted the reality of the monument that was built in this manner. Similarly, the use of reinforced concrete as a building technique (imposed on the existing ruins) represents, according to Curinschi Vorona, an intervention that reduces the historical and documentary value of the ensemble. Curinschi Vorona, Arhitectură…, 184.
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Brandi, Cesare, Teoria del Restauro, Editura di Storia e Letteratura, 1963, 36.
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Curinschi Vorona, Arhitectură…, 192.
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Luciani, Roberto, Il Restauro. Metodi e strumenti di una “eccellenza” italiana tra arte, scienza e tecnologia, presentation brochure, under the auspices of the Ministero degli Affari Esteri 2011, Palombi Editori, Roma, 2011, 9.
- 290.
A common less contrasting yet visible intervention consists of the structural reinforcement of buildings with steel tension ties or rods—their visibility is not so much intentional but unavoidable in many cases. A different approach consists of the deliberate showcasing of the intervention; one such case, an interesting intervention gravitating between visible and concealed, is the 70s Romanian restoration of the Calnic fortress, Alba County: the restoration introduces a perimetric ring beam along the entire span of the fortification wall, supported by concrete buttress beams, a large structural system concealed from the customarily tourist visited interior of the fortress wall, yet highly visible and brutal from the less accessible fenced-off exterior, not included in the tourist route. This play on visible/not-visible places the intervention in an intermediary hybrid position between the two approaches.
- 291.
Schadler-Saub, Ursula, Preserving tangible and intangible values. Some remarks on theory and practice in conservation and restoration and the education of conservators in Europe, in Conservation Turn—Return to Conservation . Tolerance for Change. Limits for Change, Proceedings of the International Conference of the ICOMOS International Scientific Committee for the Theory and Philosophy of Conservation and Restoration , 5–9 May 2010, Prague, Cesky Krumlov, Czech Republic, 3–6 March 2011, Florence, 111–121, eds. Wilfred Lipp, Josef Stulc, Boguslaw Szmygin, Simone Giometti, Editzioni Polistampa, Florence, 2012, 111.
- 292.
The Athens Charter for the Restoration of Historic Monuments—1931, Adopted at the First International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments, Athens 1931, A. General conclusions, IV. Restoration of Materials.
- 293.
The Athens Charter for the Restoration of Historic Monuments—1931, Adopted at the First International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments, Athens 1931, A. General conclusions, I. Doctrines. General procedures.
- 294.
International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites—The Venice Charter, 1964, 11th International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments, Venice 1964, adopted by ICOMOS in 1965, article 9.
- 295.
THE ICOMOS charter for the interpretation and presentation of cultural heritage sites (also known as the Ename Charter) Prepared under the Auspices of the ICOMOS International Scientific Committee on Interpretation and Presentation of Cultural Heritage Sites Ratified by the 16th General Assembly of ICOMOS, Québec (Canada), 4 October 2008.
- 296.
The ICOMOS Charter for the Interpretation and Preservation of Cultural Heritage Sites, Principle 2: Information Sources, paragraph 2.
- 297.
Idem., Principle 3: Context and Setting, paragraph 3.
- 298.
Avrami, Erica, Mason, Randall, de la Torre, Marta, Values and Heritage Conservation , Research Report, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 2000, 8.
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Idem.
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Erica Avrami, Randall Mason, Marta de la Torre, Values and Heritage Conservation , Research Report, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 2000, 8.
- 301.
Erica Avrami, Randall Mason, Marta de la Torre, Values and Heritage Conservation , Research Report, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 2000, 8.
- 302.
As shown above, the ordering appears—at least by intention—as a reflection of the need for objectivation when confronted with a vast, extremely varied and subjective field. Such ordering structures can be found in the national monument classification system or in the UNESCO classification system and also in structures used in renovation/conservation processes, aimed at evaluating factors such as the state of the property, the renovation priorities and the recommended type of intervention, etc. as objectively as possible. They appeal to universal and absolute values, e.g. truth (authenticity ), beauty, freedom, faith, etc. for their self-legitimisation.
- 303.
https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/renovation/the-renovation, accessed on April 2014.
- 304.
The exceeding of the deadline meant the exceeding of the allocated budget as well. Previously estimated at 272 million Euros, it ultimately reached 375 millions.
The Reconstruction of Rijksmuseum, http://www.amsterdam.info/museums/rijksmuseum/reconstruction/, accessed in April 2014.
- 305.
Rijksmuseum to reopen after dazzling refurbishment and rethink, Charlotte Higgins, theguardian.com, 5 April 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2013/apr/05/rijksmuseum-reopens-long-refurbishment-rethink, accessed in April 2014.
- 306.
The Reconstruction of Rijksmuseum, http://www.amsterdam.info/museums/rijksmuseum/reconstruction/, accessed in April 2014.
- 307.
The Reconstruction of Rijksmuseum, http://www.amsterdam.info/museums/rijksmuseum/reconstruction/, accessed in April 2014.
- 308.
“The bicycle is folkloric in the Netherlands. Touch the bicycle, and you touch freedom.”, cf. Taco Dibbits, the museum’s director of collections, cited in Rijksmuseum to reopen after dazzling refurbishment and rethink, Charlotte Higgins, theguardian.com, 5 April 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2013/apr/05/rijksmuseum-reopens-long-refurbishment-rethink, accessed on April 2014.
- 309.
The argument of overcrowding was based by the Rijksmuseum on a research and analysis project of the Delft University of Technology’s Faculty of Civil Engineering, concerning the potential traffic. According to its results, “[a]s threshold value for public spaces, especially in museums, the level of service should not be worse than level C (maximum 0.71 pedestrians per square meter)”. As a result of the concentration of pedestrian traffic in the traverse (and not in a larger reception area, as according to the initial project), the study estimated a pedestrian flow “at level D or worse (0.71 or more pedestrians per square meter)”, especially around the opening and the closing time of the museum, which coincide with the peak for bicycle traffic. TU Delft traffic study, http://www.citg.tudelft.nl/en/about-faculty/departments/transport-and-planning/traffic-management-and-traffic-flow-theory/dynamisch-verkeers-management/special-projects/pedestrians/projects/rijksmuseum/, accessed in April 2014.
- 310.
Higgins, Charlotte, Rijksmuseum to reopen after dazzling refurbishment and rethink, theguardian.com, 5 April 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2013/apr/05/rijksmuseum-reopens-long-refurbishment-rethink, accessed in April 2014.
- 311.
Erica Avrami, Randall Mason, Marta de la Torre, Values and Heritage Conservation , Research Report, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 2000, 8.
- 312.
Erica Avrami, Randall Mason, Marta de la Torre, Values and Heritage Conservation , Research Report, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 2000, 9.
- 313.
Erica Avrami, Randall Mason, Marta de la Torre, Values and Heritage Conservation , Research Report, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 2000, 9.
- 314.
Schiele, Bernard, Patrimoines et identités, Introduction: Introduction—Jeux et Enjeux de la Médiation Patrimoniale, Éditions MultiMondes, Collection Muséo, Canada, Quebec, 2002, 2. In the original language: “le patrimoine est une friche en attente de mobilisation culturelle ou, plus précisément, en attente de mobilisations culturelles, car à l’élargissement du champ culturel correspond celui du spectre des acteurs qui vont l’investir. C’est pourquoi la question à poser est moins celle des patrimoines, que celle des mises en patrimoine.”
- 315.
Schiele, Bernard, Patrimoines et identités, Introduction: Introduction—Jeux et Enjeux de la Médiation Patrimoniale, Éditions MultiMondes, Collection Muséo, Canada, Quebec, 2002, 2.
- 316.
Opriș, Ioan, Management Muzeal, ed. Dan Mărgărit, ed. Cetatea de Scaun, 2nd revised edition, Târgoviște: Cetatea de Scaun, 2010, 119.
- 317.
For example, the legitimisation through the UNESCO listing is almost invariably preceded by at least one other status, assigned by tradition, or by local or national decision. The UNESCO world heritage status is based on the structuring and functioning of a pre-existing protective framework, as also stated in paragraph 97 of the organization’s Operational Guidelines: “all properties inscribed on the World Heritage List must have adequate long-term legislative, regulatory, institutional and/or traditional protection and management to ensure their safeguarding. (…) Similarly States Parties should demonstrate adequate protection at the national, regional, municipal, and/or traditional level for the nominated property”, and in paragraph 98: “Legislative and regulatory measures at national and local levels should assure the protection of the property from social, economic and other pressures or changes that might negatively impact the Outstanding Universal Value, including the integrity and/or authenticity of the property. States Parties should also assure the full and effective implementation of such measures”; The Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, WHC, http://whc.unesco.org/en/guidelines, July 2013, accessed in April 2014.
- 318.
That is créativité-rupture and créativité-cyclique (French), Davallon, Jean, Tradition, mémoire, patrimoine, in Schiele, Bernard, Patrimoines et identités, Introduction: Introduction—Jeux et Enjeux de la Médiation Patrimoniale, Éditions MultiMondes, Collection Muséo, Canada, Quebec, 2002, 44.
- 319.
Davallon, Jean, Tradition, mémoire, patrimoine, in Schiele, Bernard, Patrimoines et identités, Introduction: Introduction—Jeux et Enjeux de la Médiation Patrimoniale, Éditions MultiMondes, Collection Muséo, Canada, Quebec, 2002, 44.
- 320.
Davallon, Jean, Tradition, mémoire, patrimoine, in Schiele, Bernard, Patrimoines et identités, Introduction: Introduction—Jeux et Enjeux de la Médiation Patrimoniale, Éditions MultiMondes, Collection Muséo, Canada, Quebec, 2002, 44.
- 321.
The reproduction of the past can ensure total continuity, possible only—according to Davallon, Pouillon, and Nora—within societies based on oral culture—through the more objective, organic, and natural form of collective memory—, where it is not mediated and ‘processed’ through intermediaries like documents, libraries, and history, as ordered and subjective constructs indebted to various doctrines.
- 322.
As was the case with minor, rural, architecture —and is now the case with twentieth century, industrial, and even with twenty-first century architecture .
- 323.
Davallon, Jean, Tradition, mémoire, patrimoine, in Schiele, Bernard, Patrimoines et identités, Introduction: Introduction—Jeux et Enjeux de la Médiation Patrimoniale, Éditions MultiMondes, Collection Muséo, Canada, Quebec, 2002, 60.
- 324.
Davallon, Jean, Tradition, mémoire, patrimoine, in Schiele, Bernard, Patrimoines et identités, Introduction: Introduction—Jeux et Enjeux de la Médiation Patrimoniale, Éditions MultiMondes, Collection Muséo, Canada, Quebec, 2002, 61.
- 325.
Davallon, Jean, Tradition, mémoire, patrimoine, în Schiele, Bernard, Patrimoines et identités, Introduction: Introduction—Jeux et Enjeux de la Médiation Patrimoniale, Éditions MultiMondes, Collection Muséo, Canada, Quebec, 2002, 61.
- 326.
Davallon, Jean, Tradition, mémoire, patrimoine, in Schiele, Bernard, Patrimoines et identités, Introduction: Introduction—Jeux et Enjeux de la Médiation Patrimoniale, Éditions MultiMondes, Collection Muséo, Canada, Quebec, 2002, 61.
- 327.
Davallon, Jean, Tradition, mémoire,…, 61.
- 328.
Davallon, Jean, Tradition, mémoire,…, 62.
- 329.
I have already argued above for the multiple involvement of the discursive construct in the establishment of the heritage status , as it precedes and even triggers and motivates the process of conferring this status, continuing to operate attached to the object, as a reflection of the active cultural constructs in a specific temporal and spatial interval (i.e. a specific culture); both the discursive and the cultural construct are subject to change, which is automatically reflected in the protected built object (and as also seen in the previously mentioned examples of gothic and minor architecture as well as in the case of industrial heritage ).
- 330.
One such example is architect Frank Gehry’s Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain (1997). It is one of the most often cited instances also because it introduced on an international scale the process of implanting an iconic building as a response and solution for the revitalization of the post-industrial urban fabric, which has become known as the Bilbao effect. The exterior finish and the irregular-undulated form evokes the spirit of the place—the city’s industrial and harobour past. Although this was a saving intervention for Bilbao, the promised effect (but not the formal expression as well) seems rather difficult to be replicated: the Experience Music Project Museum in Seattle (2000) and the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, USA (2003)—both designed by Gehry—repeat the same architectural expression and formal language, but at different sites. The pattern, or the “formula”, becomes clear—and even questions the authenticity of the original concept. Can that spirit of the place that inspired the Spanish museum be the same at two other locations on the American territory? Furthermore, after the selection process conducted between 2014 and 2015, a third European Guggenheim, after Venice and Bilbao, was announced in Helsinki. The winning project, entitled “Art in the City”, was designed by the architect team of Nicolas Moreau and Hiroko Kusunoki (France) and announces a repositioning against the iconic, not relying anymore on the same formal ‘recipe’, even if the Bilbao effect, capable of significantly heightening tourism activity, remains just as sought-after. The project proposes “a fragmented, non-hierarchical, horizontal campus of linked pavilions where art and society could meet and intermingle”. On the conceptual level, its design is “distinctive and contemporary, without being iconic”—a departure from the ‘Bilbao recipe’—, engaged in dialogue with the city, facing the sea and the already existing green spaces. For further details about the winning project, see the official page of the Guggenheim Helsinki Design Competition, http://designguggenheimhelsinki.org/en/finalists/winner, accessed in August 2015.
- 331.
These nicknames are also a good indicator of public opinion: Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao (arch.: Gehry)—‘silver artichoke’; Shard London Bridge (the former London Bridge Tower) (arch.: Piano)—‘shard’, or ‘glass shard’; Beijing National Stadium (arch.: Herzog & de Meuron)—‘bird’s nest’; China Central Television Headquarters, Beijing (arch.: Koolhaas)—‘haemorrhoid’; Experience Music Project Museum, Seattle (arh.Gehry)—‘blob’ or “haemorrhoids’; Gratz Art Museum (arch.: sir Cook)—‘friendly alien’, “giant worm’, etc.
- 332.
F. Gehry, Chiat/Day Building, LA, USA, (1985–91), Z. Hadid, Heydar Aliyev Cultural Centre Baku, Azerbaijan (2007–2012), R. Piano, The Shard, London, UK (2009–2013), Herzog and de Meuron, Beijing National Stadium, China (2003–2008); R. Kolhaas (OMA), CCTV Headquarters, Beijing, China (2004–2012), etc.
- 333.
Hetherington, Kevin, The Badlands of Modernity: Heterotopia and Social Ordering, (Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003), 8.
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Lefebvre, Henri, The Urban Revolution, University of Minnesota Press, trans. Bonono, Robert, 2003, 11.
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Lefebvre, The Urban Revolution, University of Minnesota Press, trans. Bonono, R., 2003, 14.
- 336.
Lefebvre, The Urban Revolution, 37.
- 337.
“An isotopy is a place (topos) and everything that surrounds it (neighbourhood, immediate environment), that is, everything that makes a place the same place. If there is a homologous or analogous place somewhere else, it is part of that isotopy”; these are identical spaces and places of identity (where identity is manifest), allowing for multiple functionality. Lefebvre, The Urban…, 37–8, 128.
- 338.
Lefebvre, The Urban…, 38.
- 339.
Lefebvre, The Urban…, 38–9.
- 340.
Lefebvre, The Urban…, 129.
- 341.
Idem.
- 342.
E. Said apud Hetherington, K., The Badlands of Modernity, 8.
- 343.
Levinas apud Hetherington, K., The Badlands of Modernity, 8.
- 344.
Hetherington, Kevin, The Badlands of Modernity: Heterotopia and Social Ordering (Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003), 9.
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Hetherington, Kevin, The Badlands..., 16.
- 346.
Hetherington, Kevin, The Badlands of Modernity: Heterotopia and Social Ordering, (Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003), 17.
- 347.
Hetherington apud Shields, The Badlands of Modernity…, 25.
- 348.
Gypsy Politics and Traveller Identity, ed. Thomas Alan Acton, p. 70, chapter 5: Sites of Resistance: places on the margin—the Traveller “homeplace”, Sally Kendall, Great Britain, University of Hertfordshire Press, 1997—republished in 1999, p. 70, Google Books, accessed in December 2013.
- 349.
The term “Gothic product”, is employed incorrectly (in the sixteenth century), sense in which “Gothicˮ described everything outside the classical canons, considered to be perfect; it was the barbarous, the brutish, and implicitly, the worthless. The paradoxical character of this definition stems from the actual correspondence and continuity between the two styles supposedly/perceived as mutually opposed: the only trait of the Gothic admired in the sixteenth century—as it was demonstrated already in the nineteenth century—, its technical virtuosity, stems from the mathematical principles and the proportions of antique architecture .
- 350.
Jukka Jokilehto, A History of Architectural Conservation , Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999, 15.
- 351.
Choay, F., Alegoria Patrimoniului, 35.
- 352.
Choay, F., Alegoria Patrimoniului, 35.
- 353.
Choay, F., Alegoria Patrimoniului, 50.
- 354.
Choay, F. apud Quatremere, Dictionnaire de l’architecture , vol. 2, Enciclopedie, ed. Panckoucke, 1803, in Alegoria Patrimoniului, 52.
- 355.
Garth Kemerling, Philosophy Pages, http://www.philosophypages.com/faq.htm, accessed in January 2014.
- 356.
This term was introduced by anthropologist Margaret Rodman in order to redefine the concept of “place” as a sociocultural construct shaping and shaped by various agents; Rodman establishes the capacity of the place/site of being local and multiple, not only an “inert container”. She delimits four dimensions of this plurality (multilocality): it may involve an understanding of the places as constructs realized from multiple, and not merely Eurocentric and Western, perspectives; in its second sense, the term may also refer to comparative and contingent analyses of the place; its third sense refers to the reflexive relationships with places; and finally, according to its fourth meaning, “a single physical landscape can be multilocal in the sense that it shapes and expresses polysemic meanings of place for different users”, as “a single place may be experienced quite differently”. American Anthropology, 1971–1995: Papers from the American Anthropologist, ed. Regna Darnell, University of Nebraska Press, 2002, Empowering Place—Multilocality and Multivocality, Margaret Rodman, vol. 94, 1992, 640–656, and Bruce McCoy Owens, Monumentality, Identity, and the State: Local Practice, World Heritage , and Heterotopia at Swayambhu, Nepal, in Anthropological Quarterly, ed. The George Washington University Institute for Ethnographic Research, Vol. 75, No. 2 (Spring, 2002), 269–316.
- 357.
Rapoport, Amos, The meaning of the built environment—A nonverbal communication approach, The University Of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1982, 19.
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Camille Agon, Protecting the Wonders of the World, Time Magazine, 11 July 2008, content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1821948,00.html#ixzz2pta4DnZb, accessed in January 2014; official UNESCO site, http://whc.unesco.org/en, accessed in January 2014.
- 359.
Zhelnina, Anna, Learning to Use ‘Public Space’: Urban Space in Post-Soviet St. Petersburg, The Open Urban Studies Journal, vol. 6, (Suppl 1: M2), 2013, 30–37, 31.
- 360.
Zhelnina, A., Learning to Use…, 33.
- 361.
Monitoring of the state of conservation of World Heritage cultural and natural properties, 17th Session of the Committee, Cartagen, Colombia, 1993, 34–35.
- 362.
Examination of the State of Conservation of World Heritage properties, World Heritage Committee, 13th Session, Vilnius, Lithuania, 2006, 202.
- 363.
That year the project was moved outside the historical centre, without any changes in the architectural solution. It was renamed as the ʻLakhta Center’ and an impact study on the historical urban landscape was also completed, using the arguments from a paper of the Russian State Hydrometeorological University, “which concluded that the cloudy weather prevailing in St. Petersburg (237–256 days a year) makes it difficult to observe the tall building up to its top and retains only the lower 100–200 metres visible”. State of conservation of World Heritage properties inscribed on the World Heritage List, 36th Session of the Committee, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation, 2012, 151.
- 364.
State of conservation of World Heritage properties inscribed on the World Heritage List, World Heritage Committee, 34th session, Brasilia, Brazil, 2010, 166–7.
- 365.
The ensemble stretches across an area of 30 km by 40 km, containing 147 prehistoric sites and 25 decorated caves, along with human, animal, and vegetal remains and other mobile archaeological objects from the prehistoric and quaternary period.
- 366.
http://www.lascaux.culture.fr, virtual tour of the caves, accessed in January 2014.
- 367.
UNESCO report on the state of conservation of the Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley, France, http://whc.unesco.org/en, accessed in January 2014.
- 368.
The situation is the same with the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Altamira Caves from Santillana del Mar in Spain; the Palaeolithic polychrome murals suffer degradation caused by the microclimate change that is due to the human factor; the increase in moisture and carbon dioxide was caused by the large number of visitors, and facilitated the development of microorganisms. The cave was closed from 2002 to January 2014 when, in order to reevaluate the impact of the human factor, the site opened again for controlled visits (groups of five individuals wearing protective equipment, 37 min per week) of an 8-month period. Published on 25 February 2014, accessed on 26 February 2014, http://artdaily.com/news/68441/Closed-in-2002--Spain-s-paleolithic-Altamira-Cave-to-reopen--albeit-to-very-small-groups-#.Uw21g7T46Sp/ [url].
- 369.
F. Bastian, V. Jurado, A. Nováková, C. Alabouvette, C. Saiz-Jimenez, The microbiology of Lascaux Cave, Microbiolog, (March 2010) vol. 156, no. 3, 644–652; published online on 7 January 2010, accessed in January 2014.
- 370.
UNESCO report on the state of conservation of the Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère, France, http://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/930, accessed in January 2014.
- 371.
Joëlle Dupont, Claire Jacquet, Bruno Dennetière, Sandrine Lacoste, Invasion of the French Palaeolithic painted cave of Lascaux by members of the Fusarium solani species complex, Mycologia July/August vol. 99 no. 4, 526–533 (2007).
- 372.
The treatment consisted in the application of antibiotics and fungicides along with the cleaning of the surfaces during which large quantities of quicklime were scattered on the cave floor and subsequently turned into a layer of calcium hydroxide (slacked lime), increasing the temperature in the cave.
- 373.
Laurence Geannopulos, Q & A with Muriel Mauriac—Curator of the Cave of Lascaux , Frenchculture.org, 18 March 2013, http://frenchculture.org/visual-and-performing-arts/interviews/q-muriel-mauriac-curator-cave-lascaux, accessed in January 2014.
- 374.
World Heritage List—Wieliczka and Bochnia Royal Salt Mines, whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=32, accessed in January 2014.
- 375.
The moisture addition stems from two major sources: the one mentioned in the main text and the underground seepage points, characteristic of all underground mines.
- 376.
Co-financed by the Polish-American Fund of Maria Sklodowska-Curie and the Polish Government. The total amount of intervention costs was 157,350 USD, of which 100,000 USD (in 1994) went to providing dehumidifiers. World Heritage List—Wieliczka and Bochnia Royal Salt Mines, conservation status reports, whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=32, accessed in January 2014.
- 377.
The “Wieliczka ˮ Salt Mine Corporation, made up of “Wieliczka ˮ Salt Mine Ltd., with the Polish state as its main shareholder, has two other limited liability companies as subsidiaries: the “Wieliczka ˮ Salt Mine Tourist Route and the “Wieliczka ˮ Salt Mine Mechanical Unit; the former is in charge of the development of tourist activity and the latter is responsible for maintaining the mine galleries through technical interventions.
- 378.
Annist, Aet, Heterotopia and Hegemony: Power and Culture in Setomaa, Journal of Baltic Studies, Special Issue: Temporality, Identity and Change: Ethnographic Insights into Estonian Field Sites Volume 44, Issue 2, 249–269, 2013.
- 379.
Annist, A., Heterotopia and Hegemony…, 250.
- 380.
The demarcation of the ethnic region was officially established only in 1920, under the name Setomaa, or as Petseri County. As pointed out by Annist, the region was divided during World War II, into a Russian and an Estonian part, affecting the daily life of the community through limiting access “to previously owned land, as well as relatives, acquaintances, and graves of deceased relatives”. Annist, A., Heterotopia and Hegemony…, 254.
- 381.
Annist, A., op.cit., 253.
- 382.
Annist, A., Heterotopia and Hegemony…, 255–6.
- 383.
Annist, A., Heterotopia and Hegemony…, 255.
- 384.
Annist, A., 257.
- 385.
Annist, 256.
- 386.
Annist, 259.
- 387.
Annist, 258.
- 388.
Idem.
- 389.
“Funding schemes inevitably create or affirm exclusions”. Annist, A., Heterotopia and Hegemony…, 260.
- 390.
The expression is used here as defined by Anderson, for whom ‘imagined’ is not synonymous with ‘invention’, fabrication’, and ‘falsity’, but rather with ‘imagining’ and ‘creation’. Anderson, Benedict, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, revised edition, Verso, London and New York, 1991, 5–7.
- 391.
Kathmandu Valley, UNESCO World Heritage List, WHS number 121, http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/121, accessed in January 2014.
- 392.
McCoy Owens, Bruce, Monumentality, identity, and the state: Local practice, world heritage and Heterotopia at Swayambhu, Anthropological Quarterly, 2002, 75, 2, 269–316.
- 393.
Kathmandu Valley, UNESCO World Heritage List, WHS number 121, http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/121, accessed in January 2014.
- 394.
Evaluation of the UNESCO committee, Kathmandu Valley, UNESCO World Heritage List, http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/121, accessed in January 2014.
- 395.
The UNESCO recommendations were directed at improving the management of the area through control measures, e.g. “appropriate and realistic building regulations to control change of the built stock around the main monuments within the World Heritage property” (2005), demarcation and redemarcation (2003, 2004, 2005) of protected areas and the establishment of buffer areas (non-existent at its inclusion among the world Heritage sites). Both protection areas, the main one as well as the buffer zone, include traditional buildings, a green area, and several haphazard (and inadequate) constructions; evaluation of the UNESCO committee, Kathmandu Valley, UNESCO World Heritage List, http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/121, accessed in January 2014.
- 396.
The collaboration reunites parties which vary considerably (as do their respective expectations), such as individual funding, families, groups, and communities on the local, territorial, regional, national, and international level. Bruce McCoy Owens, Monumentality, identity, and the state: Local practice, world heritage and Heterotopia at Swayambhu, Anthropological Quarterly, 2002, 75, 2, 269–316; 294.
- 397.
The wall was completed with altars, stupas, and statues, in violation of the UNESCO principles and of the protective legislation regarding the site. Owens mentions that some of these interventions have obtained the approval of the Archeology Department managing the site, through exerting pressure and other extra-legal means. Bruce McCoy Owens, Monumentality, identity, and the state: Local practice, world heritage and Heterotopia at Swayambhu, Anthropological Quarterly, 2002, 75, 2, 269–316.
- 398.
Bruce McCoy Owens, Monumentality, identity, and the state: Local practice, world heritage and Heterotopia at Swayambhu, Anthropological Quarterly, 2002, 75, 2, 269–316; 297.
- 399.
Bruce McCoy Owens, Monumentality, identity, and the state: Local practice, world heritage and Heterotopia at Swayambhu, Anthropological Quarterly, 2002, 75, 2, 269–316; 286.
- 400.
According to the UNESCO report on the state of preservation of the site, “a 7.9 magnitude earthquake struck middle Nepal, 80 kilometre northwest of Kathmandu. The earthquake and the aftermath resulted in disastrous loss of human life [dead: 7.885; injured: 17.803; displaced: 2.8 million] and extensive and irreversible damage to the historic monuments and buildings of the Kathmandu Valley World Heritage property [according to the Government of Nepal, there were 288.793 damaged and 254.112 partially damaged public buildings]. […] In particular, major damages have been reported in the Durbar Squares of Patan, Hanuman Dhoka (Kathmandu) and Bhaktapur. All historical structures within the seven monuments zones of the property were affected” and numerous temples “have collapsed completely”. The three squares mentioned above were almost completely destroyed. 39th Session of World Heritage Committee held in Bonn, Germany, 28 June—8 July 2015, report on the state of conservation of World Heritage properties, WHC-15/39.COM/7B, 114, and WHC-15/39.COM/7B.Add, 90–91, consulted online at http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/121, accessed in May 2015.
- 401.
Cf. David Andolfatto, UNESCO consultant, apud Stéphane Huët, Saving Swayambhu, NepaliTimes, 5–11 June 2015 #761, http://nepalitimes.com/article/nation/saving-swayambhu-destroyed-by-the-earthquake.2310, accessed in June 2015.
- 402.
Some “textbook” examples: the main hall of the Hōryū-ji Temple at Nara in Japan (destroyed in a fire in 1949); the Campanile in the Piazza di San Marco, Venice (collapse of the whole structure in 1902); the Frauenkirche in Dresden, Germany (destroyed during World War II in 1945); the Old Town of Warsaw, Poland (bombed during World War II)—later partially reconstructed, without taking into account the original lots and the internal partitions of the buildings, the facades facing the street were recreated and new community functions were inserted within the islands (schools, shops, planted areas); the Old Bridge at Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina (destroyed during the Balkan war in the 1990s), the Teatro La Fenice of Venice (burned down in 1996), etc. Dushkina adds in her monograph a varied series of examples, both Russian—with the extreme case of façadism, i.e. the wooden seventeenth century Palace of the Tsar Alexei Michailovitch in Kolomenskoe, Moscow, dismantled in the eighteenth century and currently reerected with a concrete skeleton and wooden facades—and European—the (re)construction of Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre in London, and (re)constructions based only on sketches—buildings that never got beyond the project phase, e.g. Le Corbusier’s Church of Saint-Pierre in Firminy-Vert, France, nominated for the World Heritage List. Dushkina, Natalia, Historic Reconstruction : Prospects for Heritage Preservation or Metamorphoses of Theory? in Conserving the authentic: essays in honour of Jukka Jokilehto, 83–94, Ed. Nicholas Stanley-Price, Joseph King, ICCROM Conservation Studies 10, ICCROM International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property, ISBN 978-92-9077-220-0, Roma, 2009, 84–5, 87–9, and Dushkina, N., Reconstruction and reinterpretation in Russia—2, paper presented at the conference on Monuments and Sites in Their Setting—Conserving Cultural Heritage in Changing Townscapes and Landscapes, ICOMOS 15th General Assembly and Scientific Symposium, Xi’an, China, October 17–21, 2005, section II: Vulnerabilities within the setting of monuments and sites: understanding the threats and defining appropriate responses; Stanley-Price, Nicholas, The Reconstruction of Ruins. Principles and Practice, in Conservation : Principles, Dilemmas and Uncomfortable Truths, 32–46, ed. Alison Richmond, Alison Bracker, Routledge, 2009, 32; for reconstructions of recent monuments and the principles of reconstruction see also Dushkina, N., Historic Reconstruction : from Theory to Practice along a Way of Temptation, in Conservation Turn—Return to Conservation . Tolerance for Change. Limits for Change, Proceedings of the International Conference of the ICOMOS International Scientific Committee for the Theory and Philosophy of Conservation and Restoration , 5–9 May 2010, Prague, Cesky Krumlov, Czechia, 3–6 March 2011, Florence, 264–277, eds. Wilfred Lipp, Josef Stulc, Boguslaw Szmygin, Simone Giometti, Editzioni Polistampa, Florence, 2012, 275–6.
- 403.
The report initiated by ICCROM and ICCORP for the emergency situation in Nepal, Overview Report of the Nepal Cultural Emergency Crowdmap Initiative, 19 May 2015, ed. Jonathan Eaton, CHwB–Albania, 15, http://www.iccrom.org/nepal-cultural-emergency-report, accessed in June 2015.
- 404.
See the disputes around the reconstruction of the Palais des Tuileries (destroyed by fire in 1871), which started in the late nineteenth century (1870–80) and went on until the twenty-first century (2000!). The proposals made in the historical discussion ranged from reconstruction in the original form (based on the original project and eliminating three centuries of additions, considered qualitatively inferior in spite of their age) and “reproductive selective cloning” to recreating the last known form (from before the fire). Bastoen, Julien, Le clonage architectural, remède à la dénaturation de l’esprit du lieu? Enjeux et présupposés des projets de reconstruction du Palais des Tuileries à Paris, à la fin du XIXe et au début du XXIe siècle, in 16th ICOMOS General Assembly and International Symposium: Finding the spirit of place between the tangible and the intangible, Quebec, Canada, 2008, 2.2.
- 405.
Choay, F., Alegoria Patrimoniului, ed. Simetria, 1998, 196.
- 406.
ICOMOS, International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites (The Venice Charter 1964, 2nd International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments, Venice, 1964), Art. 15.
- 407.
Idem.
- 408.
ICOMOS, International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites (The Venice Charter 1964, 2nd International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments, Venice, 1964).
- 409.
Dushkina, Natalia, Historic Reconstruction : Prospects for Heritage Preservation or Metamorphoses of Theory? in Conserving the authentic: essays in honour of Jukka Jokilehto, 83–94, Ed. Nicholas Stanley-Price, Joseph King, ICCROM Conservation Studies 10, ICCROM International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property, ISBN 978-92-9077-220-0, Rome, 2009, 90.
- 410.
Dushkina, N., Historic Reconstruction …, 90.
- 411.
According to Dushkina, and also supported by the definition of authenticity proposed by Jokilehto, “‘authentic reconstruction ’ is a philological, philosophical and cultural nonsense”. Dushkina, N., Historic Reconstruction …, 91.
- 412.
The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance (The Burra Charter, 1981), Art. 17.
- 413.
The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance (The Burra Charter, 1981), Definitions, 1.8., 1.5., 1.7.
- 414.
Dushkina, N., Historic Reconstruction …, 91.
- 415.
Stanley-Price, Nicholas, The Reconstruction of Ruins. Principles and Practice, in Conservation : Principles, Dilemmas and Uncomfortable Truths, 32–46, ed. Alison Richmond, Alison Bracker, Routledge, 2009, 36.
- 416.
Stanley-Price, N., The Reconstruction of Ruins…, 37.
- 417.
The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance (The Burra Charter, 1999), Art. 1.8., 2.
- 418.
Idem., Art. 20.2., 7.
- 419.
Idem., Art. 20.1., 7.
- 420.
ICOMOS National Committees of the Americas, Declaration of San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA, 1996, Art. 5.
- 421.
Louis Cloquet, Restauration des monuments anciens, Bulletin du cercle historique et archeologique de Gand I (1894), apud Bell, D., The naming of parts, in Conserving the authentic: essays in honour of Jukka Jokilehto, 55–62, Ed. Nicholas Stanley-Price, Joseph King, ICCROM Conservation Studies 10, ICCROM International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property, ISBN 978-92-9077-220-0, Roma, 2009, 56.
- 422.
ICOMOS National Committees of the Americas, Declaration of San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA, 1996, art.5.
- 423.
Idem.
- 424.
According to the document, “the interpretation of the sites can authentically reflect only fluctuating interests and values, and in itself, interpretation is not inherently authentic, only honest and objective”—however, this objectivity is questionable as well. ICOMOS National Committees of the Americas, Declaration of San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA, 1996, Art. 5.
- 425.
The Riga Charter on Authenticity and Historical Reconstruction in Relationship to Cultural Heritage , Riga Charter 2000, adopted at the identically entitled conference in Riga, Latvia, October 2000.
- 426.
The Riga Charter for Authenticity and Reconstruction of Cultural Heritage , 2000, Riga, Latvia.
- 427.
Dushkina, N., Historic Reconstruction …, 91.
- 428.
Idem.
- 429.
Idem.
- 430.
These arguments against reconstruction can be found in Stanley-Price, N., The Reconstruction of Ruins…, 37–41.
- 431.
Curinschi Vorona, Gheorghe, Arhitectură. Urbanism. Restaurare, ed. Tehnică, 1995, reprinted in 1996, 182.
- 432.
Choay, F., Alegoria Patrimoniului, ed. Simetria, 1998, 202.
- 433.
Dushkina, N., Historic Reconstruction …, 92.
- 434.
Hadžimuhamedović, Amra, The reconstruction of destroyed built heritage in view of our understanding of its permanence and mutability, in Conservation Turn—Return to Conservation . Tolerance for Change. Limits for Change, Proceedings of the International Conference of the ICOMOS International Scientific Committee for the Theory and Philosophy of Conservation and Restoration , 5–9 May 2010, Praga, Cesky Krumlov, Cehia, 3–6 March 2011, Florence, 202–215, eds. Wilfred Lipp, Josef Stulc, Boguslaw Szmygin, Simone Giometti, Editzioni Polistampa, Florence, 2012, 202.
- 435.
Dushkina, N., Historic Reconstruction …, 92.
- 436.
Idem.
- 437.
Idem.
- 438.
Idem.
- 439.
She has been drawing attention to this phenomenon since 1994, periodically returning to the issue in her talks held at official events organized by major bodies such as ICOMOS and UNESCO, before publishing the paper cited above in the 2009 honorary volume.
- 440.
Dushkina, N., Historic Reconstruction …, 93.
- 441.
Jokilehto, J., Reconstruction in the World Heritage Context, European Association for Architectural Education, Rome 2831 October 2013, 12, https://engagingconservationyork.wordpress.com/, accessed in June 2015.
- 442.
For example, Steve Clark (Channel NewsAsia) wondered if tourists interested in heritage sites will eventually stay away from a ‘made-over’ heritage site in years to come. Nepal quake: Iconic Swayambhunath temple complex badly hit—Channel NewsAsia, published online on 30 April 2015, 23: 36, updated on 30 April 2015, 23:42, http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/nepal-quake-iconic/1817476.html, accessed in May 2015.
- 443.
Foucault , M., Of Other Spaces …, in Dehaene, De Cauter, Heterotopia and the City…, 18.
- 444.
Bruce McCoy Owens, Monumentality, identity, and the state: Local Practice, World Heritage and Heterotopia at Swayambhu, Anthropological Quarterly, 2002.
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Spanu, S. (2020). Architecture and the Heterotopic Concept. In: Heterotopia and Heritage Preservation. The Urban Book Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18259-5_4
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Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-18258-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-18259-5
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)