Abstract
Collective bargaining is recognized as an important tool for regulation of labour relations and employees’ rights in Russia. The first collective agreements were concluded in the beginning of the twentieth century, but from the 1920s on they were excluded from the instruments used to regulate labour relations for decades. During late Soviet period collective bargaining was widely used at the local level, although it served more to increase productivity and industrial mobilization or regulate social issues and did not impact wages and numerous other issues that were stipulated directly by law. Today collective bargaining plays an important role as an instrument of regulation and is considered to be the most serious form of social partnership by social partners at all levels as well as by state officials. Trade unions are the main workers’ representatives for collective bargaining and conclude thousands of collective agreements from the local level to the General Agreement at the national level. Though collective bargaining itself is limited to collective agreements, the subjects covered by collective agreements under the law are wide and could enable their use as a strong and effective instrument. But the quality of collective agreements are not always high, and many of them have very modest impact on the actual regulation of working conditions. What the reasons are for this situation, whether trade unions have bargaining power in Russia, and what actual role collective bargaining plays among the social partners are discussed in this chapter. The chapter considers the legal regulation of workers’ representation for collective bargaining purposes and collective bargaining procedures, legal reforms introduced on the issue during recent decades and currently, the content of collective agreements at different levels, and collective bargaining trends and challenges. It defines strengthens, weaknesses, gaps and the effectiveness of both collective bargaining procedures and collective agreements at different levels. The compliance of the Labour Code’s provisions on collective bargaining with international labour standards is analysed, and recommendations on changes needed are provided.
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Notes
- 1.
Ratified by the Soviet Union by the Decree of the Presidium if the Supreme Council of USSR of July 6, 1956.
- 2.
Ratified by the Federal law of July 1, 2010 No138-FZ.
- 3.
Ratified by the Federal law of June 3, 2009 No101-FZ.
- 4.
Constitution of the Russian Federation. Adopted by direct people’s voting on 12 December 1993.
- 5.
Article 30 of the Constitution of RF.
- 6.
Article 37 of the Constitution of RF.
- 7.
Labour Code of Russian Federation 30.12.2001, 197-FZ in Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiyskoy Federazii 7 January 2002, No. 1, Item. 3 as amended.
- 8.
Art. 1 of the LC RF.
- 9.
Pp.6 of Part 1 of Art. 6 of the LC RF.
- 10.
Federal Law “On trade unions, their rights and guarantees of activities” [“O professional’nyh soyuzah, ih pravah i garantiyah deyatel’nosti”] of 12.01.1996 No. 10-FZ in Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiyskoy Federazii January 15, 1996, No.3, Item 148 as amended; Federal Law “On Associations of Employers” [“Ob ob’edineniyah rabotodatelej”] of November 27, 2002 No 156-FZ FZ in Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiyskoy Federazii December 2, 2002, No. 48, Item 4741 as amended.
- 11.
Part 1 of Art. 21 of the LC RF.
- 12.
Part 1 of Art. 22 of the LC RF.
- 13.
Part 1 of Art. 22 of the LC RF.
- 14.
Part 1 of Art. 36 of the LC RF states that “representatives of employees and employers participate in collective bargaining for the preparation, conclusion or amendment of the collective agreement, agreements and have the right to take the initiative to hold such negotiations”.
- 15.
- 16.
In Omsk 127 contingent workers were returned to the Unilever staff, an activist of the trade union committee was reinstated. IUF website available online at http://iuf.ru/3/95/1320.html.
- 17.
Art. 2 of the ILO Convention No. 154 Collective Bargaining Convention, 1981.
- 18.
For more detail see: Gerasimova (2016), p. 146.
- 19.
Korobchenko and Safonov (2016), pp. 28–32.
- 20.
Branch agreement on territorial bodies and subordinate organisations of the Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography for 2014–2016 in Solidarity, 2014, 25 June–16 July, No 24; Branch agreement on organizations, units and bodies of the Federal Migration Service for 2014–2016 in Solidarity, 2014, April 23–May 7, No 16; Branch agreement on organizations of the Federal Archival Agency for 2014–2016 in Solidarity, 2014, 19–26 March, No 11.
- 21.
Art. 27 of the LC RF.
- 22.
Art. 53 of the LC RF.
- 23.
Last two forms are not supplied by legal mechanism of realization and are not use in practice.
- 24.
Nikolaevsky (1992), pp. 61–64.
- 25.
Arkhipova and Pisareva (1998), p. 16.
- 26.
Federal Law “On trade unions, their rights and guarantees of their activity”.
- 27.
- 28.
This concept was introduced with the adoption of the Presidential Decree ‘On social partnership and resolution of collective labor disputes (conflicts)’ dated 15 November 1991 No. 212 and developed in the Law of RF ‘On collective contracts and agreements’ dated 11 March 1992 No. 2490-1; Federal Law ‘On the procedure for the resolution of collective labor disputes’ dated 23 199 5November No. 175-FZ; Federal Law ‘On trade unions, their rights and guarantees of activity’ dated 12 January 1996 No. 12-FZ; Federal Law ‘On the russian tripartite commission for the regulation of social and labor relations’ of 1 May 1999 No. 92-FZ and Federal Law ‘On associations of employers’ of the Russian Federation dated 27 November 2002 No. 156-FZ. Its further legal development is connected with the adoption of the LC RF in 2001.
- 29.
Art. 40 of the LC RF.
- 30.
Pt 4 of the Art. 40 of the LC RF.
- 31.
Part 2 of the art. 45 of the LC RF.
- 32.
Art. 26 of the LC RF.
- 33.
Art. 45 of the LC RF.
- 34.
Gerasimova (2016), p. 148.
- 35.
General Agreement between All-Russian Trade Unions, All-Russian Associations of Employers and the Government of the Russian Federation for 2018–2020. https://rg.ru/2018/02/05/soglashenie-dok.html. Accessed 27 February 2018.
- 36.
Part 2 of the art. 40 of the LC RF.
- 37.
Part 3 of the art. 40 of the LC RF.
- 38.
Art. 372 of the LC RF.
- 39.
There’re also a few other cases when the employer has to consider opinion of the employees’ representative besides adoption of local normative acts.
- 40.
Part 2 of the art. 8 of the LC RF.
- 41.
Article 81 of the LC RF.
- 42.
Article 103 of the LC RF.
- 43.
Article 135 of the LC RF.
- 44.
Article 136 of the LC RF.
- 45.
Article 147 of the LC RF.
- 46.
Article 153 of the LC RF.
- 47.
Article 154 of the LC RF.
- 48.
Articles 159, 162 of the LC RF.
- 49.
Art. 190 of the LC RF.
- 50.
Art. 196 of the LC RF.
- 51.
Art. 221 of the LC RF.
- 52.
Article 105 of the LC RF.
- 53.
Art. 112 of the LC RF.
- 54.
Art. 116 of the LC RF.
- 55.
Art. 123 of the LC RF.
- 56.
Art. 212 of the LC RF.
- 57.
Art. 297 of the LC RF.
- 58.
Art. 299 of the LC RF.
- 59.
Art. 301 of the LC RF.
- 60.
Art. 302 of the LC RF.
- 61.
Art. 325 and 326 of the LC RF.
- 62.
Art. 325 of the LC RF.
- 63.
Art. 326 of the LC RF.
- 64.
Art. 348.1 of the LC RF.
- 65.
Part 1 of the art. 46 of the LC RF.
- 66.
Part 1 of the art. 46 of the LC RF.
- 67.
Part 2 of the art. 46 of the LC RF.
- 68.
Part 3 of the art. 43 of the LC RF.
- 69.
Law of the Russian Federation “On Collective Contracts and Agreements” [“O kollektivnih dogovorah I soglasheniyah”] No. 2490-1 of 11 March 1992 in Rossiyskaya Gazeta, No. 98, 28 April 1992.
- 70.
Part 6 of the art. 4 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Collective Contracts and Agreements”.
- 71.
Lyutov (2008a), p. 77.
- 72.
Part 6of the Art. 377 of the LC RF.
- 73.
See about this: Gerasimova (2016), pp. 149–150.
- 74.
Art 4 of the ILO Collective Agreements Recommendation, 1951 (No91). http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:::NO:12100:P12100_ILO_CODE:R091:NO. Accessed 27 Feb 2018.
- 75.
Part 5 of the Art. 48 of the LC RF.
- 76.
Part 3 of the Art. 48 of the LC RF.
- 77.
Part 6 of the Art. 48 of the LC RF.
- 78.
The procedure for publication of sectoral agreements at the federal level, as well as proposals to join the agreement, is approved by the Order of the Ministry of Labor of Russia of November 12, 2015 No 860n.
- 79.
Part 8 of the art. 48 of the LC RF.
- 80.
Art. 133-1 of the LC RF.
- 81.
Art. 133-1 of the LC RF.
- 82.
Order of the Federal Service for Labour and Employment of 03.07.2007 No. 93 “On additional measures to ensure in 2007 supervision and control over compliance with the legislation on labour remuneration”.
- 83.
Part 1 of Art. 43, part 1 of Art. 48 of the LC RF.
- 84.
Parts 1, 2 of Art. 43 of the LC RF.
- 85.
Part 2 of Art. 48 of the LC RF.
- 86.
Parts 1, 2 Art. 50 of the LC RF.
- 87.
Part 2 of the art. 9 of the LC RF.
- 88.
Part 3 of the art. 50 of the LC RF.
- 89.
Art. 24 of the LC RF.
- 90.
Art. 40, 45 of the LC RF.
- 91.
Art. 5.31 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation. Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses, 2001 in Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiyskoy Federazii January 7, 2002, No1 (part 1), Item 1 as amended. Available on the Internet at http://www.consultant.ru/popular/koap/.
- 92.
Information note of FNPR “Results of the collective-bargaining campaign of 2015” http://www.fnpr.ru/n/2/15/187/14152.html; Information note of FNPR “Results of the collective-bargaining campaign of 2016” http://www.fnpr.ru/n/2/15/187/14152.html. Accessed 27 Feb 2018. http://www.fnpr.ru/n/2/15/187/12686.html.
- 93.
Articles 381 and 398 of the LC RF.
- 94.
Article 381 of the LC RF.
- 95.
Article 398 of the LC RF.
- 96.
See about this: Gerasimova (2017).
- 97.
See, for example: Lyutov (2008b), p. 23.
- 98.
See about this: Gerasimova (2017).
- 99.
See more about works councils in Russia in p. 3.1.3.
- 100.
Rossiyskaya Gazeta, No. 98, 1992.
- 101.
Para. 4 of the Art. 6 of the Law ‘On collective contracts and agreements’.
- 102.
Art/ 37 of the LC RF.
- 103.
- 104.
Art. 31 of the LC RF.
- 105.
Observation (CEACR)—adopted 2016, published 106th ILC session (2017). Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98)—Russian Federation (Ratification: 1956). http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:13100:0::NO:13100:P13100_COMMENT_ID:3301108. Accessed 27 February 2018.
- 106.
Federal Law dated 7 May 2013 amending article 22 of the Labour Code (No.95-FZ) in Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiyskoy Federazii, 13 May 2013. No 19, issue 2322.
- 107.
Art. 22 of the LC RF.
- 108.
For more detail see: Lyutov and Gerasimova (2013).
- 109.
Part 6 of Art. 37 of the LC RF.
- 110.
Collection of branch (inter-branch) collective agreements at the RUIE at http://www.rspp.ru/simplepage/154. Accessed 27 Feb 2018.
- 111.
http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/b04_03/isswww.exe/stg/d01/36.htm accessed 1 Nov 2017.
- 112.
Information on Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia, dated 5 March 2015. http://www.fnpr.ru/n/252/4890.html. Accessed on 1 March 2018.
- 113.
State statistics do not provide information on trade union membership; all number statistics are based only on data from trade unions.
- 114.
ILOSTAT. Industrial relations. http://www.ilo.org/ilostat/faces/oracle/webcenter/portalapp/pagehierarchy/Page3.jspx?MBI_ID=9&_afrLoop=371624788175210&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=4vb5y55pf_1#!%40%40%3F_afrWindowId%3D4vb5y55pf_1%26_afrLoop%3D371624788175210%26MBI_ID%3D9%26_afrWindowMode%3D0%26_adf.ctrl-state%3D4vb5y55pf_45. Accessed 27 February 2018.
- 115.
Issue Brief no. 1—Labour Relations and Collective Bargaining. Trends in collective bargaining coverage: stability, erosion or decline? p. 5. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/%2D%2D-ed_protect/%2D%2D-protrav/%2D%2D-travail/documents/publication/wcms_409422.pdf.
- 116.
Morgunova (2012).
- 117.
- 118.
ILO. 2013. Report of the Committee on Freedom of Association cases, ILO, Geneva, November 2012, GB.316/INS/9/1. Report No 365. http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:50002:0::NO:50002:P50002_COMPLAINT_TEXT_ID:3087064; Freedom of Association in Russia: Practice, Problems of Realization and Protection of Rights. Report on violations of trade union rights of affiliates of the All-Russian Confederation of Labor and the Confederation of Labor of Russia. [Svoboda ob’edineniya v Rossii: praktika, problemyi realizatsii i zaschityi prav. Doklad o narushenii profsoyuznyih prav chlenskih organizatsiy Vsersiyskoy konfederatsii truda i Konfederatsii truda Rossii.] Moscow, 2009. http://trudprava.ru/books/unionbook/637.
- 119.
Gerasimova (2014).
- 120.
OECD (2014).
- 121.
Issue Brief no. 1—Labour Relations and Collective Bargaining. Trends in collective bargaining coverage: stability, erosion or decline? pp. 2, 9. The source of these numbers is not indicated.
- 122.
The Ministry of Labour and Social Protection (Ministry) and its agencies did not publish information on collective agreements for many years. Statistics for 2011 and 2012 were available to the author due to her participation in preparing an internal report for the Ministry.
- 123.
http://www.rspp.ru. Accessed 27 February 2018.
- 124.
Art. 47 of the LC RF.
- 125.
Resolution of the Executive Committee of the FNPR of May 18, 2016 No. 4-5. http://www.fnpr.ru/n/2/15/187/12686.html.
- 126.
Part 6 of the art. 48 of the LC RF.
- 127.
Appeal decision of the Orenburg regional court from 28 September, 2017, case #33-6278/2017.
- 128.
Art. 9 and 50 of the LC RF.
- 129.
Art. 8 of the LC RF.
- 130.
Art. 57 of the LC RF.
- 131.
Part 8 of Art. 73 of the LC RF.
- 132.
OECD (2014).
- 133.
Note of FNPR “Results of the collective-bargaining campaign of 2015”. http://www.fnpr.ru/n/2/15/187/12686.html.
- 134.
Surikov et al. (2012), p. 64.
- 135.
Information note of FNPR “Results of the collective-bargaining campaign of 2015”.
- 136.
Information note “Results of the collective-contractual campaign of 2016”, p. 13.
- 137.
Ibid., p. 14.
- 138.
Ibid., p. 36.
- 139.
Ibid., p. 17.
- 140.
OECD (2014).
- 141.
Surikov et al. (2012), p. 64.
- 142.
Rostrud has developed and implemented in Moscow a project on ‘Declaring of the activities of enterprises on implementation of labor rights of employees and employers’. The project was found ineffective and closed in the middle of 2017 on the basis of the Letter from 24 July 2017 #2757-ТЗ. https://git77.rostrud.ru/reestr/122361.html. Accessed 27 Feb 2018.
- 143.
Part 7 of the art. 48 of the LC RF. Amended by the Federal Law of November 11, 2014 No358-FZ.
- 144.
Agreement on the procedure, conditions and extension of the term of the Branch Tariff Agreement in the Electric Power Branch of the RF for 2013–2015 for the period 2016–2018 (approved by the All-Russian Branch Association of Electric Power Employers, Public Association “All-Russian Electric Trade Union” on 22 December 2014.
- 145.
Federal Law of 12 December 2013 No. 421-FZ.
- 146.
Part 3 of Art. 94 of the LC RF.
- 147.
Part 4 Art. 117 of the LC RF.
- 148.
Lyutov (2009), p. 153.
- 149.
Examples of Ford Motor Companies of Volkswagen (See, for example, the news on the last collective bargaining on tariffs from 27 February 2018) https://mpra.su/profsoyuses/MPRA%2D%2D-Kaluga-contacts/MPRA%2D%2D-Kaluga/2112-Soglashenie-o-zarplate-na-Folksvagene%2D%2Dhoroshii-itog-trudnogo-razgovora may be used.
- 150.
Part 10 of Art. 45 of the LC RF.
- 151.
European Commission. Database on transnational company agreements. http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=978&langId=en&agreementId=111.
- 152.
Centre for Social and Labour Rights. Global framework agreements, applicable in Russia. http://trudprava.ru/images/files/reports/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_Eng.docx.
- 153.
Round table ‘Opportunities to use global framework agreements in Russia’. Web site of the Centre for Social and Labour Rights. http://trudprava.ru/expert/analytics/unionanalyt/1546.
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Gerasimova, E. (2019). Russia. In: Liukkunen, U. (eds) Collective Bargaining in Labour Law Regimes. Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law, vol 32. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16977-0_18
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