Abstract
In this research work, an on-board dual-core embedded architecture was developed for SAR imaging systems, implementing a reduced-precision redundancy fault-tolerance mechanism. This architecture protects the execution of the BackProjection Algorithm, capable of generating acceptable SAR images in embedded systems subjected to errors from the space environment. The proposed solution was implemented on a Xilinx SoC device with a dual-core processor. The present work was able to produced images with less 0.65 dB on average, than the fault-free image, at the expense of a time overhead up to 33%, when in the presence of error rates similar to the ones measured in space environment. Notwithstanding, the BackProjection algorithm executed up to 1.58 times faster than its single-core version without any fault-tolerance mechanisms.
This work was supported by national funds through Fundação para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT) with reference UID/CEC/50021/2019, and project SARRROCA, “Synthetic Aperture Radar Robust Reconfigurable Optimized Computing Architecture” with reference: PTDC/EEI-HAC/31819/2017, funded by FCT/MCTES through national funds, and POCI - Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização e PORLisboa - Programa Operacional Regional de Lisboa.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
- 2.
- 3.
- 4.
- 5.
- 6.
References
Barker, K., et al.: PERFECT (Power Efficiency Revolution For Embedded Computing Technologies) Benchmark Suite Manual. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and Georgia Tech Research Institute, December 2013. http://hpc.pnnl.gov/projects/PERFECT/
Baumann, R.C.: Radiation-induced soft errors in advanced semiconductor technologies. IEEE Trans. Device Mater. Reliab. 5(3), 305–316 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1109/TDMR.2005.853449
Claeys, C., Simoen, E.: Radiation Effects in Advanced Semiconductor Materials and Devices. Springer, Heidelberg (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04974-7
Duarte, R.P., Bouganis, C.: Zero-latency datapath error correction framework for over-clocking DSP applications on FPGAs. In: 2014 International Conference on ReConFigurable Computing and FPGAs (ReConFig14), pp. 1–7, Deceember 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/ReConFig.2014.7032566
Duarte, R.P., Bouganis, C.S.: High-level linear projection circuit design optimization framework for FPGAs under over-clocking. In: 2012 22nd International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL), pp. 723–726. IEEE (2012)
Duarte, R.P., Bouganis, C.-S.: A unified framework for over-clocking linear projections on FPGAs under PVT variation. In: Goehringer, D., Santambrogio, M.D., Cardoso, J.M.P., Bertels, K. (eds.) ARC 2014. LNCS, vol. 8405, pp. 49–60. Springer, Cham (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05960-0_5
Duarte, R.P., Bouganis, C.S.: ARC 2014 over-clocking KLT designs on FPGAs under process, voltage, and temperature variation. ACM Trans. Reconfigurable Technol. Syst. 9(1), 7:1–7:17 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1145/2818380
Fang, W.C., Le, C., Taft, S.: On-board fault-tolerant SAR processor for spaceborne imaging radar systems. In: 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, vol. 1, pp. 420–423, May 2005. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCAS.2005.1464614
Ganssle, J.: The Firmware Handbook. Academic Press Inc., Orlando (2004)
Jacobs, A., Cieslewski, G., Reardon, C., George, A.: Multiparadigm computing for space-based synthetic aperture radar (2008)
Maki, A.: Space radiation effect on satellites. Joho Tsushin Kenkyu Kiko Kiho 55(1–4), 43–48 (2009)
Pratt, B., Fuller, M., Wirthlin, M.: Reduced-precision redundancy on FPGAs (2011). https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/897189
Pritsker, D.: Efficient global back-projection on an FPGA. In: 2015 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarCon), pp. 0204–0209, May 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2015.7130996
Sinclair, D., Dyer, J.: Radiation effects and cots parts in smallsats (2013)
Sørensen, J., Santin, G.: The radiation environment and effects for future ESA cosmic vision missions. In: 2009 European Conference on Radiation and Its Effects on Components and Systems, pp. 356–363, September 2009. https://doi.org/10.1109/RADECS.2009.5994676
Tambara, L.A.: Analyzing the impact of radiation-induced failures in all programmable system-on-chip devices (2017)
Ullah, A., Reviriego, P., Pontarelli, S., Maestro, J.A.: Majority voting-based reduced precision redundancy adders. IEEE Trans. Device Mater. Reliab. PP(99), 1 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/TDMR.2017.2781186
Volder, J.: The cordic computing technique. In: Papers Presented at the 3–5 March 1959, Western Joint Computer Conference, IRE-AIEE-ACM 1959 (Western), pp. 257–261. ACM, New York (1959). https://doi.org/10.1145/1457838.1457886
Wang, S.J., Jha, N.K.: Algorithm-based fault tolerance for FFT networks. IEEE Trans. Comput. 43(7), 849–854 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1109/12.293265
Ya’acob, N., Zainudin, A., Magdugal, R., Naim, N.F.: Mitigation of space radiation effects on satellites at low earth orbit (LEO). In: 2016 6th IEEE International Conference on Control System, Computing and Engineering (ICCSCE), pp. 56–61, November 2016. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCSCE.2016.7893545
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Cruz, H., Duarte, R.P., Neto, H. (2019). Fault-Tolerant Architecture for On-board Dual-Core Synthetic-Aperture Radar Imaging. In: Hochberger, C., Nelson, B., Koch, A., Woods, R., Diniz, P. (eds) Applied Reconfigurable Computing. ARC 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11444. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17227-5_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17227-5_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-17226-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-17227-5
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)