Abstract
Benign melanocytic uveal tumors are generally known as nevi (also spelled as “naevi”). Nevus is a Latin word meaning birthmark or mole and is a general term for a congenital mark on the skin. In ophthalmology, the term nevus refers to an abnormal, hamartomatous cluster of melanocytes. Uveal melanocytes are derived from neural crest and share this embryologic origin with cutaneous melanocytes. This chapter describes iris, ciliary body, and choroidal nevi as well as oculo(dermal) melanocytosis and melanocytoma, which are considered as variants of nevus.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Harbour JW, Brantley MA Jr, Hollingsworth H, et al. Association between posterior uveal melanoma and iris freckles, iris naevi, and choroidal naevi. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88(1):36–8. PubMed PMID: 14693769.
Rodriguez-Sains RS. Ocular findings in patients with dysplastic nevus syndrome. An update. Dermatol Clin. 1991;9(4):723–8. PubMed PMID: 1934647.
Toth-Molnar E, Olah J, Dobozy A, et al. Ocular pigmented findings in patients with dysplastic naevus syndrome. Melanoma Res. 2004;14(1):43–7. PubMed PMID: 15091193.
Bataille V, Sasieni P, Cuzick J, et al. Risk of ocular melanoma in relation to cutaneous and iris naevi. Int J Cancer. 1995;60(5):622–6. PubMed PMID: 7860135.
Schwab C, Mayer C, Zalaudek I, et al. Iris freckles a potential biomarker for chronic sun damage. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58(6):BIO174-BIBIO9. Epub 2017/07/18. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.17-21751. PubMed PMID: 28715582.
Laino AM, Berry EG, Jagirdar K, et al. Iris pigmented lesions as a marker of cutaneous melanoma risk: an Australian case-control study. Br J Dermatol. 2018;178(5):1119–1127. Epub 2018/01/10. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.16323. PubMed PMID: 29315480.
Jakobiec FA, Silbert G. Are most iris ‘melanomas’ really nevi? A clinicopathologic study of 189 lesions. Arch Ophthalmol. 1981;99(12):2117–32. PubMed PMID: 7305709.
Jakobiec FA, Moorman LT, Jones IS. Benign epithelioid cell nevi of the iris. Arch Ophthalmol. 1979;97(5):917–21. PubMed PMID: 444127.
Shields JA, Karan DS, Perry HD, et al. Epithelioid cell nevus of the iris. Arch Ophthalmol. 1985;103(2):235–7. PubMed PMID: 3977695.
Margo CE, Groden L. Balloon cell nevus of the iris. Am J Ophthalmol. 1986;102(2):282–3. PubMed PMID: 3740194.
Ticho BH, Tso MO, Kishi S. Diffuse iris nevus in oculodermal melanocytosis: a light and electron microscopic study. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1989;26(5):244–50. PubMed PMID: 2795414.
Cogan DG, Reese AB. A syndrome of iris nodules, ectopic Descemet’s membrane, and unilateral glaucoma. Doc Ophthalmol. 1969;26:424–33. PubMed PMID: 5359536.
Eagle RC Jr, Font RL, Yanoff M, et al. Proliferative endotheliopathy with iris abnormalities. The iridocorneal endothelial syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. 1979;97(11):2104–11. PubMed PMID: 508177.
Ragge NK, Acheson J, Murphree AL. Iris mammillations: significance and associations. Eye. 1996;10(Pt 1):86–91. PubMed PMID: 8763309.
Gunduz K, Shields CL, Shields JA, et al. Iris mammillations as the only sign of ocular melanocytosis in a child with choroidal melanoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118(5):716–7. PubMed PMID: 10815167.
Ragge NK, Falk RE, Cohen WE, et al. Images of Lisch nodules across the spectrum. Eye. 1993;7(Pt 1):95–101. PubMed PMID: 8325432.
Carlson DW, Alward WL, Folberg R. Aggressive nevus of the iris with secondary glaucoma in a child. Am J Ophthalmol. 1995;119(3):367–8. PubMed PMID: 7872400.
Paridaens D, Lyons CJ, McCartney A, et al. Familial aggressive nevi of the iris in childhood. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;109(11):1552–4. PubMed PMID: 1755736.
Conway RM, Chew T, Golchet P, et al. Ultrasound biomicroscopy: role in diagnosis and management in 130 consecutive patients evaluated for anterior segment tumours. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;89:950–5.
Radhakrishnan S, Rollins AM, Roth JE, et al. Real-time optical coherence tomography of the anterior segment at 1310 nm. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119(8):1179–85. PubMed PMID: 11483086.
Bianciotto C, Shields CL, Guzman JM, et al. Assessment of anterior segment tumors with ultrasound biomicroscopy versus anterior segment optical coherence tomography in 200 cases. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(7):1297–1302. Epub 2011/03/08. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.11.011. PubMed PMID: 21377736.
Harbour JW, Augsburger JJ, Eagle RC Jr. Initial management and follow-up of melanocytic iris tumors. Ophthalmology. 1995;102(12):1987–93. PubMed PMID: 9098306.
Shields CL, Shields JA, Materin M, et al. Iris melanoma: risk factors for metastasis in 169 consecutive patients. Ophthalmology. 2001;108(1):172–8. PubMed PMID: 11150284.
Territo C, Shields CL, Shields JA, et al. Natural course of melanocytic tumors of the iris. Ophthalmology. 1988;95(9):1251–5. PubMed PMID: 3211503.
Shields CL, Kaliki S, Hutchinson A, et al. Iris nevus growth into melanoma: analysis of 1611 consecutive eyes: the ABCDEF guide. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(4):766–772. Epub 2013/01/08. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.09.042. PubMed PMID: 23290981.
Zimmerman LE. Melanocytes, melanocytic nevi, and melanocytomas. Investig Ophthalmol. 1965;34:11–41. PubMed PMID: 14271285.
Group COMS. COMS manual of procedures: accession no. PBS 179693. Springfield: National Technical Information Service; 1995.
Anonymous. Factors predictive of growth and treatment of small choroidal melanoma: COMS report no. 5. The Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study Group. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115(12):1537–44. PubMed PMID: 9400787.
Singh AD, Kalyani P, Topham A. Estimating the risk of malignant transformation of a choroidal nevus. Ophthalmology. 2005;112(10):1784–9. PubMed PMID: 16154197.
Yoshikawa H, editor. The incidence of choroidal nevus in Japan. New Orleans: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2004.
Jonas JB, You QS, Xu L, et al. Choroidal nevi in adult Chinese. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(6):1102- 11e1. Epub 2008/06/04. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.12.022. PubMed PMID: 18519073.
Nangia V, Jonas JB, Agarwal S, et al Choroidal nevi in adult Indians: the Central India Eye and Medical Study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012;96(11):1443–1444. Epub 2012/08/09. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2012-302164. PubMed PMID: 22872672.
Keel S, Xie J, Foreman J, et al Prevalence and characteristics of choroidal nevi: the Australian National Eye Health Survey. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2018;46(7):777–782. Epub 2018/03/03. https://doi.org/10.1111/ceo.13188. PubMed PMID: 29498193.
Naumann G, Yanoff M, Zimmerman LE. Histogenesis of malignant melanomas of the uvea. I. Histopathologic characteristics of nevi of the choroid and ciliary body. Arch Ophthalmol. 1966;76(6):784–96. PubMed PMID: 5924936.
McLean IW, Foster WD, Zimmerman LE, et al. Modifications of Callender’s classification of uveal melanoma at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. Am J Ophthalmol. 1983;96(4):502–9. PubMed PMID: 6624832.
Qiu M, Shields CL. Choroidal nevus in the United States adult population: racial disparities and associated factors in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Ophthalmology. 2015;122(10):2071–2083. Epub 2015/08/10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.06.008. PubMed PMID: 26255109.
Csoma RZ, Toth-Molnar E, Varga A, et al. Risk factors and relationship of cutaneous and uveal melanocytic lesions in monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs. PLoS One. 2016;11(8):e0160146. Epub 2016/08/04. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160146. PubMed PMID: 27486750; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4972429.
Shields CL, Furuta M, Mashayekhi A, et al. Visual acuity in 3422 consecutive eyes with choroidal nevus. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125(11):1501–1507. Epub 2007/11/14. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.125.11.1501. PubMed PMID: 17998511.
Mashayekhi A, Siu S, Shields CL, et al. Retinal pigment epithelial trough: a sign of chronicity of choroidal nevi. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2012;22(6):1019–1025. Epub 2012/02/22. https://doi.org/10.5301/ejo.5000120. PubMed PMID: 22344466.
Singh AD, Mokashi AA, Bena JF, et al. Small choroidal melanocytic lesions : features predictive of growth. Ophthalmology. 2006;113(6):1032–9.
Fournier GA, Albert DM, Wagoner MD. Choroidal halo nevus occurring in a patient with vitiligo. Surv Ophthalmol. 1984;28(6):671–2. Epub 1984/05/01. PubMed PMID: 6740487.
Shields CL, Maktabi AM, Jahnle E, et al. Halo nevus of the choroid in 150 patients: the 2010 Henry van Dyke Lecture. Arch Ophthalmol. 2010;128(7):859–64. Epub 2010/07/14. https://doi.org/10.1001/archophthalmol.2010.132. PubMed PMID: 20625046.
Kovoor TA, Bahl D, Singh AD, et al. Bilateral isolated choroidal melanocytosis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008;92(7):892, 1008. Epub 2008/06/26. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2008.138495. PubMed PMID: 18577638.
COMS G. COMS manual of procedures: accession no. PBS 179693. Springfield: National Technical Information Service; 1995.
Li HK, Shields CL, Mashayekhi A, et al. Giant choroidal nevus clinical features and natural course in 322 cases. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(2):324–33. Epub 2009/12/09. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.07.006. PubMed PMID: 19969359.
You QS, Xu L, Jonas JB, et al. Change in choroidal nevi during a 5-year follow-up study: the Beijing Eye Study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2010;94(5):575–8. Epub 2009/10/14. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2009.165720. PubMed PMID: 19822910.
Mashayekhi A, Siu S, Shields CL, et al. Slow enlargement of choroidal nevi: a long-term follow-up study. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(2):382–8. Epub 2010/08/31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.06.006. PubMed PMID: 20801518.
Elner VM, Flint A, Vine AK. Histopathology of documented growth in small melanocytic choroidal tumors. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122(12):1876–8. Epub 2004/12/15. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.122.12.1876. PubMed PMID: 15596595.
Harbour JW, Paez-Escamilla M, Cai L, et al. Are risk factors for growth of choroidal Nevi associated with malignant transformation? Assessment with a validated genomic biomarker. Am J Ophthalmol. 2018;197:168. Epub 2018/09/10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2018.08.045. PubMed PMID: 30195895.
Yanoff M, Zimmerman LE. Histogenesis of malignant melanomas of the uvea. 3. The relationship of congenital ocular melanocytosis and neurofibromatosis in uveal melanomas. Arch Ophthalmol. 1967;77(3):331–6. PubMed PMID: 6019552.
Sahel JA, Pesavento R, Frederick AR Jr, et al. Melanoma arising de novo over a 16-month period. Arch Ophthalmol. 1988;106(3):381–5. PubMed PMID: 3278703.
Singh AD, Schachat AP, Diener-West M, et al. Small choroidal melanoma. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(12):2319–e3. Epub 2008/12/02. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.07.009. PubMed PMID: 19041491.
Augsburger JJ, Schroeder RP, Territo C, et al. Clinical parameters predictive of enlargement of melanocytic choroidal lesions. Br J Ophthalmol. 1989;73(11):911–7. PubMed PMID: 2605146.
Butler P, Char DH, Zarbin M, et al. Natural history of indeterminate pigmented choroidal tumors. Ophthalmology. 1994;101(4):710–6; discussion 7. PubMed PMID: 8152767.
Shields CL, Shields JA, Kiratli H, et al. Risk factors for growth and metastasis of small choroidal melanocytic lesions. Ophthalmology. 1995;102(9):1351–61. PubMed PMID: 9097773.
Zografos L, Mantel I, Schalenbourg A. Subretinal choroidal neovascularization associated with choroidal nevus. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2004;14(2):123–31. PubMed PMID: 15134109.
Hemmerdinger C, Beech M, Groenewald C, et al. Validation of an online referral guide for melanocytic fundus lesions. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2011;31(6):574–9. Epub 2011/03/31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1313.2011.00830.x. PubMed PMID: 21446922.
Shields CL, Cater J, Shields JA, et al. Combination of clinical factors predictive of growth of small choroidal melanocytic tumors. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118(3):360–4. PubMed PMID: 10721958.
Singh AD, Mokashi AA, Bena JF, et al. Small choroidal melanocytic lesions : Indocyanine angiographic features predictive of growth: a pilot study. Ophthalmology. 2006;113(6):1032–9.
Coleman DJ, Silverman RH, Rondeau MJ, et al. Noninvasive in vivo detection of prognostic indicators for high-risk uveal melanoma: ultrasound parameter imaging. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(3):558–64. PubMed PMID: 15019336.
Augsburger JJ, Correa ZM, Schneider S, et al. Diagnostic transvitreal fine-needle aspiration biopsy of small melanocytic choroidal tumors in nevus versus melanoma category. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2002;100:225–32; discussion 32-4. PubMed PMID: 12545696.
Shields CL, Mashayekhi A, Materin MA, et al. Optical coherence tomography of choroidal nevus in 120 patients. Retina. 2005;25(3):243–52. PubMed PMID: 15805899.
Singh AD, Belfort RN, Sayanagi K, et al. Fourier domain optical coherence tomographic and auto-fluorescence findings in indeterminate choroidal melanocytic lesions. Br J Ophthalmol. 2010;94(4):474–8. Epub 2009/10/14. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2009.162636. PubMed PMID: 19822920.
Sayanagi K, Pelayes DE, Kaiser PK, et al. 3D spectral domain optical coherence tomography findings in choroidal tumors. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2011;21(3):271–5. Epub 2010/11/03. https://doi.org/10.5301/EJO.2010.5848. PubMed PMID: 21038307.
Torres VL, Brugnoni N, Kaiser PK, et al. Optical coherence tomography enhanced depth imaging of choroidal tumors. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011;151(4):586–93.e2. Epub 2011/01/25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2010.09.028. PubMed PMID: 21257150.
Shah SU, Kaliki S, Shields CL, et al. Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of choroidal nevus in 104 cases. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(5):1066–72. Epub 2012/02/03. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.11.001. PubMed PMID: 22297027.
Mrejen S, Spaide RF. Optical coherence tomography: imaging of the choroid and beyond. Surv Ophthalmol. 2013;58(5):387–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.12.001. PubMed PMID: 23916620.
Adhi M, Duker JS. Optical coherence tomography – current and future applications. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2013;24(3):213–21. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICU.0b013e32835f8bf8. PubMed PMID: 23429598; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3758124.
Francis JH, Pang CE, Abramson DH, et al. Swept-source optical coherence tomography features of choroidal nevi. Am J Ophthalmol. 2015;159(1):169–76.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2014.10.011. PubMed PMID: 25448319.
Ung C, Lains I, Silverman RF, et al. Evaluation of choroidal lesions with swept-source optical coherence tomography. Br J Ophthalmol. 2018;103:88. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-311586. PubMed PMID: 29605814.
Mueller AJ, Freeman WR, Schaller UC, et al. Complex microcirculation patterns detected by confocal indocyanine green angiography predict time to growth of small choroidal melanocytic tumors: MuSIC Report II. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(12):2207–14. PubMed PMID: 12466160.
Flower RW. Infrared absorption angiography of the choroid and some observations on the effects of high intraocular pressures. Am J Ophthalmol. 1972;74(4):600–14. PubMed PMID: 4627576.
Ghassemi F, Mirshahi R, Fadakar K, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography in choroidal melanoma and nevus. Clin Ophthalmol. 2018;12:207–14. Epub 2018/02/07. https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTH.S148897. PubMed PMID: 29403262; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5784746.
Cennamo G, Romano MR, Breve MA, et al. Evaluation of choroidal tumors with optical coherence tomography: enhanced depth imaging and OCT-angiography features. Eye. 2017;31:906. https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2017.14.
Shields CL, Mashayekhi A, Ho T, et al. Solitary congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium: clinical features and frequency of enlargement in 330 patients. Ophthalmology. 2003;110(10):1968–76. PubMed PMID: 14522773.
Mines JA, Freilich DB, Friedman AH, et al. Choroidal (subretinal) neovascularization secondary to choroidal nevus and successful treatment with argon laser photocoagulation. Case reports and review of literature. Ophthalmologica. 1985;190(4):210–8. PubMed PMID: 2409499.
Parodi MB, Boscia F, Piermarocchi S, et al. Variable outcome of photodynamic therapy for choroidal neovascularization associated with choroidal nevus. Retina. 2005;25(4):438–42. PubMed PMID: 15933589.
Cogan DG, Kuwabara T. Tumors of the ciliary body. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1971;11(3):27–56. PubMed PMID: 5152657.
Gordon E. Nevus of the choroid and pars plana. Enucleation for suspected malignant melanoma. Surv Ophthalmol. 1963;123:507–11. PubMed PMID: 14084895.
El-Harazi SM, Kellaway J, Font RL. Melanocytoma of the ciliary body diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Diagn Cytopathol. 2000;22(6):394–7. PubMed PMID: 10820536.
Rummelt V, Naumann GO, Folberg R, et al. Surgical management of melanocytoma of the ciliary body with extrascleral extension. Am J Ophthalmol. 1994;117(2):169–76. PubMed PMID: 8116745.
Raichand M, Peyman GA, Juarez CP, et al. Resection of uveal melanocytoma: clinicopathological correlation. Br J Ophthalmol. 1983;67(4):236–43. PubMed PMID: 6830742.
Fitzpatrick TB, Kitamura H, Kukita A, et al. Ocular and dermal melanocytosis. AMA Arch Ophthalmol. 1956;56(6):830–2. PubMed PMID: 13371988.
Singh AD, De Potter P, Fijal BA, et al. Lifetime prevalence of uveal melanoma in white patients with oculo(dermal) melanocytosis. Ophthalmology. 1998;105(1):195–8. PubMed PMID: 9442799.
Ota M, Tanino H. Nevus fusco-ceruleus ophthalmomaxillaris. Tokyo Med J. 1939;63:1243–5.
Ota M, Kawamura T, Ito N. Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis. Ota Jpn J Dermatol. 1947;52:1–3.
Happle R. Phacomatosis pigmentovascularis revisited and reclassified. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141(3):385–8. PubMed PMID: 15781681.
Thomas AC, Zeng Z, Riviere JB, et al. Mosaic activating mutations in GNA11 and GNAQ are associated with phakomatosis pigmentovascularis and extensive dermal melanocytosis. J Invest Dermatol. 2016;136(4):770–8. Epub 2016/01/19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2015.11.027. PubMed PMID: 26778290; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4803466.
Tran HV, Zografos L. Primary choroidal melanoma in phakomatosis pigmentovascularis IIa. Ophthalmology. 2005;112(7):1232–5. PubMed PMID: 15939474.
Singh K, Dangda S, Mutreja A, et al. Bilateral phacomatosis pigmentovascularis in a young male with developmental glaucoma and varicose veins. J Curr Glaucoma Pract. 2018;12(2):94–8. Epub 2018/11/27. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10008-1251. PubMed PMID: 30473605; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6236123.
Gonder JR, Shields JA, Albert DM, et al. Uveal malignant melanoma associated with ocular and oculodermal melanocytosis. Ophthalmology. 1982;89(8):953–60. PubMed PMID: 7133641.
Velazquez N, Jones IS. Ocular and oculodermal melanocytosis associated with uveal melanoma. Ophthalmology. 1983;90(12):1472–6. PubMed PMID: 6677847.
Biswas J, Shanmugam MP, Gopal L. Malignant melanoma of the choroid in association with oculodermal melanocytosis: a case report. Indian J Ophthalmol. 1995;43(3):140–1. PubMed PMID: 8822492.
Infante de German-Ribon R, Singh AD, Arevalo JF, et al. Choroidal melanoma with oculodermal melanocytosis in Hispanic patients. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;128(2):251–3. PubMed PMID: 10458194.
Nik NA, Glew WB, Zimmerman LE. Malignant melanoma of the choroid in the nevus of Ota of a black patient. Arch Ophthalmol. 1982;100(10):1641–3. PubMed PMID: 7138332.
Shields CL, Kaliki S, Livesey M, et al. Association of ocular and oculodermal melanocytosis with the rate of uveal melanoma metastasis: analysis of 7872 consecutive eyes. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013;131(8):993–1003. Epub 2013/05/18. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.129. PubMed PMID: 23681424.
Van Raamsdonk CD, Bezrookove V, Green G, et al. Frequent somatic mutations of GNAQ in uveal melanoma and blue naevi. Nature. 2009;457(7229):599–602. Epub 2008/12/17. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07586. PubMed PMID: 19078957; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2696133.
Gerami P, Pouryazdanparast P, Vemula S, et al. Molecular analysis of a case of nevus of Ota showing progressive evolution to melanoma with intermediate stages resembling cellular blue nevus. Am J Dermatopathol. 2010;32(3):301–5. Epub 2010/01/30. https://doi.org/10.1097/DAD.0b013e3181b96db7. PubMed PMID: 20110797.
Singh AD, Shields CL, Shields JA, et al. Bilateral primary uveal melanoma. Bad luck or bad genes? Ophthalmology. 1996;103(2):256–62. PubMed PMID: 8594511.
Pomeranz GA, Bunt AH, Kalina RE. Multifocal choroidal melanoma in ocular melanocytosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1981;99(5):857–63. PubMed PMID: 7236090.
Rice CD, Brown HH. Primary orbital melanoma associated with orbital melanocytosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990;108(8):1130–4. PubMed PMID: 2383203.
Sang DN, Albert DM, Sober AJ, et al. Nevus of Ota with contralateral cerebral melanoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1977;95(10):1820–4. PubMed PMID: 911255.
Howard GM, Forrest AW. Incidence and location of melanocytomas. Arch Ophthalmol. 1967;77(1):61–6. PubMed PMID: 6015721.
Lee JS, Smith RE, Minckler DS. Scleral melanocytoma. Ophthalmology. 1982;89(2):178–82. PubMed PMID: 7070788.
Verdaguer J, Valenzuela H, Strozzi L. Melanocytoma of the conjunctiva. Arch Ophthalmol. 1974;91(5):363–6. PubMed PMID: 4821790.
Zimmerman LE, Garron LK. Melanocytoma of the optic disc. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1962;2:431–40.
Cogan DG. Discussion- pigmented ocular tumors. In: Boniuk M, editor. Ocular and adnexal tumors; new and controversial aspects. St Louis: CV Mosby; 1964. p. 385.
Reese AB. Congenital melanomas. Am J Ophthalmol. 1974;77(6):789–808. PubMed PMID: 4599354.
Reidy JJ, Apple DJ, Steinmetz RL, et al. Melanocytoma: nomenclature, pathogenesis, natural history and treatment. Surv Ophthalmol. 1985;29(5):319–27. PubMed PMID: 3992470.
Juarez CP, Tso MO. An ultrastructural study of melanocytomas (magnocellular nevi) of the optic disk and uvea. Am J Ophthalmol. 1980;90(1):48–62. PubMed PMID: 7395958.
Shields JA, Demirci H, Mashayekhi A, et al. Melanocytoma of optic disc in 115 cases: the 2004 Samuel Johnson memorial lecture, part 1. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(9):1739–46. PubMed PMID: 12545696.
Brodsky MC, Phillips PH. Optic nerve hypoplasia and congenital hypopituitarism. J Pediatr. 2000;136(6):850. PubMed PMID: 10839891.
Loeffler KU, Tecklenborg H. Melanocytoma-like growth of a juxtapapillary malignant melanoma. Retina. 1992;12(1):29–34. PubMed PMID: 1565868.
Shields JA, Eagle RC Jr, Shields CL, et al. Pigmented adenoma of the optic nerve head simulating a melanocytoma. Ophthalmology. 1992;99(11):1705–8. PubMed PMID: 1454346.
Antcliff RJ, ffytche TJ, Shilling JS, et al. Optical coherence tomography of melanocytoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 2000;130(6):845–7. PubMed PMID: 11124315.
Sutter C, Jean-Charles A, Merle H. Clinical and paraclinical course of melanocytoma of the optic disk. Contribution of spectral- and time-domain OCT in the study of 10 patients. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2011;34(9):615–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfo.2011.02.009. PubMed PMID: 21663999.
Apinyawasisuk S, McCannel T, Arnold AC. Clinical and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography appearance of optic disc melanocytoma: a new classification and differentiation from pigmented choroidal lesions. Ocul Oncol Pathol. 2017;3(2):142–8. Epub 2017/09/05. https://doi.org/10.1159/000453110. PubMed PMID: 28868286; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5566758.
Baartman BJ, Ahmad B, Srivastava S, et al. Melanocytoma or Juxtapapillary Melanoma? Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2017;13:15. Epub 2017/01/07. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICB.0000000000000520. PubMed PMID: 28060135.
Mansour AM, Zimmerman L, La Piana FG, et al. Clinicopathological findings in a growing optic nerve melanocytoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1989;73(6):410–5. PubMed PMID: 2751972.
Apple DJ, Craythorn JM, Reidy JJ, et al. Malignant transformation of an optic nerve melanocytoma. Can J Ophthalmol. 1984;19(7):320–5. PubMed PMID: 6525581.
Meyer D, Ge J, Blinder KJ, et al. Malignant transformation of an optic disk melanocytoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;127(6):710–4. PubMed PMID: 10372881.
Roth AM. Malignant change in melanocytomas of the uveal tract. Surv Ophthalmol. 1978;22(6):404–12. PubMed PMID: 675502.
Demirci H, Mashayekhi A, Shields CL, et al. Iris melanocytoma: clinical features and natural course in 47 cases. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;139(3):468–75. PubMed PMID: 15767055.
Shields JA, Eagle RC Jr, Shields CL, et al. Progressive growth of an iris melanocytoma in a child. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;133(2):287–9. PubMed PMID: 11812446.
Fineman MS, Eagle RC Jr, Shields JA, et al. Melanocytomalytic glaucoma in eyes with necrotic iris melanocytoma. Ophthalmology. 1998;105(3):492–6. PubMed PMID: 9499781.
Teichmann KD, Karcioglu ZA. Melanocytoma of the iris with rapidly developing secondary glaucoma. Surv Ophthalmol. 1995;40(2):136–44. PubMed PMID: 8533102.
Cialdini AP, Sahel JA, Jalkh AE, et al. Malignant transformation of an iris melanocytoma. A case report. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1989;227(4):348–54. PubMed PMID: 2777104.
LoRusso FJ, Boniuk M, Font RL. Melanocytoma (magnocellular nevus) of the ciliary body: report of 10 cases and review of the literature. Ophthalmology. 2000;107(4):795–800. PubMed PMID: 10768345.
Frangieh GT, el Baba F, Traboulsi EI, et al. Melanocytoma of the ciliary body: presentation of four cases and review of nineteen reports. Surv Ophthalmol. 1985;29(5):328–34. PubMed PMID: 3992471.
Belfort RN, Schoenfield L, Singh AD. Ciliary body mass with vitreous pigment dispersion. Br J Ophthalmol. 2010;94(9):1260–1, 70-1. Epub 2009/02/13. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2008.154872. PubMed PMID: 19211607.
Mohamed MD, Gupta M, Parsons A, et al. Ultrasound biomicroscopy in the management of melanocytoma of the ciliary body with extrascleral extension. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;89(1):14–6. PubMed PMID: 15615738.
Biswas J, D'Souza C, Shanmugam MP. Diffuse melanotic lesion of the iris as a presenting feature of ciliary body melanocytoma: report of a case and review of the literature. Surv Ophthalmol. 1998;42(4):378–82. PubMed PMID: 9493281.
Brownstein S, Dorey MW, Mathew B, et al. Melanocytoma of the choroid: atypical presentation and review of the literature. Can J Ophthalmol. 2002;37(4):247–52. PubMed PMID: 12095099.
Lehman LJ, Hohberger GG, Buettner H, et al. Necrotic melanocytoma of the choroid in a 2-year-old child. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1997;34(1):40–3. PubMed PMID: 9027679.
Haas BD, Jakobiec FA, Iwamoto T, et al. Diffuse choroidal melanocytoma in a child. A lesion extending the spectrum of melanocytic hamartomas. Ophthalmology. 1986;93(12):1632–8. PubMed PMID: 3808622.
Shields JA, Font RL. Melanocytoma of the choroid clinically simulating a malignant melanoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1972;87(4):396–400. PubMed PMID: 5018243.
Robertson DM, Campbell RJ, Salomao DR. Mushroom-shaped choroidal melanocytoma mimicking malignant melanoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120(1):82–5. PubMed PMID: 11786063.
Group COMS. Accuracy of diagnosis of choroidal melanomas in the Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study. COMS report no. 1. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990;108(9):1268–73. PubMed PMID: 2205183.
Kurli M, Finger PT, Manor T, et al. Finding malignant change in a necrotic choroidal melanocytoma: a clinical challenge. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;89(7):921–2. PubMed PMID: 15965181.
Binkley EM, Biscotti CV, Singh A, et al. Conservative management of ciliary body mass with associated ocular inflammation. Retina. 2019. [epub ahead of print].
Shetlar DJ, Folberg R, Gass JD. Choroidal malignant melanoma associated with a melanocytoma. Retina. 1999;19(4):346–9. PubMed PMID: 10458304.
Aponte EP, Stern RM, Hayden BC, et al. Iridocorneal Endothelial (ICE) Syndrome. A disease often misdiagnosed as an iris tumor. Adv Ocular Care. 2010;2010:31–2.
Bakri SJ, Sculley L, Singh AD. Imaging techniques for uveal melanoma. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2006;46:1–13.
Singh AD. Optic disc melanocytoma. In: Huang D, Kaiser P, Lowder CY, Traboulsi EI, editors. Retinal Imaging. Philadelphia: Elsevier, Inc; 2006. p. 556–8.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Materin, M., Singh, A.D. (2019). Benign Melanocytic Tumors of the Uvea. In: Damato, B., Singh, A. (eds) Clinical Ophthalmic Oncology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17879-6_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17879-6_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-17878-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-17879-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)