Abstract
Let me summarize what I have said about samples so far. Attempts to acquire and collect data about all elements in a given population should be avoided when doing it.
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Notes
- 1.
Combinatorics can be used to determine the number of all possible elementary events for larger numbers of cases (see Sect. 3.2)
- 2.
P(A)Â =Â 1 does not necessarily mean that event A is certain. It only indicates that the relative frequency of these events in a large number of n cases is 100%. Similarly, for P(A)Â =Â 0 the relative frequency of event A in a large number of n cases is P(A)Â =Â 0%.
- 3.
The exclamation point in the expression n! describes the mathematical function of the factorial. The factorial of an integer n is the product of all natural numbers equal to or smaller than n:
$$ n!=1\cdot 2\cdot 3\cdot \dots \cdot n=\prod \limits_{k=1}^nk $$ - 4.
Author’s own calculations. Single persons are defined as those who do not live in family-like circumstances (see Statistisches Bundesamt 2009, p. 38).
- 5.
Around 1.3 million German citizens are considered alcoholics (see Drogenbeauftragte der Bundesregierung—Bundesministerium für Gesundheit: Drogen- und Suchtbericht 2009, p. 38).
- 6.
A nice summary of the discussion can be found in Randow (2007).
- 7.
See http://www.marilynvossavant.com/articles/gameshow.html on the Marilyn Savant Online Headquarters’ website.
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Cleff, T. (2019). Calculating Probability. In: Applied Statistics and Multivariate Data Analysis for Business and Economics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17767-6_6
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