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Oral Histories of Displaced Persons: “What for? The Story Like Mine’s Plenty Now”

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Remembering Migration

Part of the book series: Palgrave Macmillan Memory Studies ((PMMS))

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Abstract

This chapter takes as its subject the memories of the 170,000 displaced persons (DPs)—predominantly Central and Eastern Europeans—who arrived in Australia as International Refugee Organization (IRO)-sponsored refugees between 1947 and 1952. In recent decades, the emergent fields of social and oral histories have brought these stories into the public domain. This chapter focuses on the utility of oral histories to the displaced persons themselves, how oral histories add to historical understandings of migration and the place of oral history in accessing emotion, particularly in the transmission of family memory.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Sophia Turkiewciz (Director), Once My Mother (Change Focus Media in association with Kalejdoskop Film, 2013); Sophia Turkiewicz (Director), Silver City (Limelight Productions, 1984).

  2. 2.

    Helena Turkiewicz, interviewed by Barry York, 9–10 April 2001, Adelaide, “Polish Australians Oral History Project,” National Library of Australia, Oral TRC 4714.

  3. 3.

    All oral history interviewees mentioned here participated in oral history interviews with the author in either 2007, 2008 or 2018. The 2007/8 interviews were part of the author’s PhD research at the University of Sydney and interviewees were either directly requested, or they responded to a newspaper advertisement. The 2018 interview was carried out under Australian Research Council DP160101528, with ethics approval from the University of Southern Queensland. Names of all interviewees, who are displaced persons or their descendants, are anonymized for their privacy. Recordings and transcripts remain with the author.

  4. 4.

    It is estimated that only around 500 Jewish displaced persons arrived in Australia as part of the International Refugee Organization cohort. Suzanne Rutland, “Subtle Exclusions: Postwar Jewish Emigration to Australia and the Impact of the IRO Scheme,” The Journal of Holocaust Education 10, no. 1 (Summer 2001): 56–57.

  5. 5.

    Jayne Persian, Beautiful Balts: From Displaced Persons to New Australians (Sydney: NewSouth Books, 2017).

  6. 6.

    Daniel G. Cohen, “Remembering Post-War Displaced Persons: From Omission to Resurrection,” in Mareike Konig and Rainer Ohliger eds, Enlarging European Memory: Migration Movements in Historical Perspective (Ostfildern, Germany: Jan Thorbecke Verlag, 2006).

  7. 7.

    Glenda Sluga, “The Migrant Dreaming,” Journal of Intercultural Studies 8, no. 2 (1987): 42.

  8. 8.

    Gary Y. Okihiro, cited in Kathleen M. Ryan, “‘I Didn’t Do Anything Important’: A Pragmatic Analysis of the Oral History Interview,” The Oral History Review 36, no. 1 (2009): 25, 35.

  9. 9.

    Alessandro Portelli, cited in Alan Young, “Oral History as Emergent Paradigm,” Special Issue: Oral History and Its Challenge(r)s, Oral History Association of Australia Journal, no. 28 (2006): 5.

  10. 10.

    Kateryna Olijnyk Longley, “Remembering Rublivka: Life Stories from Lost Worlds,” Life Writing 1, no. 1 (2004): 112–16.

  11. 11.

    Longley, “Remembering Rublivka,” 112; see also Alexander Freund, “A Canadian Family Talks About Oma’s Life in Nazi Germany: Three-Generational Interviews and Communicative Memory,” Oral History Forum D’histoire Orale, Special Issue: Remembering Family, Analysing Home: Oral History and the Family 29 (2009): 25.

  12. 12.

    John Hughes, The Idea of Home: Autobiographical Essay (Artarmon, NSW: Giramondo Publishing, 2004), 21–22.

  13. 13.

    Elizabeth Tonkin, cited in Kate Darian-Smith, “Remembrance, Romance, and Nation: Memories of Wartime Australia,” Selma Leydesdorff, Luisa Passerini and Paul Thompson eds, International Yearbook of Oral History and Life Stories, Volume IV, Gender and Memory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 158.

  14. 14.

    Kathy Burrell, “Personal, Inherited, Collective: Communicating and Layering the Memory of Forced Polish Migration,” Immigrants and Minorities 24, no. 2 (2006): 145, 149.

  15. 15.

    Gelinada Grinchenko, “Ukrainian Ostarbeiters of the Third Reich: Remembering Patterns on Forced Labour in Nazi Germany,” Oral History Association of Australia Conference, 2007: 13.

  16. 16.

    Linda McDowell, “Workers, Migrants, Aliens or Citizens? State Constructions and Discourses of Identity among Post-War European Labour Migrants in Britain,” Political Geography 22 (2003): 870.

  17. 17.

    Maximilian Brändle, Refugee Destination Queensland (Kangaroo Point, QLD: Multicultural Writers & Arts Friendship Society, 1999), 4.

  18. 18.

    Donna R. Gabaccia, “The Multicultural History of Nations,” in Lloyd Kramer and Sarah Maza eds, A Companion to Western Historical Thought (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2007), 443.

  19. 19.

    Edith Noetel, interviewed by Janis Wilton, 9 June 1982, “The Oral Histories Project of the Ethnic Affairs Commission of NSW,” State Library of New South Wales, CY MLOH 18/25.

  20. 20.

    Burrell, “Personal, Inherited, Collective,” 148.

  21. 21.

    Alan Atkinson, “Do Good Historians Have Feelings?,” in Stuart Macintyre ed., The Historian’s Conscience: Australian Historians on the Ethics of History (Carlton, VIC: Melbourne University Press, 2004), 25.

  22. 22.

    Christoph Thonfeld, “The Shaping of Memory: Individual, Group and Collective Patterns of Recollection of Slave and Forced Labour for National Socialist Germany,” Proceedings of the 14th International Oral History Conference, Sydney, Australia (12–16 July 2006).

  23. 23.

    Penny Summerfield, “Culture and Composure: Creating Narratives of the Gendered Self in Oral History Interviews,” Cultural and Social History 1, no. 1 (2004): 89.

  24. 24.

    Barry York, Michael Cigler: A Czech-Australian Story, From Displacement to Diversity, Studies in Australian Ethnic History Series, No 11 (Canberra: Centre for Immigration and Multicultural Studies, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, 1996), 8.

  25. 25.

    James Jupp, Immigration (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1998), 105.

  26. 26.

    Ramunas Tarvydas, From Amber Coast to Apple Isle: Fifty Years of Baltic Immigrants in Tasmania, 1948–1998 (Hobart, TAS: Baltic Semicentennial Commemoration Activities Organising Committee, 1997), 90.

  27. 27.

    Olga Iszczyszyn (Alexandra), “Immigration Bridge Australia,” http://www.immigrationbridge.com.au/www/248/1001127/displayarticle/1011104.html?pub=1&pagemode=2&objectid=1037201; see also “Thousand Migrants Have Broken Work Contracts,” Sydney Morning Herald, 7 March 1951.

  28. 28.

    Inese Petersons (1947–), interviewed by Allison Murchie, 2002, “South Australians Acting for Change: Welcoming Refugees Oral History Project,” J. D. Somerville Oral History Collection, State Library of South Australia, OH 636/2; “Irma” (1919–), interviewed by Karobi Mukherjee, 1989, “Lives of Older Women of Non-English Speaking Background and their Adaption to and Contribution to Life in South Australia,” J. D. Somerville Oral History Collection, State Library of South Australia, OH 18/15.

  29. 29.

    Phillip Knightley, Australia: A Biography of a Nation (London: Vintage, 2001), 219.

  30. 30.

    Kati Toth, cited in Brändle, Refugee Destination Queensland, 121.

  31. 31.

    Andrew Markus and Eileen Sims, Fourteen Lives—Paths to a Multicultural Community (Clayton, VIC: Monash Publications in History: 16, Department of History, Monash University, 1993), 112.

  32. 32.

    “Joe,” cited in Val Colic-Peisker, Split Lives: Croatian Australian Stories (Fremantle: Fremantle Arts Centre Press, 2004), 62.

  33. 33.

    Dr George Klim, interviewed by Barry York, 16–17 September and 1 October 1996, Canberra, “Polish Australians Oral History Project,” National Library of Australia, Oral TRC 3498.

  34. 34.

    “Evdokia,” interviewed by Jayne Persian, 2018, Brisbane, digital recording in author’s possession.

  35. 35.

    Bohdan Mykytiuk, interviewed by Rob Willis, 21 October 2004, Bassendean, Western Australia, Rob and Olya Willis Folklore Collection, National Library of Australia, Oral TRC 5373/21–23.

  36. 36.

    Suzanna Prushynsky, interviewed by Rob Willis and Graham Seal, 26 October 2004, Rob and Olya Willis Folklore Collection, National Library of Australia, Oral TRC 5373/21–22.

  37. 37.

    “Irma” (1919–), interview, 1989.

  38. 38.

    Guna Kinne, cited in Karen Schamberger, Martha Sear, Kirsten Wehner, Jennifer Wilson and the Australian Journeys Gallery Development Team, National Museum of Australia, “Living in a Material World: Object Biography and Transnational Lives,” Transnational Ties: Australian Lives in the World, Desley Deacon, Penny Russell and Angela Woollacott eds (Canberra: Australian National University EPress, 2008), 287.

  39. 39.

    “Nastasia”, interviewed by Jayne Persian, 2007 and 2015, Sydney, cassette recording and handwritten notes in author’s possession.

  40. 40.

    See Jayne Persian, “Cossack Identities: From Russian Emigres and Anti-Soviet Collaborators to Displaced Persons,” Special Issue: Refugee Family & Memory, Immigrants & Minorities 36, no. 2 (2018): 125–42.

  41. 41.

    “Leo”, interviewed by Jayne Persian, 2007, Sydney, cassette recording in author’s possession.

  42. 42.

    Persian, Beautiful Balts, 61–66.

  43. 43.

    “Jakub”, interviewed by Jayne Persian, 2007, Sydney, cassette recording in author’s possession.

  44. 44.

    Mark Cave, “Reflections on Crisis Oral History,” in Mark Cave and Stephen M. Sloan eds, Listening on the Edge: Oral History in the Aftermath of Crisis (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 96.

  45. 45.

    Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, “Introduction: Building Partnerships Between Oral History and Memory Studies,” in Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes eds, Oral History and Public Memories (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2008), viii–ix.

  46. 46.

    Kateryna Longley, “The Fifth World,” Ukrainian Settlement in Australia: Fifth Conference, Melbourne, 16–18 February 1990 (Melbourne: Slavic Section, Monash University, 1993), 129–30.

  47. 47.

    “Robert”, interviewed by Jayne Persian, 2008, Wollongong, cassette recording in author’s possession.

  48. 48.

    “Robert”, interview, 2008.

  49. 49.

    Catherine Murphy, and United Trades and Labor Council (SA), Boatload of Dreams: Journeys by European Immigrant Workers 1947–1994 (Adelaide, SA: United Trades and Labor Council (SA), 1994), 62.

  50. 50.

    Eric Richards, “Hearing Voices: An Introduction,” in A. James Hammerton and Eric Richards eds, Speaking to Immigrants: Oral Testimony and the History of Australian Migration, Visible Immigrants (6). History Program and Centre for Immigration and Multicultural Studies, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University (Adelaide: Flinders University Press, 2002), 2.

  51. 51.

    Maurice Halbwachs cited in Anne Muxel, “Family Memory,” in Daniel Bertaux and Paul Thompson eds, Between Generations: Family Models, Myths, and Memories, International Yearbook of Oral History and Life Stories, Volume II (Oxford University Press, 1993), 192, 193.

  52. 52.

    Tom Shapcott, “Multicultural Literature and Writing in Australia,” in Jacques Delaruelle, Alexandra Karakostas-Sêdá and Anna Ward eds, Writing in Multicultural Australia 1984: An Overview, papers presented at the Multicultural Writers’ Weekends in Sydney, 13 and 14 October 1984, and in Melbourne, 27 and 28 October 1984. (North Sydney: Australia Council for the Literature Board, 1985), 5–6.

  53. 53.

    Hughes, The Idea of Home, 16.

  54. 54.

    “Michael”, interviewed by Jayne Persian, 2007, Sydney, cassette recording in author’s possession.

  55. 55.

    “Michael”, interview, 2007.

  56. 56.

    Peter Skrzynecki, Old/New World (St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 2007); Peter Skrzynecki, The Sparrow Garden (St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 2004); Peter Skrzynecki’s Web Site, http://www.peterskrzynecki.com.

  57. 57.

    “Andrew”, interviewed by Jayne Persian, 2008, Newcastle, handwritten notes in author’s possession.

  58. 58.

    “Andrew”, interview, 2008.

  59. 59.

    Proust, cited in Peter Read, Returning to Nothing: The Meaning of Lost Places (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 201.

  60. 60.

    Sara Wills, “Unstitching the Lips of a Migrant Nation,” Australian Historical Studies 118 (2002): 71.

  61. 61.

    Richards, “Hearing Voices: An Introduction,” 2.

  62. 62.

    Janis Wilton and Richard Bosworth, Old Worlds and New Australia: The Post-War Migrant Experience (Ringwood: Penguin Books Australia, 1984), 37.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia

    Jayne Persian

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  1. University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia

    Kate Darian-Smith

  2. University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Paula Hamilton

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Persian, J. (2019). Oral Histories of Displaced Persons: “What for? The Story Like Mine’s Plenty Now”. In: Darian-Smith, K., Hamilton, P. (eds) Remembering Migration. Palgrave Macmillan Memory Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17751-5_3

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