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Car Production and the Four Phases of European Integration, 1958–2017

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Abstract

This chapter lays the groundwork for the book’s Belgian and Spanish case study chapters by examining the evolution of European car production through four phases of European Integration: (1) ‘The EEC-6 Years, 1958–1972’, which outlines some of the major events occurring during the European Economic Community’s (EEC’s) initial six-member nation years; (2) ‘The EEC Expands and Evolves, 1973–1989’, which chronicles the EEC’s enlargement to 9 and then 12 members, and compares passenger car output in Western Europe and the Soviet-led Eastern Bloc; (3) ‘Reshaping the EU’s Car Production Footprint, 1989–2001’, which contrasts output in WE with that in Central-Eastern Europe in Southeastern Europe during initial decade-plus following the fall of the Berlin Wall/breakup of the Eastern Bloc; and (4) ‘The Eastward Shift of Europe’s Automobile Production Footprint, 2001–2017’, which updates the comparison for the ‘Three Areas of Europe’ through 2017.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Gilbert (2012); EC (2014a, 2016, 2018).

  2. 2.

    New York Times (1960a, b); Hofmann (1962); Ronan (1962); Linge (1963); Gilbert (2012); EC (2014a).

  3. 3.

    Gilbert (2012); EC (2014a); OECD (2018).

  4. 4.

    Linge (1963); Gilbert (2012); EC (2014a); Belgium (2017–2018); OECD (2018).

  5. 5.

    O’Toole (1965); Cowan (1965a); New York Times (1965a); EC (2014a, 2016).

  6. 6.

    Cowan (1965b, c); EC (2014a, 2016).

  7. 7.

    New York Times (1965b, 1966); Cowan (1965c, 1966); WSJ (1966); Farnsworth (1968); Gilbert (2012); EC (2014a, 2016).

  8. 8.

    Hartley (1967); WSJ (1967a, b); Farnsworth (1968); Lee (1968); Gilbert (2012); EC (2014a, 2016).

  9. 9.

    EC (2014a).

  10. 10.

    Ward’s (1956–2018); AP (1970); Kessler (1970); WSJ (1970); Gilbert (2012).

  11. 11.

    AP (1970); Kessler (1970); UPI (1972); Gilbert (2012); EC (2014a).

  12. 12.

    Dale (1971); Farnsworth (1971); Gilbert (2012); EC (2014a); Nixon Foundation (2014).

  13. 13.

    AP (1970); New York Times (1972; Gilbert (2012); EC (2014a).

  14. 14.

    Gilbert (2012); EC (2014a).

  15. 15.

    Bloomfield (1978); Georgano (2000).

  16. 16.

    Ibid.

  17. 17.

    Rhys (1972); Hu (1973); Bloomfield (1978); Whisler (1999); Georgano (2000).

  18. 18.

    See Table 2.2 for references.

  19. 19.

    AP (1973); Halloran (1973); Eder (1973); Reuters (1973); Smith (1973); Yergin (1992).

  20. 20.

    Ibid.

  21. 21.

    Gilbert (2012); EC (2014a, b, 2016, 2018).

  22. 22.

    Tanner and McCartney (1979); Tanner (1980); Yergin (1992).

  23. 23.

    Ward’s (1956–2018); Gilbert (2012).

  24. 24.

    Ward’s (1956–2018); Georgano, 2000; Gilbert (2012); EC (2014b, 2016, 2018).

  25. 25.

    Gilbert (2012); EC (2014b, 2016, 2018).

  26. 26.

    Ward’s (1956–2018; 2014).

  27. 27.

    Ward’s (1956–2018); Georgano (2000).

  28. 28.

    Ward’s (1956–2018); Jacobs (2017).

  29. 29.

    Wolchik and Curry (2011); Jacobs (2017).

  30. 30.

    Myant (1993); Jacobs (2017).

  31. 31.

    Pavlinek (2008); Thompson (2011); Jacobs (2017).

  32. 32.

    Ibid.

  33. 33.

    Gilbert (2012); EC (2016, 2018); EU (2019).

  34. 34.

    Gilbert (2012); Jacobs (2017); EBRD (2018).

  35. 35.

    Gilbert (2012); EC (2016, 2018); EU (2018).

  36. 36.

    Gilbert (2012); EC (2016, 2018); Jacobs (2017).

  37. 37.

    Ibid.

  38. 38.

    Ward’s (1956–2018; 2014); Jacobs (2017); Belgium (2017–2018)

  39. 39.

    Ibid.

  40. 40.

    Ibid.

  41. 41.

    Ibid.

  42. 42.

    EC (2016); Jacobs (2017).

  43. 43.

    Jacobs (2017).

  44. 44.

    Belgium (2017–2018); Jacobs (2017).

  45. 45.

    Jacobs (2017); CEFO (2018); Krogh (2018); Bjelotomic (2019).

  46. 46.

    Belgium (2017–2018); Jacobs (2017); Beni (2018).

  47. 47.

    Belgium (2017–2018). Saab Trollhattan was closed following the bankruptcy of its then-parent, Spyker Cars of the Netherlands. Spyker had acquired the plant from GM in February 2010. Saab Trollhattan was then acquired by National Electric Vehicle Sweden (NEVS) in August 2012, with NEVS building a handful cars until May 2014; see Jacobs (2016).

  48. 48.

    Belgium (2017–2018); Jacobs (2017). GM also closed its 75,000-capacity, LCV plant in Azambuja, Portugal on December 21, 2006, and Volvo its 16,000-capacity car plant in Uddevalla, Sweden on June 25, 2013.

  49. 49.

    See Table 2.6 for references.

  50. 50.

    Ibid.

  51. 51.

    Jacobs (2017); Pavlinek (2017).

  52. 52.

    Jacobs (2017); ACAROM (2018).

  53. 53.

    OICA (1999–2018); ACEA (2018); EU (2018, 2019).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sociology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA

    A. J. Jacobs

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Jacobs, A.J. (2019). Car Production and the Four Phases of European Integration, 1958–2017. In: The Automotive Industry and European Integration. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17431-6_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17431-6_2

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