Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Neonatal Hypertension

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Hypertension in Children and Adolescents

Part of the book series: Updates in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Protection ((UHCP))

  • 581 Accesses

Abstract

Hypertension in neonates, although described since the 1970s, remains difficult to define precisely because of the different factors that affect blood pressure in the neonatal period, as well as the limited normative data on neonatal blood pressure values. This makes careful blood pressure measurement of paramount importance. Once hypertension is identified, the cause can usually be identified with careful diagnostic evaluation. The most common causes are umbilical catheter-associated thrombosis, renal parenchymal disease, and chronic lung disease. Since data on use of antihypertensive medications in this age group are extremely limited, treatment is empiric and often relies on clinical experience. Available data suggest that long-term outcomes are usually good, with eventual resolution of hypertension in most infants. This chapter will address these main points in the evaluation of neonates with suspected hypertension.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Adelman RD. Neonatal hypertension. Pediatr Clin N Am. 1978;25:99–110.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Watkinson M. Hypertension in the newborn baby. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2002;86:F78–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Allegaert K, Smits A, van den Anker JN. Drug evaluation studies in neonates: how to overcome the current limitations. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2018;11:387–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Dionne JM, Abitbol CL, Flynn JT. Hypertension in infancy: diagnosis, management and outcome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2012;27:17–32. Erratum in: Pediatr Nephrol 27:159-60

    Google Scholar 

  5. Dionne JM. Neonatal and infant hypertension. In: Flynn JT, Ingelfinger JR, Redwine KM, editors. Pediatric hypertension. 4rd ed. New York: Springer Science+Business Media; 2018. p. 539–63.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  6. Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, et al. Clinical practice guideline for screening and management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2017;140:e20171904.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Zubrow AB, Hulman S, Kushner H, Falkner B. Determinants of blood pressure in infants admitted to neonatal intensive care units: a prospective multicenter study. J Perinatol. 1995;15:470–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Pejovic B, Peco-Antic A, Marinkovic-Eric J. Blood pressure in non-critically ill preterm and full-term neonates. Pediatr Nephrol. 2007;22:249–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Georgieff MK, Mills MM, Gómez-Marín O, Sinaiko AR. Rate of change of blood pressure in premature and full term infants from birth to 4 months. Pediatr Nephrol. 1996;10:152–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Lalan S, Blowey D. Comparison between oscillometric and intra-arterial blood pressure measurements in ill preterm and full-term neonates. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2014;8:36–44. Erratum in: J Am Soc Hypertens. 2018; 12:479

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Kent AL, Chaudhari T. Determinants of neonatal blood pressure. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2013;15:426–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Sadoh WE, Ibhanesehbor SE, Monguno AM, Gubler DJ. Predictors of newborn systolic blood pressure. West Afr J Med. 2010;29:86–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Mildenhall L, Battin M, Bevan C, et al. Repeat prenatal corticosteroid doses do not alter neonatal blood pressure or myocardial thickness: randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2009;123:e646–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Dagle JM, Fisher TJ, Haynes SE, Berends SK, Brophy PD, Horriss FH, Murray JC. Cytochrome P450 (CYP2D6) genotype is associated with elevated systolic blood pressure in preterm infants after discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit. J Pediatr. 2011;159:104–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Lurbe E, Garcia-Vicent C, Torro I, Fayos JL, Aguillar F, de Llano JM, Fuentes G, Redon J. First-year blood pressure increase steepest in low birthweight newborns. J Hypertens. 2007;25:81–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Kraut EJ, Boohaker LJ, Askenazi DJ, et al. Incidence of neonatal hypertension from a large multicenter study [assessment of worldwide acute kidney injury epidemiology in neonates-AWAKEN]. Pediatr Res. 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Seliem WA, Falk MC, Shadbolt B, Kent AL. Antenatal and postnatal risk factors for neonatal hypertension and infant follow-up. Pediatr Nephrol. 2007;22:2081–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Blowey DL, Duda PJ, Stokes P, Hall M. Incidence and treatment of hypertension in the neonatal intensive care unit. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2011;5(6):478–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Friedman AL, Hustead VA. Hypertension in babies following discharge from a neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Nephrol. 1987;1:30–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Shah AB, Hashmi SS, Sahulee R, et al. Characteristics of systemic hypertension in preterm children. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2015;17:364–70.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Jenkins RD, Aziz JK, Gievers LL, et al. Characteristics of hypertension in premature infants with and without chronic lung disease: a long-term multi-center study. Pediatr Nephrol. 2017;32:2115–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Neal WA, Reynolds JW, Jarvis CW, Williams HJ. Umbilical artery catheterization: demonstration of arterial thrombosis by aortography. Pediatrics. 1972;50:6–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Bauer SB, Feldman SM, Gellis SS, et al. Neonatal hypertension: a complication of umbilical-artery catheterization. N Engl J Med. 1975;293:1032–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Seibert JJ, Taylor BJ, Williamson SL, et al. Sonographic detection of neonatal umbilical-artery thrombosis: clinical correlation. Am J Roetgenol. 1987;148:965–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Andrew ME, Monagle P, deVeber G, Chan AK. Thromboembolic disease and antithrombotic therapy in newborns. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2001;2001:358–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Boo NY, Wong NC, Zulkifli SS, Lye MS. Risk factors associated with umbilical vascular catheter-associated thrombosis in newborn infants. J Paediatr Child Health. 1999;35:460–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Barrington KJ. Umbilical artery catheters in the newborn: effects of position of the catheter tip. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1999;(2):CD000505.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Lau KK, Stoffman JM, Williams S. Neonatal renal vein thrombosis: review of the English-language literature between 1992 and 2006. Pediatrics. 2007;120:e1278–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Marks SD, Massicotte MP, Steele BT, et al. Neonatal renal venous thrombosis: clinical outcomes and prevalence of prothrombotic disorders. J Pediatr. 2005;146:811–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Resontoc LP, Yap HK. Renal vascular thrombosis in the newborn. Pediatr Nephrol. 2016;31:907–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Tullus K, Brennan E, Hamilton G, et al. Renovascular hypertension in children. Lancet. 2008;371:1453–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Attia TH, Abd Alhamed MM, Selim MF, et al. Idiopathic arterial calcification of infancy: case report. J Radiol Case Rep. 2015;9:32–40.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Guay-Woodford LM, Desmond RA. Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease: the clinical experience in North America. Pediatrics. 2003;111:1072–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Gilboa N, Urizar RE. Severe hypertension in newborn after pyeloplasty of hydronephrotic kidney. Urology. 1983;22:179–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Selewski DT, Charlton JR, Jetton JG, et al. Neonatal acute kidney injury. Pediatrics. 2015;136:e463–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Moralıoğlu S, Celayir AC, Bosnalı O, Pektas OZ, Bulut IK. Single center experience in patients with unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney. J Pediatr Urol. 2014;10:763–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Abman SH, Warady BA, Lum GM, Koops BL. Systemic hypertension in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr. 1984;104:928–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Abman SH. Monitoring cardiovascular function in infants with chronic lung disease of prematurity. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2002;87:F15–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Sehgal A, Malikiwi A, Paul E, et al. Systemic arterial stiffness in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: potential cause of systemic hypertension. J Perinatol. 2016;36:564–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Scholz T, Reinking BE. Congenital heart disease. In: Gleason CA, Juul S, editors. Avery’s diseases of the Newborn. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018. p. 801–27.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Lee MG, Kowalski R, Galati JC, et al. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring detects a high prevalence of hypertension late after coarctation repair in patients with hypoplastic arches. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;144:1110–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Durand M, Sangha B, Cabal LA, et al. Cardiopulmonary and intracranial pressure changes related to endotracheal suctioning in preterm infants. Crit Care Med. 1989;17:506–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Maas MH, Cransberg K, van Grotel M, et al. Renin-induced hypertension in Wilms tumor patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007;48:500–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Abiramalatha T, Sherba B, Joseph R, Thomas N. Unusual complications of placental chorioangioma: consumption coagulopathy and hypertension in a preterm newborn. BMJ Case Rep. 2016;2016:pii: bcr2016215734.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Peranteau WH, Tharakan SJ, Partridge E, et al. Systemic hypertension in giant omphalocele: an underappreciated association. J Pediatr Surg. 2015;50:1477–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Marinelli KA, Burke GS, Herson VC. Effects of dexamethasone on blood pressure in premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr. 1997;130:594–602.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Merritt JC, Kraybill EN. Effect of mydriatics on blood pressure in premature infants. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1981;18:42–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Vehaskari VM. Heritable forms of hypertension. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009;24:1929–37.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Simonetti GD, Mohaupt MG, Bianchetti MG. Monogenic forms of hypertension. Eur J Pediatr. 2012;171:1433–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Toka HR, Koshy JM, Hariri A. The molecular basis of blood pressure variation. Pediatr Nephrol. 2013;28:387–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Nitschke Y, Rutsch F. Genetics in arterial calcification: lessons learned from rare diseases. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2012;22:145–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Becker JA, Short BL, Martin GR. Cardiovascular complications adversely affect survival during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Crit Care Med. 1998;26:1582–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Boedy RF, Goldberg AK, Howell CG, et al. Incidence of hypertension in infants on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Pediatr Surg. 1990;25:258–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Butt WW, Whyte H. Blood pressure monitoring in neonates: comparison of umbilical and peripheral artery catheter measurements. J Pediatr. 1984;105:630–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. O’Shea J, Dempsey EM. A comparison of blood pressure measurements in newborns. Am J Perinatol. 2009;26:113–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Yiallourou SR, Poole H, Prathivadi P, et al. The effects of dummy/pacifier use on infant blood pressure and autonomic activity during sleep. Sleep Med. 2014;15:1508–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Satoh M, Inoue R, Tada H, et al. Reference values and associated factors for Japanese newborns’ blood pressure and pulse rate. J Hypertens. 2016;34:1578–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Stebor AD. Basic principles of noninvasive blood pressure measurement in infants. Adv Neonatal Care. 2005;5:252–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Nwankwo MU, Lorenz JM, Gardiner JC. A standard protocol for blood pressure measurement in the newborn. Pediatrics. 1997;99:e10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Crossland DS, Furness JC, Abu-Harb M, Sadagopan SN, Wren C. Variability of four limb blood pressure in normal neonates. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2004;89:F325–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Richer C, Hornych H, Amiel-Tison C, Relier JP, Giudicelli JF. Plasma renin activity and its postnatal development in preterm infants. Preliminary report. Biol Neonate. 1977;31:301–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Roth CG, Spottswood SE, Chan JC, Roth KS. Evaluation of the hypertensive infant: a rational approach to diagnosis. Radiol Clin N Am. 2003;41:931–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Karakurt N, Beşbaş N, Bozacı AC, et al. Antenatal hydronephrosis: a single center’s experience and follow-up strategies. Turk J Pediatr. 2015;57:560–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Vo NJ, Hammelman BD, Racadio JM, et al. Anatomic distribution of renal artery stenosis in children: implications for imaging. Pediatr Radiol. 2006;36:1032–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Peco-Antic A, Djukic M, Sagic D, et al. Severe renovascular hypertension in an infant with congenital solitary pelvic kidney. Pediatr Nephrol. 2006;21:437–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Louw J, Brown S, Thewissen L, Gewillig M, et al. Neonatal circulatory failure due to acute hypertensive crisis: clinical and echocardiographic clues. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2013;24:72–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Xiao N, Tandon A, Goldstein S, Lorts A. Cardiogenic shock as the initial presentation of neonatal systemic hypertension. J Neonatal Perinatal Med. 2013;6:267–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Sahu R, Pannu H, Yu R, Stete S, Bricker JT, Gupta-Malhotra M. Systemic hypertension requiring treatment in the neonatal intensive care unit. J Pediatr. 2013;163:84–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Ravisankar S, Kuehn D, Clark RH, et al. Antihypertensive drug exposure in premature infants from 1997 to 2013. Cardiol Young. 2016;27:905–11.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Dionne JM, Flynn JT. Management of severe hypertension in the newborn. Arch Dis Child. 2017;102:1176–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Perlman JM. The relationship between systemic hemodynamic perturbations and periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage—a historical perspective. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2009;16:191–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Gouyon JB, Geneste B, Semama DS, et al. Intravenous nicardipine in hypertensive preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1997;76:F126–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Flynn JT, Mottes TA, Brophy PD, al K. Intravenous nicardipine for treatment of severe hypertension in children. J Pediatr. 2001;139:38–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Benitz WE, Malachowski N, Cohen RS, et al. Use of sodium nitroprusside in neonates: efficacy and safety. J Pediatr. 1985;106:102–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Wiest DB, Garner SS, Uber WE, Sade RM. Esmolol for the management of pediatric hypertension after cardiac operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998;115:890–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Thomas CA, Moffett BS, Wagner JL, et al. Safety and efficacy of intravenous labetalol for hypertensive crisis in infants and small children. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2011;12:28–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Flynn J, Warnick S. Isradipine treatment of hypertension in children: a single-center experience. Pediatr Nephrol. 2002;17:748–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Miyashita Y, Peterson D, Rees JM, Flynn JT. Isradipine for treatment of acute hypertension in hospitalized children and adolescents. J Clin Hypertens. 2010;12:850–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Kao LC, Durand DJ, McCrea RC, et al. Randomized trial of long-term diuretic therapy for infants with oxygen-dependent bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr. 1994;124:772–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. O’Dea RF, Mirkin BL, Alward CT, Sinaiko AR. Treatment of neonatal hypertension with captopril. J Pediatr. 1988;113:403–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Tack ED, Perlman JM. Renal failure in sick hypertensive premature infants receiving captopril therapy. J Pediatr. 1988;112:805–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Ku LC, Zimmerman K, Benjamin DK, et al. Safety of Enalapril in infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Cardiol. 2016;38:155–61.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Pandey R, Koshy RG, Dako J. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors induced acute kidney injury in newborn. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017;30:748–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Tufro-McReddie A, Romano LM, Harris JM, et al. Angiotensin II regulates nephrogenesis and renal vascular development. Am J Phys. 1995;269:F110–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Frölich S, Slattery P, Thomas D, et al. Angiotensin II-AT1–receptor signaling is necessary for cyclooxygenase-2–dependent postnatal nephron generation. Kidney Int. 2017;91:818–29.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Snauwaert E, Vande Walle J, De Bruyne P. Therapeutic efficacy and safety of ACE inhibitors in the hypertensive paediatric population: a review. Arch Dis Child. 2016;102:63–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Rajpoot DK, Duel B, Thayer K, Shanberg A. Medically resistant neonatal hypertension: revisiting the surgical causes. J Perinatol. 1999;19:582–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Bendel-Stenzel M, Najarian JS, Sinaiko AR. Renal artery stenosis in infants: long-term medical treatment before surgery. Pediatr Nephrol. 1996;10:147–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Kiessling SG, Wadhwa N, Kriss VM, Iocono J, Desai NS. An unusual case of severe therapy-resistant hypertension in a newborn. Pediatrics. 2007;119:e301–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Abdulhannan P, Stahlschmidt J, Subramaniam R. Multicystic dysplastic kidney disease and hypertension: clinical and pathological correlation. J Pediatr Urol. 2011;7:566–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Caplan MS, Cohn RA, Langman CB, et al. Favorable outcome of neonatal aortic thrombosis and renovascular hypertension. J Pediatr. 1989;115:291–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. The Low Birth Weight and Nephron Number Working Group. The impact of kidney development on the life course: a consensus document for action. Nephron. 2017;136:3–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Hughson M, Farris AB III, Douglas-Denton R, et al. Glomerular number and size in autopsy kidneys: the relationship to birth weight. Kidney Int. 2003;63:2113–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Keller G, Zimmer G, Mall G, et al. Nephron number in patients with primary hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:101–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Gupta-Malhotra M, Banker A, Shete S, et al. Essential hypertension vs. secondary hypertension among children. Am J Hypertens. 2015;28:73–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Shankaran S, Das A, Bauer CR, et al. Fetal origin of childhood disease: intrauterine growth restriction in term infants and risk for hypertension at 6 years of age. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160:977–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Nephrology, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA

    Joseph T. Flynn

  2. Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA

    Joseph T. Flynn

Authors
  1. Joseph T. Flynn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Joseph T. Flynn .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Head of Pediatrics Department, Hospital General Universitario Valencia, Valencia, Spain

    Empar Lurbe

  2. Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

    Elke Wühl

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Flynn, J.T. (2019). Neonatal Hypertension. In: Lurbe, E., Wühl, E. (eds) Hypertension in Children and Adolescents. Updates in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Protection. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18167-3_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18167-3_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-18166-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-18167-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation