Skip to main content

Destination Management Through Stakeholders’ Collaborations

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Tourist Destination Management

Part of the book series: Tourism, Hospitality & Event Management ((THEM))

Abstract

In managing World Heritage Sites, collaborations among stakeholders are essential to concretise projects aimed at sustaining heritage preservation practices. The case of George Town World Heritage Site (GTWHS) in the State of Penang, Malaysia, is emblematic of this intricate set of partnerships and collaborations, which link civil society groups to government agencies. This study examines the role played by each group of stakeholders in creating and sustaining the winning coalitions and the long-term viability of projects in the context of heritage preservation. It uses a two-step analysis using Schmeer’s stakeholder analysis table and Eden & Ackermann’s Power/Interest grid to explore the ties between George Town World Heritage Incorporated (GTWHI), the main body responsible for heritage management, and other governmental and civil society groups. Results show a dominant role of governmental and hybrid institutions in driving these collaborations and a lack of representation of the actual voice from residents and interest groups.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    In 2015, the entire Penang Island, not just George Town, was granted city status by the Malaysian federal government. The former Municipal Council (MPPP) has been upgraded to the Penang Island City Council (MBPP).

References

  • Aas, C., Ladkin, A., & Fletcher, J. (2005). Stakeholder collaboration and heritage management. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(1), 28–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Badaruddin, M., Gelareh, A., & Shida, I. O. (2012, September 8). Conservation and revitalization of the historical inner city: The case George Town World Heritage Site. In Paper presented at the 3rd International Academic Consortium for Sustainable Cities (IACSC) Symposium Conference. Bangkok, Thailand. Accessed November 2, 2016, from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Shida_Irwana_Omar/publication/294871702_Conservation_and_Revitalization_of_a_Historical_Inner_City_The_Case_of_George_Town_World_Heritage_Site/links/56c47e7d08ae7fd4625a2530.pdf

  • Borges, M. A., Carbone, G., Bushell, R., & Jaeger, T. (2011). Sustainable tourism and natural world heritage – Priorities for action. Gland: IUCN. Accessed November 2, 2016, from http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/sustainable_tourism_and_natural_world_heritage_report.pdf

  • Bryson, J. M., & Crosby, B. C. (1992). Leadership for the common good: Tackling public problems in a shared-power world. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, T. C., Milne, S., Fallon, D., & Pohlmann, C. (1996). Urban heritage tourism. The global-local nexus. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(2), 284–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, E. W., Li, A. H. F., & Ma, S. (2014). Resistance, engagement, and heritage conservation by voluntary sector: The case of Penang in Malaysia. Modern Asian Studies, 48(3), 617–644.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chin, C. (2015). The paint that protects the past. The Nation. Accessed November 1, 2016, from http://www.pressreader.com/thailand/the-nation/20150112/281990375902719

  • Claudia, C. (2014, August 25). Review panels to monitor public artwork in George Town. News article, MSN Malaysia News. Accessed November 1, 2016, from http://news.malaysia.msn.com/tmi/review-panels-to-monitor-publicartwork-in-george-town

  • DSM Department of Statistics, Malaysia. (2011). Population distribution and basic demographic characteristics 2010. In Population and housing census of Malaysia. Accessed November 4, 2016, from http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf

  • Eden, C., & Ackermann, F. (1998). Making strategy: The journey of strategic management. London: Sage.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, R. E. (1984). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Boston, MA: Pitman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goh, D. P. S. (2014). Between history and heritage: Post-colonialism, globalisation, and the remaking of Malacca, Penang, and Singapore. TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia, 2(1), 79–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • GTWHI. (2014). Chairperson’s message. In George Town World Heritage Incorporated (GTWHI) webpage. Accessed November 3, 2016, from http://www.gtwhi.com.my/regulate/public-arts-review-panel.html

  • GTWHI. (2015). Public Arts Review Panel (PARP). In George Town World Heritage Incorporated (GTWHI) webpage. Accessed November 1, 2016, from http://www.gtwhi.com.my/regulate/public-arts-review-panel.html

  • Gunn, C. A. (1988). Tourism planning (2nd ed.). New York: Taylor and Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamal, T. B., & Getz, D. (1995). Collaboration theory and community tourism planning. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(1), 186–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, G. (2008). Contested space: Cultural heritage and identity reconstruction. Conservation strategies within a developing Asian City. Zurich: Lit Verlag Gmbh & Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, G., & King, V. T. (2003). Heritage and development in a Malaysian city: George Town under threat? Indonesia and the Malay World, 31(89), 44–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639810304441.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, G., & Scholes, K. (2002). Exploring corporate strategy (6th ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kong, L., & O’Connor, J. (2009). Creative economies, creative cities: Asian-European perspectives. In The GeoJournal library (Vol. 98). Heideliberg: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S. L. (1996). Urban conservation policy and the preservation of historical and cultural heritage. The case of Singapore. Cities, 13(6), 399–409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, L. M. (2010, July 15). George Town heritage building inventory. A proposal for multi-agency collaboration. Presentation at the sharing session of Phase I of the project.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, C. (1991). The ethics challenge in public service: A problem-solving guide. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Licciardi, G., & Amirtahmasebi, R. (Eds.). (2012). The economics of uniqueness. Investing in historic city cores and cultural heritage assets for sustainable development. Washington: The World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lim, T. C. (2011). Culture heritage tourism engineering at Penang: Complete the puzzle of “The Pearl of Orient”. Systems Engineering Procedia, 1, 358–364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loh, L. (2011, December 12–13). Managing heritage organisations: The heritage of Malaysia Trust. In Paper presented at the International Conference on Heritage Conservation 2011. Hong Kong. Accessed November 4, 2016, from http://www.heritage.gov.hk/conference2011/en/pdf/12_Mr.%20Laurence%20Loh.pdf

  • Loh, A. (2014, November 20). Art not Penang enough artist: Public art should express the state’s multi-racial heritage. News article. The Star Online. Accessed November 1, 2016, from http://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2014/11/20/art-not-penang-enough/

  • Loh-Lim, L. L. (2011, December 12–13). The case for the George Town world heritage site and the Island of Penang. In Paper presented at the International Conference on Heritage Conservation 2011. Hong Kong. Accessed November 3, 2016, from http://www.heritage.gov.hk/conference2011/en/pdf/paper/lin_lee_loh_lim.pdf

  • Malaysia State Government. (2008). Nomination dossier. Historic cities of the Straits of Malacca: Melaka and George Town. Executive summary. Accessed November 2, 2016, from http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1223bis.pdf

  • Millar, S. (2006). Stakeholders and community participation. In A. Leask & A. Fyall (Eds.), Managing world heritage sites. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, R. K., Angle, B. R., & Wood, D. J. (1997). Towards a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: Defining the principle of who and what really counts. Academy of Management Review, 22(4), 853–886.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mok, O. (2014, August 25). Penang sets up special review panel to regulate public artwork. News article. The Malay Mail Online. Accessed November 1, 2016, from http://www.themalaymailonline.com/print/malaysia/penang-sets-up-special-review-panel-to-regulate-public-a

  • Nadarajah, M. (2007). Culture of sustainability: Multicultural reality and sustainable localism – A case study of Penang (George Town), Malaysia. In M. Nadarajah & T. A. Yamamoto (Eds.), Urban crisis: Culture and the sustainability of cities. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ngui, A. (2014, August 25). Only approved public art. News article. The Sun Daily. Accessed November 1, 2016, from http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1151051

  • Nuryanti, W. (1996). Heritage and postmodern tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(2), 249–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nutt, P., & Backoff, R. (1992). Strategic management of public and third sector organizations: A handbook for leaders. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Organisation of World Heritage Cities. (2015). Mayors & heritage: Rt Hon. Dato’ Patahiyah bt Ismail, Mayor of George Town, Penang (Malaysia). A write of an interview. Organization of World Heritage Cities. Accessed November 1, 2016, from http://www.ovpm.org/en/mayor_george_town_penang_malaysia

  • Pedersen, A. (2002). Managing tourism at world heritage sites: A practical manual for world heritage site managers. Paris: UNESCO.

    Google Scholar 

  • PeGIS. (2015). History of GIS in Malaysia. PeGIS. Accessed Jun 1, 2016, from http://pegis.penang.gov.my/dokumentasi/gishistory.pdf

  • Phuah, K. L. (2014, August 26). Street artists get the thumbs down. News article. New Straits Times Online. Accessed November 1, 2016, from http://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/09/street-artists-get-thumbs-down

  • Reed, M. (1997). Power relations and community-based tourism planning. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(3), 566–591.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sautter, E. T., & Leisen, B. (1999). Managing stakeholders: A tourism planning model. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(2), 312–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmeer, K. (1999). Stakeholder analysis guidelines. In policy toolkit for strengthening health sector reform. Bethesda, MD: Abt Associates Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, F. (1996). Conservation and rehabilitation of urban heritage in developing countries. Habitat International, 20(3), 463–475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO. (1998). Operational guidelines for the implementation of the world heritage convention. Paris: UNESCO. Accessed November 2, 2016, from http://whc.unesco.org/archive/opguide12-en.pdf

  • Van der Aa, B. J., Groote, P. D., & Huigen, P. P. (2004). World heritage as NIMBY? The case of the Dutch part of the Wadden Sea. Current Issues in Tourism, 7(4–5), 291–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Schendelen, R. (2002). Machiavelli in Brussels: The art of lobbying the EU. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, L. A., & Boyle, E. (2006). Interorganisational collaboration at UK World Heritage Sites. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 27(6), 501–523.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winter, T., & Daly, P. (2012). Heritage in Asia: Converging forces, conflicting values. In Routledge handbook of heritage in Asia (pp. 1–35). Abingdon: Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, D. J., & Gray, B. (1991). Toward a comprehensive theory of collaboration. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 27(2), 139–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeoh, B. S. A. (2005). The global cultural city? Spatial imagineering and politics in the (multi)cultural marketplaces of South-East Asia. Urban Studies, 42(5/6), 945–958.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zabielskis, P. (2008). Towards a moral ecology of the city: A new form of place-based identity and social action in Penang, Malaysia. International Development Planning Review, 30(3), 267–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Angela Tritto .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Tritto, A., Fun, N.C.S. (2019). Destination Management Through Stakeholders’ Collaborations. In: Kozak, N., Kozak, M. (eds) Tourist Destination Management. Tourism, Hospitality & Event Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16981-7_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics