Abstract
The Church developed a less combative relationship with the state after WWII. Roelens died in 1947 and the idea of Church largely run as separate from the state died with him. Older missionaries such as Van Acker were also replaced with new ones, such as Joseph De Jaeger, who had no memory of the proto-colonial period. Many Africans came to the missions in search of social mobility and a literate middle class developed that contributed to the growth of an agro-industrial state complex in Kongolo. Outside of the middle classes, farmers on the right bank satirized the colonial state but did not launch proto-nationalist movements. All this meant that militant nationalists—mainly from outside the territory—strongly identified many people in Kongolo with Belgian colonialism and, latterly, the Katangese secession during decolonization.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Bibliography
Argenti, Nicolas, The Intestines of the State: Youth, Violence and Belated Histories in the Cameroonian Grassfields (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007).
Austen, Ralph A., ‘Colonialism from the Middle: African Clerks as Historical Actors and Discursive Subjects,’ History in Africa, 38 (2011), pp. 21–33.
Balandier, Georges, Sociologie de Brazzaville Noires (Paris: Librairie Armand Colin, 1955).
Barber, Karin, The Anthropology of Texts, Persons and Publics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
Bernard, Guy, ‘Perspectives pour une Sociologie Dialectique de la Décolonisation du Congo,’ Journal of Canadian African Studies, 5, 1 (1971), pp. 33–43.
Beurden, Sarah van, Authentically African: Arts and the Transnational Politics of Congolese Culture (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2016).
Chambon, René, Le Coton du Tanganika: Souvenirs et Projets (Schepdaal, 2003).
Clement, Piet, ‘Agricultural Policies and Practices in the Congo: The Origins and Implementation of the Indigenous Peasantry Scheme, 1917–1959,’ Paper presented to KAOWARSOM conference entitled: The Belgian Congo in between the Two World Wars’ (2016).
Davidson, Basil, Modern Africa: A Social and Political History (London: Routledge, 2014).
Dembour, Marie-Bénédict, Recalling the Belgian Congo: Conversations and Introspection (New York: Berghahan Books, 2001).
Drachoussoff, V. (Translated by Bruce F. Johnson), Agricultural Change in the Belgian Congo, 1945–1960 (Stanford: Stanford University, 1965).
Fabian, Johannes, Language and Colonial Power: The Appropriation of Swahili in the Former Belgian Congo, 1880–1938 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).
G. B. M., ‘The Agricultural Development of the Belgian Congo,’ The World Today, 6 (1950), pp. 348–354.
Glassman, Jonathan, Feasts and Riot: Revelry and Rebellion on the Swahili Coast, 1856–1888 (Oxford: James Curry, 1995).
Gordon, David, Nachituti’s Gift: Economy, Society, and Environment in Central Africa (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006).
Higginson, John, ‘Steam without a Piston Box: Strikes and Popular Unrest in Katanga, 1943–1945,’ The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 21, 1 (1988), pp. 97–117.
Hobsbawm, Eric J., Primitive Rebels: Studies of Archaic Forms of Social Movement in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (London: W. W. Norton, 1965).
Jewsiewicki, Bogumil, ‘Political Consciousness among African Peasants in the Belgian Congo,’ Review of African Political Economy, 9, 19 (1980), pp. 23–32.
Jewsiewicki, Bogumil, ‘The Formation of the Political Culture of Ethnicity in the Congo, 1920–1959,’ in Leroy Vail ed., The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), pp. 324–349.
Lemarchand, René, Political Awakening in the Belgian Congo (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964).
Likaka, Osumaka, Rural Society and Cotton in Colonial Zaire (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997).
Likaka, Osumaka, Naming Colonialism: History and Collective Memory in the Congo, 1870–1960 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2009).
Loffman, Reuben, ‘An Obscured Revolution? USAID, The North Shaba Project and the Zaïrian Administration, 1976–1986,’ Canadian Journal of African Studies, 48, 3 (2014), pp. 425–444.
Loffman, Reuben, ‘On the Fringes of a Christian Kingdom: The White Fathers, Colonial Rule, and the Báhêmbá in Sola, Northern Katanga, 1909–1960,’ Journal of Religion in Africa, 45 (2016), pp. 279–306.
Markowitz, Marvin D., ‘The Missions and Political Development in the Congo,’ Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 40, 3 (1970), pp. 234–247.
Mukalay, Jonas Mwilambwe, and Kalenga, André, Ankoro (Katanga): Notre Village (Paris: L’Harmattan, 2007).
Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges, The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A Peoples’ History (London: Zed Books, 2002).
Ranger, Terence O., Dance and Society in Eastern Africa, 1890–1970 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975).
Renton, David, Seddon, David, and Zeilig, Leo, The Congo: Plunder and Resistance (London: Zed Books, 2007).
Rose-Hunt, Nancy, ‘Domesticity and Colonialism in Belgian Africa: Usumbura’s Foyer Social, 1946–1960,’ Signs, 15, 3 (1990), pp. 447–474.
Samarin, William J., ‘Protestant Missions and the History of Lingala,’ Journal of Religion in Africa, 16, 2 (1986), pp. 138–163.
Scott, James C., Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998).
Vanthemsche, Guy, Belgium and the Congo, 1885–1980 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
Vellut, Jean-Luc, ‘Hégémonies En Construction: Articulations Entre Etat Et Entreprises Dans Le Bloc Colonial Belge (1908–1960),’ Canadian Journal of African Studies, 16, 2 (1982), pp. 313–330.
Vinck, Honoré, ‘Carte du Mérite Civique,’ Aequatoria, 11, 3 (1948), pp. 103–105.
Young, Crawford M., Politics in Congo: Decolonization and Independence (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965).
Young, Crawford M., The African Colonial State in Comparative Perspective (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Loffman, R.A. (2019). A Marriage of Convenience: Church and State in the Late Colonial Period, 1940–1956. In: Church, State and Colonialism in Southeastern Congo, 1890–1962. Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17380-7_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17380-7_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-17379-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-17380-7
eBook Packages: HistoryHistory (R0)