Abstract
This personal exploration of doing oral history within a multicultural society such as Australia focuses on the dimensions of history normally unrecorded by mainstream accounts. Oral accounts properly collected and interpreted provide valuable materials not otherwise approached. This chapter examines how the web archive and documentary Making Multicultural Australia draws on oral histories recorded for the project to reveal the dynamic behind the shift in Australian public policy from assimilation to multiculturalism. It further details how the Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) series “Once Upon a Time in …” used oral histories to empower the storytelling by local people through multicultural narrative arcs in Cabramatta, Punchbowl and Carlton, intensely immigrant and refugee neighbourhoods.
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Notes
- 1.
Carol McKirdy, Practicing Oral History with Immigrant Narrators (New York: Routledge, 2015).
- 2.
James Jupp, An Immigrant Nation Seeks Cohesion: Australia from 1788 (London: Anthem Press, 2018).
- 3.
Tim Carroll, “The Bankstown Oral History Project, a Multicultural Perspective,” The Oral History of Australia Journal, no. 25 (2003): 53–55.
- 4.
Suzanne D. Rutland, “Australian Responses to Jewish Refugee Migration Before and After World War Two,” Australian Journal of Politics and History 31, no. 1 (1985): 29–48.
- 5.
Ruth Wajnryb, The Silence: How Tragedy Shapes Talk (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2001).
- 6.
Kathy Grinblat ed., Children of the Shadows: Voices of the Second Generation (Crawley: University of Western Australia Press, 2002).
- 7.
Tony Harris, Making and Unmaking the Labor Left in Leichhardt Municipality 1970–1991 (Newtown: Left Bank Publishing, 2007, 1969); Andrew Jakubowicz, “A New Politics of Suburbia,” Current Affairs Bulletin, April (1972): 538–51.
- 8.
Andrew Jakubowicz, “Changing Patterns of Community Organization” (Sydney University, 1969).
- 9.
James Spigelman, “Film as a Social Action Tool,” Australian Quarterly 41, no. 2 (1969): 74–80.
- 10.
Peter Spearritt, “The Australian Slum Stigma,” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology (now Journal of Sociology) 9, no. 2 (1973): 41–45.
- 11.
Hayden P. Smith, and Robert M. Bohm, “Beyond Anomie: Alienation and Crime,” Critical Criminology 16 (2008), 1–15.
- 12.
Jakubowicz, Andrew, “Making Multicultural Australia in the 21st Century,” http://multiculturalaustralia.edu.au.
- 13.
Alan Borowski, “Creating a Virtuous Society: Immigration and Australia’s Policies of Multiculturalism,” Journal of Social Policy 29, no. 3 (2000): 459–75; Australia. “Review of Post-arrival Programs and Services to Migrants, Chairman: F. Galbally,” Migrant Services and Programs: Report of the Review of Post-Arrival Programs and Services for Migrants (Canberra: A.G.P.S., 1978).
- 14.
Andrew Jakubowicz, Commentary On: The Galbally Strategy for Migrant Settlement, Making Multicultural Australia, http://www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au/library/media/Timeline-Commentary/id/107.The-Galbally-Strategy-for-migrant-settlement.
- 15.
Malcolm Fraser, “The Galbally Strategy for Migrant Settlement,” audio recording, created 1994, Making Multicultural Australia, http://www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au/library/media/Audio/id/396; “Migrant Services and Programs—Statement by the Prime Minister,” Making Multicultural Australia, http://www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au/doc/fraser_2.pdf; Frank Galbally, “Migrant Settlement,” video recording, created 1994, Making Multicultural Australia, http://www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au/library/media/Video/id/336.Migrant-Settlement; Francesca Merenda, “The Experience of Wartime Internment,” video recording, created 2005, Making Multicultural Australia, http://www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au/library/media/Video/id/814.The-experience-of-wartime-internment.
- 16.
Andrew Jakubowicz, “The Galbally Strategy for Migrant Settlement: A Timeline Commentary,” Making Multicultural Australia, 2004, http://www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au/history/timeline/period/Multiculturalism-in-Practice/screen/2.The-Galbally-Strategy-for-migrant-settlement.
- 17.
Andrew Jakubowicz, “The Blainey Debate on Immigration,” Making Multicultural Australia, n.d, http://www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au/history/timeline/period/Multiculturalism-in-Practice/screen/12.The-Blainey-debate-on-immigration; Frank Lewins, “‘The Blainey Debate’ in Hindsight,” Journal of Sociology 23, no. 2 (1987): 261–73.
- 18.
Frank Lewins, “The Significance of Factors Influencing Early Vietnamese Settlement in Australia,” Journal of Intercultural Studies 5, no. 2 (1984): 29–48.
- 19.
Klaus Neumann, Across the Seas: Australia’s Response to Refugees—A History (Melbourne: Black Inc., 2015).
- 20.
Hal Colebatch, “The Left Rewrites Its History on Refugees,” Quadrant (October, 2010).
- 21.
Andrew Jakubowicz, “Vietnamese in Australia: A Generation of Settlement and Adaptation/A Quintessential Collision: Vietnamese Identities in Modern Australia,” Making Multicultural Australia in the 21st Century (2004), http://www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au/doc/viet_aust.doc.
- 22.
Thang Ngo, “Once Upon a Time in Cabramatta, SBS, 8th January 2012,” Noodlies.com 2016, no. 15 (October 2011).
- 23.
Paul Sheehan, “How the Politics of Sheer Populism Led to Racial Riots,” The Sydney Morning Herald, 16 January 2006.
- 24.
Robert Ezra Park, Race and Culture (New York: Free Press, 1950).
- 25.
Robert K. Merton, “Social Structure and Anomie,” American Sociological Review 3, no. 5 (1932): 672–82; Hayden P. Smith and Robert M. Bohm, “Beyond Anomie: Alienation and Crime.”
- 26.
Mark Orbe, “From the Standpoint(s) of Traditionally Muted Groups: Explicating a Co-Cultural Communication Theoretical Model,” Communication Theory 8, no. 1 (1998): 1–26.
- 27.
Karen Ross and Virginia Nightingale, Media and Audience: New Perspectives (Maidenhead: Open University Press, 2003).
- 28.
Ghassan Hage, “Multiculturalism and White Paranoia in Australia,” Journal of International Migration and Integration 3, no. 3 (2002): 417–37.
- 29.
Thang Ngo, “Once Upon a Time in Cabramatta, SBS, 8th January 2012,” Noodlies.com 2016, no. 15 (October 2011); Andrew Jakubowicz, “Empires of the Sun: Towards a Post-Multicultural Australian Politics,” Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 3, no. 1 (2011): 65–86.
- 30.
Alistair Thomson, “Four Paradigm Transformations in Oral History,” The Oral History Review 34 (2007): 49–70.
- 31.
Diane Sivasubramaniam and Jane Goodman-Delahunty, “Ethnicity and Trust: Perceptions of Police Bias,” International Journal of Police Science & Management 10, no. 4 (2008).
- 32.
Michael Norton and Samuel Sommers, “Whites See Racism as a Zero-Sum Game That They Are Now Losing,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 6, no. 3 (2011): 215–18.
- 33.
Andrew Markus, Mapping Social Cohesion: The Scanlon Foundation Surveys 2015 (ACJC, Faculty of Arts, Monash University, 2015). http://scanlonfoundation.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/2015-Mapping-Social-Cohesion-Report.pdf.
- 34.
Michael Stewart Foley, “There Is No Single Lie in War (Films): Ken Burns, Lynn Novick, and the Vietnam War,” The Sixties: A Journal of History, Politics and Culture 11, no. 1 (2018): 93–104.
Bibliography
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Borowski, Alan. “Creating a Virtuous Society: Immigration and Australia’s Policies of Multiculturalism.” Journal of Social Policy 29, no. 3 (2000): 459–75.
Carroll, Tim. “The Bankstown Oral History Project, a Multicultural Perspective.” The Oral History of Australia Journal, no. 25 (2003): 53–55.
Colebatch, Hal. “The Left Rewrites Its History on Refugees.” Quadrant, October (2010).
Foley, Michael Stewart. “There Is No Single Lie in War (Films): Ken Burns, Lynn Novick, and the Vietnam War.” The Sixties: A Journal of History, Politics and Culture 11, no. 1 (2018): 93–104.
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Grinblat, Kathy, ed. Children of the Shadows: Voices of the Second Generation. Crawley: University of Western Australia Press, 2002.
Hage, Ghassan. “Multiculturalism and White Paranoia in Australia.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 3, no. 3 (2002): 417–37.
Harris, Tony. Making and Unmaking the Labor Left in Leichhardt Municipality 1970–1991. Newtown: Left Bank Publishing, 2007; 1969.
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Jakubowicz, Andrew. “Empires of the Sun: Towards a Post-Multicultural Australian Politics.” Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 3, no. 1 (2011b): 65–86.
Jakubowicz, Andrew. “Making Multicultural Australia in the 21st Century.” n.d.-a. http://multiculturalaustralia.edu.au.
Jakubowicz, Andrew. “The Blainey Debate on Immigration.” Making Multicultural Australia, n.d.-b. http://www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au/history/timeline/period/Multiculturalism-in-Practice/screen/12.The-Blainey-debate-on-immigration.
Jupp, James. An Immigrant Nation Seeks Cohesion: Australia from 1788. London: Anthem Press, 2018.
Lewins, Frank. “‘The Blainey Debate’ in Hindsight.” Journal of Sociology 23, no. 2 (1987): 261–73.
Lewins, Frank. “The Significance of Factors Influencing Early Vietnamese Settlement in Australia.” Journal of Intercultural Studies 5, no. 2 (1984): 29–48.
Markus, Andrew. Mapping Social Cohesion: The Scanlon Foundation Surveys 2015. ACJC, Faculty of Arts, Monash University, 2015. http://scanlonfoundation.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/2015-Mapping-Social-Cohesion-Report.pdf.
McKirdy, Carol. Practicing Oral History with Immigrant Narrators. New York: Routledge, 2015.
Merenda, Francesca. “The Experience of Wartime Internment.” Video recording, created 2005. Making Multicultural Australia. http://www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au/library/media/Video/id/814.The-experience-of-wartime-internment.
Merton, Robert K. “Social Structure and Anomie.” American Sociological Review 3, no. 5 (1932): 672–82.
Neumann, Klaus. Across the Seas: Australia’s Response to Refugees—A History. Melbourne: Black Inc., 2015.
Ngo, Thang. “Once Upon a Time in Cabramatta, SBS, 8th January 2012.” Noodlies.com 2016, 15 October 2011.
Norton, Michael, and Samuel Sommers. “Whites See Racism as a Zero-Sum Game That They Are Now Losing.” Perspectives on Psychological Science 6, no. 3 (2011): 215–18.
Orbe, Mark. “From the Standpoint(s) of Traditionally Muted Groups: Explicating a Co-Cultural Communication Theoretical Model.” Communication Theory 8, no. 1 (1998): 1–26.
Park, Robert Ezra. Race and Culture. New York: Free Press, 1950.
Ross, Karen, and Virginia Nightingale. Media and Audience: New Perspectives. Maidenhead: Open University Press, 2003.
Rutland, Suzanne D. “Australian Responses to Jewish Refugee Migration Before and After World War Two.” Australian Journal of Politics and History, 31, no. 1 (1985): 29–48.
Sheehan, Paul. “How the Politics of Sheer Populism Led to Racial Riots.” The Sydney Morning Herald, 16 January 2006.
Sivasubramaniam, Diane, and Jane Goodman-Delahunty. “Ethnicity and Trust: Perceptions of Police Bias.” International Journal of Police Science & Management 10, no. 4 (2008).
Smith, Hayden P., and Robert M. Bohm. “Beyond Anomie: Alienation and Crime.” Critical Criminology 16 (2008), 1–15.
Spearritt, Peter. “The Australian Slum Stigma.” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology (now Journal of Sociology) 9, no. 2 (1973): 41–45.
Spigelman, James. “Film as a Social Action Tool.” Australian Quarterly 41, no. 2 (1969): 74–80.
Thomson, Alistair. “Four Paradigm Transformations in Oral History.” The Oral History Review 34 (2007): 49–70.
Wajnryb, Ruth. The Silence: How Tragedy Shapes Talk. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2001.
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Jakubowicz, A. (2019). The Voices of Diversity in Multicultural Societies: Using Multimedia to Communicate Authenticity and Insight. In: Darian-Smith, K., Hamilton, P. (eds) Remembering Migration. Palgrave Macmillan Memory Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17751-5_13
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