Abstract
Chapter 3 examines the phenomenon of the modern television interest in Sherlock Holmes (specifically, the programs Sherlock and Elementary) in light of an increase in television drama and docuseries about policing in post-9/11 Britain and America. This chapter studies past historical accounts, including nineteenth-century newspaper, police records, and fictional writing, to show that both nations have previously encountered concerns regarding the necessity of a police apparatus (to guard against crime and terrorism) while simultaneously ensuring limits on police power. Sherlock and Elementary both situate the master detective in the present but also deliberately remind the viewer of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s original stories. Thus, the series connect present and past to suggest that the problems with the police apparatus we experience today are not new.
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Notes
- 1.
Some examples of scholarly work in various disciplines which employ this term are Joseph M. Conte, “Don Delillo’s Falling Man and the Age of Terror,” MFS: Modern Fiction Studies, 57.3 (Fall 2011): 557–583; Stuart Croft and Cerwyn Moore, “The Evolution of Threat Narratives in the Age of Terror: Understanding Terrorist Threats in Britain,” International Affairs, 86.4 (July 2010): 821–835; Mimi Thi Nguyen, “The Biopower of Beauty: Humanitarian Imperialisms and Global Feminisms in an Age of Terror,” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 36.2 (Winter 2011): 359–383; Gregory F. Treverton, Intelligence for an Age of Terror (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009); and Benjamin Wittes, Law and the Long War: The Future of Justice in the Age of Terror (New York: Penguin, 2008).
- 2.
See Stephen Knight’s landmark Form and Ideology in Crime Fiction (Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1980). In particular, see chapter 3, “‘a great blue triumphant cloud’—The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes.”
- 3.
Ibid., 67.
- 4.
Elementary , “Pilot,” season 1, episode 1, written by Robert Doherty, directed by Michael Cuesta, aired September 27, 2012, on CBS.
- 5.
Tana Ganeva and Laura Gottesdiener, “Nine Terrifying Facts about America’s Biggest Police Force,” Salon, Sep. 28, 2012, https://www.salon.com/2012/09/28/nine_terrifying_facts_about_americas_biggest_police_force/.
- 6.
Ibid.
- 7.
Ibid.
- 8.
Radley Balko, Rise of the Warrior Cop: The Militarization of America’s Police Forces (New York: Public Affairs, 2013), 253–254.
- 9.
Ibid.
- 10.
“Does Militarization of Police Make Us Less Safe?” The Week, Aug. 31, 2017, https://www.theweek.co.uk/us/88104/does-the-militarisation-of-police-make-us-less-safe.
- 11.
Ibid.
- 12.
Nicholas Clapman, “Here’s When British Police Are Legally Allowed to Shoot under a New Policy on Lethal Force,” The Conversation, Apr. 28, 2017, https://theconversation.com/heres-when-british-police-are-legally-allowed-to-shoot-under-a-new-policy-on-lethal-force-76666. See also Michael Fisher, “Crossing the Line—Is the Militarisation of British Police Reasonable?,” LinkedIn, Mar. 10, 2017, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/crossing-line-militarisation-british-police-michael-fisher, and Andrew Gilligan, “How the British Bobby Turned into Robocop,” The Spectator, Aug. 4, 2016, https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2016/08/military-style-policing-creeping-everyday-life/.
- 13.
Ibid.
- 14.
See Joe Nelson, “State, Federal Law Enforcement Agencies File in Support of FBI in Apple Battle,” San Bernardino County Sun, Mar. 30, 2016, https://www.sbsun.com/2016/03/03/state-federal-law-enforcement-agencies-file-in-support-of-fbi-in-apple-battle/, and Christi Smythe, Selina Wang, and Tiffany Kary, “Apple Goes to Washington Fresh from Big Boost in iPhone Fight.” Bloomberg, Mar. 1, 2016, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-03-01/apple-goes-to-washington-with-some-wind-in-its-sails.
- 15.
Margaret Talbot, “Stealing Life: The Crusader behind The Wire,” The New Yorker, Oct. 22, 2007, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/10/22/stealing-life.
- 16.
John Ellis, Visible Fictions: Cinema: Television: Video (London: Routledge, 1982), 112.
- 17.
“In the Black Hole of Scotland Yard: A Tale of Blows and Bludgeons,” The Pall Mall Gazette, Dec. 1, 1887: 1, The British Newspaper Archive.
- 18.
Ibid.
- 19.
“The Soldier and The Lawyer: A Comedy,” Reynolds’s Newspaper, Nov. 18, 1888: 4, The British Newspaper Archive.
- 20.
“The Punishment of the Rioters,” St. James’s Gazette, Dec. 19, 1887: 12, The British Newspaper Archive.
- 21.
“The New Police,” 1830, U.K. National Archives, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/candp/prevention/g08/g08cs2s3.htm.
- 22.
Clive Emsley, Policing and Its Context, 1750–1870 (London: Macmillan, 1983), 59.
- 23.
Ibid.
- 24.
Bruce Chadwick, Law and Disorder: The Chaotic Birth of the NYPD (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2017), 25.
- 25.
Ibid.
- 26.
Ibid.
- 27.
Ibid.
- 28.
Ibid.
- 29.
Ibid.
- 30.
John J. Sturtevant, memoir, MssCol 2915, New York Public Library Manuscripts and Archives Division.
- 31.
Ibid.
- 32.
See Kate Summerscale, The Suspicions of Mr. Whicher: A Shocking Murder and the Undoing of a Great Victorian Detective (New York: Bloomsbury, 2008).
- 33.
Ibid.
- 34.
See, for instance, L. Perry Curtis, Jr., Jack the Ripper and the London Press (New Haven: Yale UP, 2001) for a comprehensive analysis of 14 newspapers’ coverage of the murders at the time.
- 35.
“A Spitalfields Lodging-House,” Illustrated London News, Saturday, Sep. 22, 1888, Issue 2579: 350, British Library Newspaper Archives.
- 36.
For more on the debate regarding connections between the rise of violent crime and the reduction of police in the U.K., see Will Bedingfield, “Why It’s So Hard to Blame a Rise in UK Knife Crime on Police Cuts,” Wired, Mar. 7, 2019, https://www.wired.co.uk/article/uk-knife-crime-london-statistics; Benjamin Mueller, “U.K. Knife Crime Rises. Are Budgets to Blame?,” The New York Times, Mar. 6, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/06/world/europe/uk-knife-crime-austerity.html; and Matthew Weaver, “Police Chief Says Rise in Knife Crime in England is National Emergency,” The Guardian, Mar. 6, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/mar/06/police-chief-says-rise-in-knife-crime-in-england-is-national-emergency.
- 37.
Ibid.
- 38.
“Outcasts at the East-End,” Illustrated London News, Oct. 13, 1888: 421+, British Library Newspaper Archives.
- 39.
For a comprehensive discussion of what the riots were, who participated in them, and the circumstances which fueled them, see Ivar Bernstein, The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War (New York: Oxford UP, 1990).
- 40.
“The Mob in New York,” The New York Times, July 14, 1863: 1, The New York Times Digital Archives, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1863/07/14/90521933.html?action=click&contentCollection=Archives&module=LedeAsset®ion=ArchiveBody&pgtype=article&pageNumber=1.
- 41.
Ibid.
- 42.
Ibid.
- 43.
Ibid.
- 44.
Ibid.
- 45.
Ibid.
- 46.
“The Draft: The Riot in the Ninth Congressional District,” The New York Tribune, July 14, 1863: 1, NewseumED Digital Collections, https://newseumed.org/tools/artifact/newspaper-coverage-1863-new-york-city-draft-riots.
- 47.
Julia Anna Hartness Lay, diary, ZL-450, New York Public Library Manuscripts and Archives Division.
- 48.
Ibid.
- 49.
Ibid.
- 50.
Ibid.
- 51.
Ibid.
- 52.
Ibid.
- 53.
See National Center for PTSD, “Sleep and PTSD,” U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, https://www.ptsd.va.gov/understand/related/sleep_ptsd.asp.
- 54.
See Anemona Hartocollis, “10 Years and a Diagnosis Later, 9/11 Demons Haunt Thousands,” The New York Times, Aug. 9, 2011, https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/10/nyregion/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-from-911still-haunts.html; Yuval Neria, Laura DiGrande, and Ben G. Adams, “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks: A Review of the Literature Among Highly Exposed Populations,” American Psychology, 66.6 (September 2011): 429–446; and Romeo Vitelli, “PTSD in Survivors of 9/11,” Psychology Today, Oct. 15, 2018, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/media-spotlight/201810/ptsd-in-survivors-911.
- 55.
Julia Anna Hartness Lay, diary.
- 56.
“The Mob in New York.”
- 57.
“The Draft: The Riot in the Ninth Congressional District.”
- 58.
Joel Miller et al., “Public Opinions of the Police: The Influence of Friends, Family, and News Media,” National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS), document no. 205619, May 2004, https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/205619.pdf.
- 59.
Hannah Fingerhut, “Deep Racial, Partisan Divisions in Americans’ Views of Police Officers,” Pew Research Center, Sep. 15, 2017, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/09/15/deep-racial-partisan-divisions-in-americans-views-of-police-officers/.
- 60.
Ibid.
- 61.
Simon Maybin, “Do the Public Still Trust the Police?,” BBC News, Mar. 25, 2014, https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26730705.
- 62.
Ibid.
- 63.
“Our Note Book,” Illustrated London News, Oct. 13, 1888: 418, British Library Newspaper Archives.
- 64.
Ibid.
- 65.
Ibid.
- 66.
Ibid.
- 67.
Inspector Edmund Reid, “Murder, Aug. 16, 1888, H Division,” MEPO 140–142, U.K. National Archives.
- 68.
Ibid.
- 69.
Ibid.
- 70.
Inspector Joseph Chandler, “Met Police Report No. 6 (Special Report), Sept. 8, 1888, H Division,” MEPO 140–142, U.K. National Archives.
- 71.
Ibid.
- 72.
Reid, “Murder, Aug. 16, 1888, H Division.”
- 73.
Chandler, “Met Police Report No. 6 (Special Report), Sept. 8, 1888, H Division.”
- 74.
Ibid.
- 75.
Inspector Joseph Abberline, “Report: re: Man Detained at Holloway re: Murders H Division, 19th Sept. 1888,” MEPO 140–142, U.K. National Archives.
- 76.
Ibid.
- 77.
Sergeant Frances Boswell, “Report: Clapham Division, Dec. 16, 1888,” MEPO 140–142, U.K. National Archives.
- 78.
For further details, see the Independent Police Complaints Commission report, “Stockwell One: Investigation into the Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes at Stockwell Underground Station on 22 July 2005,” BBC News, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/08_11_07_stockwell1.pdf.
- 79.
See Bernstein, The New York City Draft Riots.
- 80.
Ibid.
- 81.
New York County District Attorney Indictment Records, Aug. 4, 1863–Aug. 11, 1863, Roll 119, New York City Municipal Archive.
- 82.
Copper, “The Hudson River School,” season 1, episode 7, story by Will Rokos and Tom Fontana, teleplay by Frank Pugliese, directed by Larysa Kondracki, aired Sep. 30, 2012, on BBC America.
- 83.
Copper, “Better Times Are Coming,” season 1, episode 8, story by Will Rokos and Tom Fontana, teleplay by Sara B. Cooper, directed by Larysa Kondracki, aired Oct. 7, 2012, on BBC America.
- 84.
Copper, “New York, 1864,” print advertisement, https://thepopbreak.com/2012/08/20/tv-review-copper/.
- 85.
Coppers, “Custody,” series 1, episode 1, directed by Anthony Phillipson, aired Nov. 1, 2010, on Channel 4.
- 86.
Ibid.
- 87.
Ibid.
- 88.
Coppers, “C.I.D.,” series 2, episode 1, directed by Anthony Phillipson, Jan. 9, 2012, on Channel 4.
- 89.
Ibid.
- 90.
Ibid.
- 91.
Sherlock, “A Scandal in Belgravia,” episode 1, season 1, written by Steven Moffat, directed by Paul McGuigan, aired Jan. 1, 2012, on BBC1.
- 92.
Stuart Heritage, “Which Cop Docs Are Worth Watching?,” The Guardian, Aug. 15, 2011, https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/tvandradioblog/2011/aug/15/cop-docs-worth-watching.
- 93.
Ibid.
- 94.
Ibid.
- 95.
Phillip Collins, Dickens and Crime, 1962, 3rd edition (London: Macmillan, 1994), 1.
- 96.
Ibid.
- 97.
Charles Dickens, “On Duty with Inspector Field,” Household Words, June 14, 1851: 266, Dickens Journals Online.
- 98.
Ibid., 267.
- 99.
Charles Dickens, Bleak House, 1853 (Kindle edition, 2012), 201.
- 100.
Ibid., 203.
- 101.
Ibid., 230.
- 102.
Ibid., 232.
- 103.
Ibid., 268.
- 104.
Ellis, 112.
- 105.
For further discussion of penny dreadfuls and related American publications, see Kevin Carpenter, Penny Dreadfuls and Comics: English Periodicals for Children from Victorian Times to the Present Day (London: Victoria and Albert Museum, 1983); Pete Haining, ed., The Penny Dreadful: Or, Strange, Horrid & Sensational Tales! (London: Orion Publishing Group, 1975); Robert J. Kirkpatrick, From the Penny Dreadful to the Ha’penny Dreadfuller: A Bibliographical History of the British Boys’ Periodical 1762–1950 (London: British Library, 2013); and John Springhall, Youth, Popular Culture, and Moral Panics: Penny Gaffs to Gangsta-Rap, 1830–1996 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998).
- 106.
See, for example, Roland Bal, “How to Kill with a Ballpoint: Credibility in Dutch Forensic Science,” Science, Technology, & Human Values, 30.1 (2005): 52–75; Cate Curtis, “Public Perceptions and Expectations of the Forensic Use of DNA: Results of a Preliminary Study,” Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 29.4 (2009): 313–324; Ellen Burton Harrington, “Nation, Identity, and the Fascination with Forensic Science in Sherlock Holmes and CSI,” International Journal of Cultural Studies, 10.3 (2007): 365–382; Julie Johnson-McGrath, “Speaking for the Dead: Forensic Pathologists and Criminal Justice in the United States,” Science, Technology & Human Values, 20.4 (1995): 438–459; Michael Lynch and Sheila Jasanoff, “Contested Identities: Science, Law and Forensic Practice,” Social Studies of Science, 28.5–6 (1998): 675–686; Helena Machado and Felipe Santos, “Popular Press and Forensic Genetics in Portugal: Expectations and Disappointments Regarding Two Cases of Missing Children,” Public Understanding of Science, 20.3 (2009): 303–318; Monica L. P. Robbers, “Blinded by Science: The Social Construction of Reality in Forensic Television Shows and Its Effect on Criminal Jury Trials,” Criminal Justice Policy Review, 19.1 (2008): 84–102; and Mark Seltzer, “Murder/Media/Modernity,” Canadian Review of American Studies, 38.1 (2008): 11–41.
- 107.
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, “The Boscombe Valley Mystery,” 1891, in The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (New York: Penguin, 1981), 91.
- 108.
Ibid., “The Adventure of the Speckled Band,” 1891, in The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (New York: Penguin, 1981), 181.
- 109.
Anna Neill, “The Savage Genius of Sherlock Holmes,” Victorian Literature and Culture, 37.2 (2009): 611–626.
- 110.
Ibid.
- 111.
Frontline, “The Real CSI,” season 30, episode 10, written and produced by Andres Cediel and Lowell Bergman, aired Apr. 17, 2012, on PBS.
- 112.
Ibid.
- 113.
Ibid.
- 114.
Ibid.
- 115.
Ibid.
- 116.
Shelley Jofre, “Falsely Fingered,” The Guardian, July 9, 2001, https://www.theguardian.com/media/2001/jul/09/mondaymediasection4.
- 117.
Ibid.
- 118.
Frontline, “Policing the Police,” season 34, episode 12, written and produced by James Jacoby and Anya Bourg, aired June 28, 2016, on PBS.
- 119.
Ibid.
- 120.
For a complete discussion of fandom and its relationship to BBC’s Sherlock specifically, see Louisa Stein and Kristina Busse, eds., Sherlock and Transmedia Fandom: Essays on the BBC Series (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2012).
- 121.
Mark Lawson, “Sherlock and Doctor Who: Beware of Fans Influencing the TV They Love,” The Guardian, Jan. 3, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/tvandradioblog/2014/jan/03/sherlock-doctor-who-fans-influencing-tv.
- 122.
Ibid.
- 123.
For further discussion of Doyle, his ambivalence toward his creation, and his reasons for bringing back the great detective, see Martin Booth, The Doctor and the Detective: A Biography of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (New York: Minotaur Books, 2000); John Dickson Carr, The Life of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1949 (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2003); Jon Lellenberg, Daniel Stashower, and Charles Foley, eds., Arthur Conan Doyle: A Life in Letters (New York: HarperPress, 2007); Andrew Lycett, The Man Who Created Sherlock Holmes: The Life and Times of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (New York: Free Press, 2008); Russell Miller, The Adventures of Arthur Conan Doyle: A Biography (New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2008); Pierre Nordon, Conan Doyle: A Biography (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967); Ronald Pearsall, Conan Doyle: A Biographical Solution (Worthing, UK: Littlehampton Book Services Ltd., 1977); and Daniel Stashower, Teller of Tales: The Life of Arthur Conan Doyle (New York: Penguin Books, 2000).
- 124.
Sherlock, “A Study in Pink,” series 1, episode 1, written by Steven Moffat, directed by Paul McGuigan, aired July 25, 2010, on BBC1.
- 125.
Ibid.
- 126.
Sherlock, “The Hounds of Baskerville,” series 2, episode 2, written by Mark Gatiss, directed by Paul McGuigan, aired Jan. 8, 2012, on BBC1.
- 127.
Elementary , “Ready or Not,” season 4, episode 18, written by Robert Doherty and Bob Goodman, directed by Christine Moore, aired Mar. 27, 2016, on CBS.
- 128.
Ronald R. Thomas, “Making Darkness Visible: Capturing the Criminal and Observing the Law in Victorian Photography and Detective Fiction,” in Victorian Literature and the Victorian Visual Imagination, eds. Carol T. Christ and John O. Jordan (Berkeley: U of California P, 1995), 135.
- 129.
See, for example, David Ben-Merre, “Wish Fulfillment, Detection, and the Production of Knowledge in Bleak House,” Novel, 44.1 (2011): 47–66; Robin L. Fetherston, “Tailing Inspector Bucket: Dickens’s Progeny in Hammett’s Hard-Boiled Detective Fiction,” International Journal of Arts and Sciences, 7.1 (2014): 275–290; Ronald R. Thomas, “The Dream of the Empty Camera: Image, Evidence, and Authentic American Style in ‘American Photographs’ and ‘Farewell, My Lovely’,” Criticism, 36.3 (Summer 1994): 415–457; and Thomas, “Making Darkness Visible.”
- 130.
Thomas, “Making Darkness Visible,” 137.
- 131.
Simon Joyce, “Reviewed Work: Detective Fiction and the Rise of Forensic Science by Ronald R. Thomas,” The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, 101.4 (October 2002): 587.
- 132.
Sherlock, “The Great Game,” series 1, episode 3, written by Mark Gatiss, directed by Paul McGuigan, aired Aug. 8, 2010, on BBC1.
- 133.
Sherlock, “The Empty Hearse,” series 3, episode 1, written by Mark Gatiss, directed by Jeremy Lovering, aired Jan. 1, 2014, on BBC1.
- 134.
Sherlock, “His Last Vow,” series 3, episode 3, written by Steven Moffat, directed by Nick Hurran, aired Jan. 12, 2014, on BBC1.
- 135.
Elementary , “Tremors,” season 2, episode 10, written by Liz Friedman, directed by Aaron Lipstadt, aired Dec. 5, 2013, on CBS.
- 136.
Elementary , “A Controlled Descent,” season 3, episode 24, written by Robert Doherty, directed by John Polson, aired May 14, 2015, on CBS.
- 137.
Elementary , “M.,” season 1, Episode 12, written by Robert Doherty, directed by John Polson, aired Jan. 10, 2013, on CBS.
- 138.
Elementary , “The Woman,” season 1, episode 23, written by Robert Doherty and Craig Sweeny, directed by Seth Mann, aired May 16, 2013, on CBS; and Elementary, “Heroine,” season 1, episode 24, written by Robert Doherty and Craig Sweeny, directed by John Polson, aired May 16, 2013, on CBS.
- 139.
In particular, see Christian Parenti’s excellent study, The Soft Cage: Surveillance in America From Slavery to the War on Terror (New York: Basic Books, 2003), for a fascinating (and disheartening) discussion of how much American policing—including its surveillance tools and techniques—evolved from the policing, surveillance, and controlling of slaves in antebellum America.
- 140.
For more on statistics and reasons for this disproportionality, see Joshua Chanin, Megan Walsh, and Dana Nurge, “Police Use Traffic Stops as a Form of ‘catch and release’ to Disproportionately Target Black Americans,” London School of Economics, U.S. Centre, Oct. 18, 2018, https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2018/10/18/police-use-traffic-stops-as-a-form-of-catch-and-release-to-disproportionately-target-black-americans/; Michael A. Fletcher, “For Black Motorists, A Never-Ending Fear of Being Stopped,” National Geographic, Mar. 12, 2018, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/04/the-stop-race-police-traffic/; Sharon LaFraniere and Andrew W. Lehren, “The Disproportionate Risk of Driving While Black,” The New York Times, Oct. 24, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/25/us/racial-disparity-traffic-stops-driving-black.html; Kim Soffen, “The Big Question about Why Police Pull over So Many Black Drivers,” The Washington Post, July 8, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/07/08/the-big-question-about-why-police-pull-over-so-many-black-drivers/?utm_term=.3012ac744b8d; and Richard Winton, “Black and Latino Drivers are Searched Based on Less Evidence and Are More Likely to Be Arrested, Stanford Researchers Find,” The Los Angeles Times, June 19, 2017, https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-stanford-minority-drive-disparties-20170619-story.html.
- 141.
“The Mob in New York.”
- 142.
Ibid.
- 143.
New York Municipal Archive, NY County DA Indictment Records, Aug. 4, 1863–Aug. 11, 1863, Roll 119.
- 144.
Fahid Qurashi, “The Prevent Strategy and the UK ‘war on terror’: Embedding Infrastructures of Surveillance in Muslim Communities,” Palgrave Communications, 4, Article number: 17 (2018), https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-017-0061-9.
- 145.
Julian Hargreaves, “Police Stop and Search Within British Muslim Communities: Evidence from the Crime Survey 2006–2011,” The British Journal of Criminology, 58.6 (October 2018): 1281–1302.
- 146.
Ibid., 1281.
- 147.
James Renton, “The Global Order of Muslim Surveillance and Its Thought Architecture,” Ethnic and Racial Studies, 41.12 (2018): 2127.
- 148.
Ibid., 2128.
- 149.
See Damian Gayle, “Structural Racism at the Heart of British Society, Human Rights Panel Says,” The Guardian, Apr. 27, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/27/racism-british-society-minority-ethnic-people-dying-excessive-force; and Catherine Wylie, “Black People ‘nine times as likely’ as Whites to Be Stopped and Searched by Police in England and Wales,” The Independent, Oct. 14, 2018, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/stop-search-black-people-white-police-racism-new-study-a8583051.html.
- 150.
Elementary , “Meet Your Maker,” season 6, episode 12, written by Robert Doherty, Robert Hewitt Wolfe, and Kelly Wheeler, directed by Ron Fortunato, aired July 23, 2018, on CBS.
- 151.
For more on the NYPD and stop and frisk, see Ryan Devereaux, “New York’s Stop-and-frisk Trial Comes to a Close with a Landmark Ruling,” The Guardian, Aug. 12, 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/12/stop-and-frisk-landmark-ruling; and Chris Smith, “The Controversial Crime-Fighting Program That Changed Big-City Policing Forever,” New York Magazine, Mar. 2, 2018, http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/03/the-crime-fighting-program-that-changed-new-york-forever.html; and the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, “Police Practices and Civil Rights in New York City: Chapter 5, Stop, Question, and Frisk,” Aug. 2018, https://www.usccr.gov/pubs/nypolice/main.htm. For more on the death of Eric Garner, see Al Baker, J. David Goodman, and Benjamin Mueller, “Beyond the Chokehold: The Path to Eric Garner’s Death,” The New York Times, July 13, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/14/nyregion/eric-garner-police-chokehold-staten-island.html; Conor Friedersdorf, “Eric Garner and the NYPD’s History of Deadly Chokeholds,” The Atlantic, Dec. 4, 2014, https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2014/12/context-for-the-punishment-free-killing-of-eric-garner/383413/; and Michael R. Sisek, “NYPD Officer will Face Disciplinary Trial in Eric Garner Chokehold Death,” PBS News Hour, Dec. 6, 2018, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/nypd-officer-will-face-disciplinary-trial-in-eric-garner-chokehold-death.
- 152.
“A Study in Pink.”
- 153.
“The Great Game.”
- 154.
See, for example, Sophie Gilbert, “The Troublesome Women of Sherlock,” The Atlantic, Jan. 5, 2017, https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/01/sherlocks-women/512141/; Jane Clare Jones, “Is Sherlock Sexist? Steven Moffat’s Wanton Women,” The Guardian, Jan. 3, 2012, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jan/03/sherlock-sexist-steven-moffat; and Helen Lewis, “Does Steven Moffat Have a Problem with Women?” New Statesman America, Jan. 9, 2012, https://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/helen-lewis-hasteley/2012/01/moffat-sherlock-women.
- 155.
Sherlock, “The Abominable Bride,” series 4, episode 0, written by Steven Moffat and Mark Gatiss, directed by Douglas Mackinnon, aired Jan. 1, 2016, on BBC1.
- 156.
Fern Ridell, “The 1910s: ‘We have sanitised our history of the suffragettes’,” The Guardian, Feb. 6, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/feb/06/1910s-suffragettes-suffragists-fern-riddell; Ridell, Death in Ten Minutes: Kitty Marion. Actress. Arsonist. Suffragette (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 2018); and Ridell, “Suffragettes, Violence and Militancy,” The British Library, Feb. 6, 2018, https://www.bl.uk/votes-for-women/articles/suffragettes-violence-and-militancy.
- 157.
See Darcie Rives-East, “Watching the Detective: Sherlock, Surveillance, and British Fears Post-7/7,” The Journal of Popular Culture, 48.1 (Feb. 2015): 44–58, for an in-depth analysis of the similarities between how Doyle constructs Asians and those British who have lived in Asia as criminals in The Sign of Four (1890), and how Asians are represented in the Sherlock episode, “The Blind Banker,” series 1, episode 2, written by Stephen Thomson, directed by Euros Lynn, aired Aug. 1, 2010, on BBC1.
- 158.
For more on the links between the British police apparatus and British surveillance and control of colonized people, see Georgina Sinclair, ed., Globalising British Policing (Farnham, UK: Ashgate Publishing, 2011).
- 159.
See Paul Barolsky, “The Case of the Domesticated Aesthete,” Virginia Quarterly Review, 60.3 (1984): 438–452; Fred Erisman, “If Watson Were a Woman: Three (Re)Visions of the Holmesian Ménage,” Clues: A Journal of Detection, 22.1 (2001): 177–188; James Krasner, “Watson Falls Asleep: Narrative Frustration and Sherlock Holmes,” English Literature in Translation, 40.4 (1997): 424–435; and Rives-East, “Watching the Detective.”
- 160.
See Rives-East, “Watching the Detective.”
- 161.
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, “The Adventure of the Copper Beeches,” 1891, in The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (New York: Penguin, 1981), 261.
- 162.
This reintegration happens over several episodes in season three, but see especially Elementary , “Enough Nemesis to Go Around,” season 3, episode 1, written by Robert Doherty and Craig Sweeny, directed by John Polson, aired Oct. 30, 2014, on CBS; and Elementary, “The Five Orange Pipz,” season 3, episode 2, written by Bob Goodman, directed by Larry Teng, aired Nov. 6, 2014, on CBS.
- 163.
“A Study in Pink.”
- 164.
Elementary, “Pilot.”
- 165.
Elementary , “Hemlock,” season 3, episode 13, written by Robert Doherty, Arika Lisanne Mittman, and Jeffrey Paul King, directed by Christine Moore, aired Feb. 5, 2015, on CBS.
- 166.
For more on problems with corruption in the NYPD, see Steven V. Gilbert and Barbara A. Gilbert, Police Corruption in the NYPD: From Knapp to Mollen (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2015); Leonard Levitt, NYPD Confidential: Power and Corruption in the Country’s Greatest Police Force (New York: Macmillan, 2009); Graham Rayman, The NYPD Tapes: A Shocking Story of Cops, Cover-ups, and Courage (New York: Macmillan, 2018); Thomas Reppetto and James Lardner, NYPD: A City and Its Police (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2000); and Bernard Whalen and Jon Whalen, The NYPD’s First Fifty Years: Politicians, Police Commissioners, and Patrolmen (Lincoln, NE: Potomac Books, 2015).
- 167.
Elementary, “Pilot.”
- 168.
Elementary , “Flight Risk,” season 1, episode 6, written by Corinne Brinkerhoff, directed by David Platt, aired Nov. 8, 2012, on CBS.
- 169.
Elementary , “The Red Team,” season 1, episode 13, story by Jeffrey Paul King and Craig Sweeny, teleplay by Jeffrey Paul King, directed by Christine Moore, aired Jan. 31, 2013, on CBS.
- 170.
Renton, 2128.
- 171.
John Greenfield, “Arthur Morrison’s Sherlock Clone: Martin Hewitt, Victorian Values, and London Magazine Culture, 1894–1903,” Victorian Periodicals Review, 35.1 (Spring 2002): 29–30.
- 172.
For articles critiquing “The Abominable Bride” and its portrayal of the Suffragette movement specifically, see, for example, Jamieson Cox, “In ‘Sherlock: The Abominable Bride,’ Holmes Is the Worst Kind of Superhero,” The Verge, Jan. 4, 2016, https://www.theverge.com/2016/1/4/10704192/sherlock-the-abominable-bride-review; Mary Kate McAlpine, “‘The Abominable Bride’ Is Moffat’s Biggest Feminist Failure,” Medium, Dec. 3, 2017; https://medium.com/@marykatemcalpine/the-abominable-bride-is-moffats-biggest-feminist-failure-9e3bc8ba3a65; and Todd VanDerWerff, “The Sherlock Special ‘The Abominable Bride’ Was Terrible. Has This Show Completely Lost Its Way?,” Vox, Jan. 2, 2016, https://www.vox.com/2016/1/2/10700800/sherlock-special-recap-pbs-abominable-bride.
- 173.
Cox, “In ‘Sherlock: The Abominable Bride,’ Holmes Is the Worst Kind of Superhero.”
- 174.
See endnote 156 in this chapter for sources on the suffragettes’ use of bombs and terror tactics.
- 175.
There are numerous modern pastiche novels based on Holmes working on the Whitechapel case; see, for example, Michael Dibdin, The Last Sherlock Holmes Story (London: Jonathan Cape, 1978); Lindsay Faye, Dust and Shadow: An Account of the Ripper Killings by Dr. John Watson (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009) (this novel has the distinction of having been given the blessing of the Conan Doyle family); and Edward B. Hanna, The Whitechapel Horrors: A Sherlock Holmes Novel (New York: Carroll & Graf, 1993).
- 176.
See Katayoun Kishi, “Assaults against Muslims in U.S. Surpass 2001 Level,” Pew Research Center, Nov. 15, 2017, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/15/assaults-against-muslims-in-u-s-surpass-2001-level/; Brian Leven, “Explaining the Rise in Hate Crimes against Muslims in the US,” The Conversation, July 19, 2017, https://theconversation.com/explaining-the-rise-in-hate-crimes-against-muslims-in-the-us-80304; and Eric Lichtblau, “Hate Crimes Against American Muslims Most Since Post-9/11 Era,” The New York Times, Sep. 17, 2016; https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/18/us/politics/hate-crimes-american-muslims-rise.html.
- 177.
See Lizzie Dearden, “Street Attacks on Muslims Rocket in UK as Perpetrators ‘emboldened’ by Terror Attacks and Political Rhetoric, Report Finds,” The Independent, July 23, 2018, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/attacks-muslims-uk-terror-islam-hate-crime-brexit-tell-mama-a8457996.html; Emma Hanes and Stephen Machin, “Hate Crime in the Wake of Terror Attacks: Evidence from 7/7 and 9/11,” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 30.3 (2014): 247–267; Yonette Joseph, “‘Punish a Muslim Day’ Letters Rattle U.K. Communities,” The New York Times, Mar. 11, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/11/world/europe/uk-muslims-letters.html; and “Rise in Hate Crime in England and Wales,” BBC News, Oct. 17, 2017, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-41648865.
- 178.
See, for example, Rolf Halse, “The Muslim-American Neighbour as Terrorist: The Representation of a Muslim Family in 24,” Journal of Arab & Muslim Media Research, 5.1 (Nov. 20, 2012): 3–18; Faiza Hirji, “Through the Looking Glass: Muslim Women on Television—An Analysis of 24, Lost, and Little Mosque on the Prairie,” Global Media Journal: Canadian Edition, 4.2 (2011): 33–47; and Abu Sadat Nurullah, “Portrayal of Muslims in the Media: ‘24’ and the ‘Othering’ Process,” International Journal of Human Sciences, 7.1 (2010): 1020–1046.
- 179.
Renton, 2128.
- 180.
Doctor Who, “The Zygon Invasion,” series 9, episode 7, written by Peter Harness, directed by Daniel Nettheim, aired Oct. 31, 2015, on BBC1.
- 181.
Doctor Who, “The Zygon Inversion,” series 9, episode 8, written by Peter Harness and Steven Moffat, directed by Daniel Nettheim, aired Nov. 7, 2015, on BBC1.
- 182.
“The Great Game.”
- 183.
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, “The Final Problem,” Sherlock Holmes: The Complete Collection (Kindle edition, 2015).
- 184.
Ellen Burton Harrington, “Terror, Nostalgia, and the Pursuit of Sherlock Holmes in Sherlock,” in Sherlock and Transmedia Fandom: Essays on the BBC Series, eds. Louisa Stein and Kristina Busse (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2012): 70–84.
- 185.
Elementary , “A Difference in Kind,” season 4, episode 24, written by Robert Doherty and John Tracey, directed by John Polson, aired May 8, 2016, on CBS.
- 186.
Simeon Moore quoted in Caroline Gall, “Ex-gang Members Speak Out on Birmingham Gun Crime,” BBC News, Mar. 28, 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-birmingham-43570280.
- 187.
Elementary , “The Man with the Twisted Lip,” season 2, episode 21, story by Steve Gottfried, teleplay by Craig Sweeny and Steve Gottfried, aired Apr. 24, 2014, on CBS; Elementary , “Paint It Black,” season 2, episode 22, written by Robert Hewitt Wolfe, directed by Lucy Liu, aired May 1, 2014, on CBS; and Elementary , “Art in the Blood,” season 2, episode 23, written by Bob Goodman, directed by Guy Ferland, aired May 8, 2014, on CBS.
- 188.
See Chap. 1, “Introduction: Surveillance and Terror in Post-9/11 British and American Television,” for a further discussion of the British public’s response to Blair’s decision to enter the U.K. into the Iraq War and operations in Afghanistan.
- 189.
See Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, 1975, Trans. Alan Sheridan (New York: Vintage, 1995).
- 190.
In the Traffic Cops episode “Selling a Line,” police are filmed and accused of assaulting a drunk driver. Meanwhile, in the Coppers episode “Saturday Night,” the police are filmed while they contend with drunk and violent citizens outside of pubs. Traffic Cops , “Selling a Line,” series 4, episode 3, aired June 6, 2006, on BBC1; and Coppers, “Saturday Night,” series 1, episode 4, aired Nov. 22, 2010, on Channel 4.
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Rives-East, D. (2019). Policing, Surveillance, and Terror—and the Return of Sherlock Holmes. In: Surveillance and Terror in Post-9/11 British and American Television. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16900-8_3
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